墨西哥湾布什山冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积岩石学及地球化学

对墨西哥湾布什山采集的7块冷泉碳酸盐岩样品进行了沉积岩石学及地球化学研究,结果表明:冷泉碳酸盐岩以结壳的形式产出,结壳中双壳类和管状蠕虫等冷泉生物碎屑发育,结壳主要由泥晶、微晶和亮晶文石组成(含量89%～99%,平均94%)。碳酸盐岩13C中等亏损(δ13C最负值为-29.4‰,PDB),表明碳的来源主要是非甲烷的碳烃化合物,18O相对富集(δ18O为+2.4‰～+5.0‰,PDB),可能与原地水合物分解形成富集18O的孔隙水有关。碳酸盐矿物相(5%硝酸可溶部分)的稀土元素总量较低(0.40×10-6～20.85×10-6),稀土元素Ce异常特征和页岩标准化配分模式在不同样品、甚至同一样品结晶程度不同的碳酸盐矿物相(泥晶、微晶和亮晶)中变化显著,表明布什山冷泉碳酸盐岩形成过程中氧化还原条件复杂多变,控制氧化环境变化的主要因素可能是流体的渗漏速率。     

南海白云凹陷东侧巨型麻坑中自生碳酸盐岩的特征及其地质意义

探测发现南海白云凹陷东侧存在一个宽1 500m、深达75m的巨型麻坑,在麻坑内采集了大量的碳酸盐岩结核。大部分结核中存在新鲜孔洞和流体通道。本文从中选取了5块结核,进行XRD衍射、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素分析。结果表明,5个结核中碳酸盐矿物主要是含铁白云石,其中一个还有少量方解石,碎屑矿物主要是石英和长石。结核的显微结构以纤维状为主,存在裂隙和孔洞。δ~(13)C值为-24.7‰~-10.9‰V-PDB,显示孔隙流体主要以热成因甲烷为主。δ~(18)O值为5.6‰~6.9‰V-PDB,高值主要与天然气水合物分解有关。巨型麻坑海底之下最可能存在天然气水合物埋藏。含铁白云石结核在麻坑表层沉积物之下形成,随后出露海底。碳酸盐岩结核指示巨型麻坑内曾发生的甲烷渗漏活动可能与深部油气泄露有关,浅地层剖面中疑似气体羽和结核表面管状蠕虫活体都显示巨型麻坑仍在发生甲烷渗漏。     

南海西沙海槽的碳酸盐结壳及其对甲烷冷泉活动的指示意义

冷泉碳酸盐岩是指示南海北部可能发育天然气水合物的重要证据之一。对在西沙海槽采集到的冷泉碳酸盐结壳颗粒进行了形貌、稳定同位素等的研究,讨论和揭示了冷泉碳酸盐结壳的形成机理及其与甲烷冷泉活动的关系。结果表明,碳酸盐结壳具有多孔结构,冷泉矿物为文石和重晶石,文石呈针状,含量为39.5%—46.6%,重晶石呈矮柱状,含量为15.6%—21.2%,它们均是从流体中沉淀出来的。重晶石的δ34S值为23.47‰—26.32‰,表明硫同位素发生正漂移,属于与冷泉流体有关的成岩成因重晶石。文石的碳同位素轻度亏损,δ13C值为-13.30‰—-29.59‰,主要来源于热解成因气,但结合了少量正常海水的溶解碳,δ18O值为2.32‰—3.74‰,指示碳酸盐结壳形成时的温度为3.5—9.7℃。研究表明,碳酸盐结壳形成于流体活动缓慢的环境,是深部富含Ba2 的甲烷冷泉流体向上排放和喷溢,在近海底遇到向下渗漏的富含SO42-海水,发生缺氧甲烷氧化反应沉淀出文石,流体中剩余的重34S的SO42-与Ba2 形成重晶石,因此,碳酸盐结壳是西沙海槽存在甲烷冷泉活动的证据。研究结果为进一步开展该海域潜在天然气水合物的调查和研究提供了新证据。     

南海东北部GMGS2-16站位自生矿物特征及对水合物藏演化的指示意义

硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ)是海洋富甲烷沉积环境中重要的生物地球化学分带,其内发生的甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AOM)通常能影响多种自生矿物(碳酸盐类、黄铁矿、重晶石和石膏等)的形成过程。本文选取南海东北部天然气水合物赋存区GMGS2-16站位的58个沉积物样品,对其中发育的自生矿物进行了类型、含量、分布、显微形貌和稳定同位素研究。GMGS2-16站位岩心沉积物中主要发育碳酸盐类、黄铁矿和石膏3类自生矿物,亦发现单质硫颗粒的存在。自生矿物含量分布变化较大,存在多个富集层位。自生碳酸盐类均为块状,具极负的δ~(13 )C值(-37.3‰~-51.7‰VPDB)和较重的δ~(18 )O值(3.13‰~4.95‰VPDB),指示其为甲烷碳源,即AOM成因。自生黄铁矿主要呈不规则块状、棒状-管状和生物充填状,δ~(34 )S值变化范围为-41.7‰~27.1‰VCDT,其中δ~(34)S值异常正偏很可能与大量甲烷流体上涌至SMTZ内加强AOM反应有关。多层AOM成因的自生碳酸盐类与δ~(34)S值异常的自生黄铁矿产出层位基本吻合,共同指示了研究站位曾发生过多期次甲烷渗漏事件,可能与研究站位天然气水合物藏失稳存在一定联系。自生石膏主要呈棱柱状和透镜状,偶见黄铁矿-石膏共生体,初步推测自生石膏可能与水合物形成过程中的排离子效应和(或)沉积环境氧化还原条件改变导致的黄铁矿氧化有关。因此,海洋沉积物中碳酸盐类-黄铁矿-石膏自生矿物组合对探讨古海洋甲烷渗漏事件和天然气水合物藏的演化具有重要指示意义。     

南海北部陆坡九龙甲烷礁冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积岩石学特征

本文对南海北部陆坡九龙甲烷礁采集的两个冷泉碳酸盐岩样品TVG-1和TVG-11进行了矿物学、岩石学和碳氧同位素分析研究。X射线衍射分析（XRD）结果表明，自生矿物主要为文石、白云石和高镁方解石等，碎屑矿物含量较少。TVG-11中存在大量的文石，而TVG-1只保留了已转化为方解石的文石假象，据此可以推断TVG-1的形成要早于TVG-11。扫描电镜（SEM）显微结构特征显示，自生矿物主要是通过细菌的厌氧氧化作用，直接从冷泉中沉淀出来的。碳、氧同位素测试结果显示，碳酸盐岩具有强δ^13C亏损和一定程度的δ^18O富集的特征，TVG-1和TVG-11的δ^13C值分别为-46．22％。和-52．88％，均低于-40%，表明碳源于微生物作用的甲烷厌氧氧化，是指示该海域存在冷泉的重要证据；TVG-1和TVG-11的δ^18O值分别为3．19‰和4．07‰，存在一定程度的δ^18O富集。碳氧同位素和矿物的显微结构特征都说明九龙甲烷礁碳酸盐岩是烃类渗漏微生物作用而形成的自生碳酸盐岩，可能是天然气水合物分解引起的沉积，显示该区存在水合物的可能性很大。     

南海北部烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩的沉积环境分析

对南海北部陆坡具有圈层结构的烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征进行了研究,结果表明:烟囱内外层具有明显不同的特征,内层碳酸盐含量比外层高,内层的碳酸盐矿物也更富含MgCO3,并且矿物颗粒较大,结晶程度较高;外层的铝、硅等陆源碎屑元素比内层含量高。内外层的碳、氧同位素也具有明显差别。对于研究的两个样品,内层的δ13 C分别为-40.80×10-3和-31.27×10-3,δ18 O分别为2.67×10-3和2.00×10-3,而外层的δ13 C分别为-31.26×10-3和-30.99×10-3,δ18 O分别为0.48×10-3和1.85×10-3。结合前人在该区域附近的研究结果认为,烟囱状碳酸盐岩具有内层比外层相对较负δ13C和较为富集δ18 O的特征。1mm间隔取样的δ13C和δ18 O剖面变化与烟囱状碳酸盐岩的圈层结构吻合较好,由外层至内层δ13C的变化范围为-27.50×10-3～-32.05×10-3,δ18 O的变化范围为0.78×10-3～2.34×10-3。外层6mm的δ13 C和δ18 O具有明显的负线性相关,相关系数r2为0.996 7。根据上述特征,讨论了渗漏甲烷流体的性质、扩散机制及对沉积环境的影响,推测具有圈层结构的烟囱状碳酸盐岩是由单一渗漏通道形成的,生长顺序有待进一步定年证实。烟囱外部6mm受海水影响较大。研究结果对于恢复南海北部陆坡甲烷渗漏系统、建立冷泉和热泉之间的联系具有一定意义。     

南海北部浅表层沉积底栖有孔虫碳同位素及其对富甲烷环境的指示

对南海北部陆坡东沙海域、神狐海域及西沙海槽甲烷渗漏环境和无甲烷渗漏环境87个浅表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫Uvigerinaspp.进行碳同位素分析研究,结果表明,东沙海域δ13C值为-0.52‰~-5.68‰,平均值为-1.41‰,出现明显的负偏移;神狐海域δ13C值介于-0.36‰~-1.10‰,平均值为-0.75‰,未见明显的δ13C值负偏移;西沙海槽δ13C值介于-0.01%~-0.89‰,平均值为-0.45‰;对Uvigerinaspp.碳同位素组成与沉积物有机碳(TOC)、甲烷(CH4)间的关系进行探讨,发现δ13C负偏移主要出现在甲烷渗漏环境,发生在末次盛冰期,与溶解无机碳负偏移以及沉积物全样的δ13C值负偏移层位相吻合,有可能作为富甲烷环境的替代指标。     

甲烷流体活动与沉积物中碳、氮同位素组成响应——南海东北部海洋Ⅳ号地区研究

南海东沙群岛东北部海洋Ⅳ号地区GC16站重力柱状沉积物中的有机碳、总氮,以及自生碳酸盐岩矿物的无机碳同位素组成分析结果表明,甲烷流体活动区硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ—sulfate methane transition zone)是重要的生物地球化学界面,该带内沉积物中有机碳、氮与无机碳同位素组成变化明显。GC16站SMTZ上界面以下的沉积物中有机碳、氮同位素组成分别比其上的沉积物负偏1.4‰PDB和0.93‰,反映该带内甲烷缺氧氧化作用(AOM—anaerobic oxidation of methane)与氨氧化作用发育。无机碳同位素组成表明SMTZ界面之下沉积物中的自生碳酸盐岩矿物为以微生物为媒介的甲烷驱动成因,地质历史时期(至柱状沉积物底部沉积时期)曾发生过2次较强烈的CH4流体活动;目前该区甲烷流体活动较弱,甲烷流体影响深度与SMTZ上界面一致,未能到达海底。     

南海东沙东北部甲烷缺氧氧化作用的生物标志化合物及其碳同位素组成

南海东沙东北部碳酸盐岩和泥质沉积物中的生物标志化合物组合及其碳同位素组成分析表明,研究区内甲烷缺氧氧化作用(anaerobic oxidation of methane-AOM)发育.研究区内碳酸盐岩中含丰富的AOM标志化合物,2,6,11,15-四甲基十六烷(Crocetane-Cr.)、2,6,10,15,19-五甲基番茄烷(Pentamethylicosane-PMI)和2,6,10,15,19,23-六甲基二十四烷(Squalane-Sq角鲨烷)的13C亏损强烈(δ13C值介于-74.2‰~-119.0‰PDB之间),表明碳酸盐岩形成于AOM,同时反映该研究区曾发生过强烈、持续的富CH₄流体释放活动.柱状泥质沉积物中,AOM生物标志化合物在硫酸岩-甲烷过渡带(SMI-Sulfate-Methane Interface)边界附近相对丰度高,SMI之上样品中含量低,或未检出,表明现代环境在SMI附近有大量嗜甲烷微生物生长,使得深部上升的甲烷被大量消耗,很少有甲烷逸出海底.AOM生物标志化合物可用来指示SMI边界.不同站位、不同岩性AOM生物标志化合物组成(包括碳同位素组成)的差异反映了嗜甲烷古细菌组成的不同.     

南海中西部渔场主要渔业生物碳氮稳定同位素特征

南海中西部渔场是我国南海渔业开发的重点渔场之一。为了解该海域主要渔业生物的营养关系,应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术测定了该海域主要渔业生物样品的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值,由此构建该海域主要渔业生物的连续营养谱。结果显示,南海中西部渔场主要渔业生物同位素比值变化幅度较大,其中鱼类的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值范围分别为-20.00‰～-16.51‰和7.94‰～11.81‰;头足类的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值范围分别为-18.84‰～-17.60‰和10.10‰～12.85‰。以浮游动物为基线生物计算各物种相应的营养级,鱼类处于2.41～3.53,头足类处于3.03～3.84,头足类的平均营养级要高于鱼类。通过对不同体长(胴长)的鸢乌贼Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis、菱鳍乌贼Thysanoteuthis rhombus、红鳍圆鲹Decapterus russelli、细鳞圆鲹Decapterus lajang和黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares的营养级进行比较分析,结果发现,随着体长(胴长)增大其营养级有相应增大的趋势。研究初步建立了南海中西部渔场主要渔业生物营养级的连续营养谱,旨在为了解该海域食物网结构提供基础资料。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.