地震临界现象及相关尺度增长定量检测方法研究综述

当前作为强震前的典型特征, 临界阶段地震活动的相关长度增长及主震周围矩释放加速(AMR)现象近年来受到广泛关注及普遍认可。 但近期部分震例研究显示, 在震中周围的大尺度范围内检测到矩释放加速的现象, 而在震中附近较小区域又可检测到矩释放减速的现象。 该文拟对地震活动相关以及临界状态的研究状况, 主震前震区周围大范围矩释放加速和小范围矩释放减速定量化检测的国内外研究状况以及研究中所存在的问题作了综述。     

Recent reliable observations and improved tests on synthetic catalogs with spatiotemporal clustering verify precursory decelerating–accelerating seismicity

We examined the seismic activity which preceded six strong mainshocks that occurred in the Aegean (M?=?6.4–6.9, 33–43° N, 19–28° E) and two strong mainshocks that occurred in California (M?=?6.5–7.1, 32–41° N, 115–125° W) during 1995–2010. We find that each of these eight mainshocks has been preceded by a pronounced decelerating and an equally easily identifiable accelerating seismic sequence with the time to the mainshock. The two preshock sequences of each mainshock occurred in separate space, time, and magnitude windows. In all eight cases, very low decelerating seismicity, as well as very low accelerating seismicity, is observed around the actual epicenter of the ensuing mainshock. Statistical tests on the observed measures of decelerating, q _d, and accelerating, q _a, seismicity against similar measures calculated using synthetic catalogs with spatiotemporal clustering based on the ETAS model show that there is an almost zero probability for each one of the two preshock sequences which preceded each of the eight mainshocks to be random. These results support the notion that every strong shallow mainshock is preceded by a decelerating and an accelerating seismic sequence with predictive properties for the ensuing mainshock.     

中国大陆7级强震前中小地震应变释放特征

给出加速模型拟合的穷举方法,以中国大陆21次6.8级以上地震为例,在单个震例详细研究的基础上,总结中国大陆7级左右地震前地震应变释放的群体特征。 总的来看,7级左右地震前中小地震应变释放模式可分为5类,第Ⅰ类是震前震中周围较大范围应变释放加速、震中附近较小范围应变释放减速(DA),约占38%; 第Ⅱ类是震中附近较大范围应变释放减速、较小范围应变释放加速(AD),约占19%; 第Ⅲ类仅能检测出应变释放的加速特征(ASR),约占14%; 第Ⅳ类仅能检测出应变释放的减速特征(DSR),约占24%; 第Ⅴ类仅1例,各种尺度的时、空范围内,基本上呈现应变匀速释放特征(LSR)。 前兆性地震序列应变加、减速释放的持续时间一般相差3~6年,这表明增强基础上的平静往往是强震前中小地震活动典型的应变释放特征。 DA模式中震前具有稳定的应变加、减速释放特征的临界区域范围平均来看大约分别是震中附近260~400 km及100~200 km,大约分别是7级左右地震平均破裂尺度的3~5倍及1~2倍; AD模式与此相反。 模型参数m值具有较好的稳定性,就应变释放加速现象而言,无论何种应变释放模式、无论应变释放的绝对量如何,其加速释放速率大体相当。 而从应变释放减速情形来看,“外围增强、内部减弱”的DA模式,其应变减速释放特征最为明显。     

Characteristics of Strain Release before Large Earthquakes of M≥7. 0 in the Chinese Mainland

The enumerating algorithm has been introduced into the fitting procedure of the ASR model. Based on the detailed study of 21 large earthquakes with M≥6. 8 in the Chinese Mainland,the statistical features of seismic strain release before large earthquakes have been summarized. In the mass,the strain release models can be divided into five types. The first is the DA model,in which the strain release accelerates in broader areas and decelerates in small areas around the epicenter. Approximately 38% of earthquake samples are of this type. The second is the AD model,in which the strain release decelerates in broader areas and accelerates in smaller areas around the epicenter with an occupying ratioof approximately 19%. The third is ASR,in which only accelerating strain release can be observed. Cases of this model amount to about 14%. The fourth is DSR,in which only decelerating strain release can be checked,amounting to about 24%. There is only one earthquake sample of the fifth type (LSR),which shows a linear strain release. There is a 3～6 years difference in the duration of pre-shock sequences between the accelerating and decelerating models. This means that seismic quiescence against a background of increased seismicity of small earthquakes before large earthquakes are a typical feature in general. For the DA model,the average size of critical regions for steady accelerating and decelerating strain release is about 260km to 400km and 100km to 200km,respectively,3 to 5 times and 1 to 2 times the rupture size of an earthquake of magnitude 7. 0. The AD model is the opposite of the DA model. The model parameter,m value,has good stability. The ratio of ASR is about the same for accelerating seismic strain release phenomena,no matter what the strain release models are,or how large the strain release quantity is. With regard to decelerating seismic strain release phenomena, the DA model has the most distinctive decelerating strain release characteristic and is the typical feature of seismic strain release,i. e. "decelerating in-accelerating out seismic strain model".     

新疆南部构造区带与地震活动状态研究

Based on the studies of earthquake activity, tectonic movement, crustal shortening rate, fault activity, local stress field and historical characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Xinjiang, we divide the south part of Xinjiang into 4 seismotectonic zones, namely, the eastern segment of south Tianshan seismic belt, the Kalpin block, the Kashi-Wuqia junction zone, and the west Kunlun Mountains seismic belt. Using earthquake catalogues from Xinjiang since 1900, and on the basis of integrity analysis of earthquake records in different magnitude ranges, the seismicity state of different seismotectonic zones is analyzed quantificationally by calculating the mean value of annual strain energy release, annual rate of earthquakes with different lower limits of magnitude, b-value, and the parameter m of accelerating strain release model. The characteristic indexes of seismicity state for each of the seismic tectonic zones are then determined, which provide a quantitative basis for earthquake tendency analysis and judgment.     

Present patterns of decelerating–accelerating seismic strain in South Japan

Decelerating generation of preshocks in a narrow (seismogenic) region and accelerating generation of other preshocks in a broader (critical) region, called decelerating–accelerating seismic strain (D-AS) model has been proposed as appropriate for intermediate-term earthquake prediction. An attempt is made in the present work to identify such seismic strain patterns and estimate the corresponding probably ensuing large mainshocks (M ≥ 7.0) in south Japan (30–38° N, 130–138° E). Two such patterns have been identified and the origin time, magnitude, and epicenter coordinates for each of the two corresponding probably ensuing mainshocks have been estimated. Model uncertainties of predicted quantities are also given to allow an objective forward testing of the efficiency of the model for intermediate-term earthquake prediction.     

强震前大范围地震活动性参数的时空扫描

在大地震发生之前, 伴随着应力的集中加强及其在震源附近区域引起的非弹性变形, 区域地震活动性可能呈现某些异常特征.本文选择一些有明显物理意义并得到岩石破裂实验支持的地震活动性参数, 例如有震面积数 A、平均释放能量E、地震累加频度 N 和大小地震比例系数 b 值等, 采用扫描方法在大范围内搜索, 识别孕育强震的危险地区, 并对假想孕震区进一步做时间扫描计算, 寻找并判断大震前由中期异常过渡到中短期异常的阶段, 在对华北、西南及东北若干强震资料扫描计算的基础上, 着重剖析唐山地震前华北地区区域地震活动异常变化的一些特征.讨论了上述地震活动性参数在强震中期预报中的不同效能, 认为这种时空扫描方法, 特别是 b 值扫描应用于强震的中期预报是有一定意义的.      

Precursory seismic crustal deformation in the area of southern Albanides

On the basis of growing evidence thatstrong earthquakes are preceded by a periodof accelerating seismicity of moderatemagnitude earthquakes, an attempt is madeto search for such seismicity pattern in NWAegean area. Accelerating seismic crustaldeformation has been identified in the areaof southern Albanides mountain range(border region between Greece, formerYugoslavia and Albania). Based on certainproperties of this activity and on itssimilarity with accelerating seismicdeformation observed before a strongearthquake which occurred in the sameregion on 26 May 1960 (M = 6.5), we canconclude that a similar earthquake may begenerated in the same region during thenext few years. This conclusion is inagreement with independent results whichhave been derived on the basis of the timepredictable model.     

2020年5月6日新疆乌恰5.0级和5月9日柯坪5.2级地震总结

2020年5月6日、5月9日,新疆地区南天山西段先后发生乌恰5.0级和柯坪5.2级地震,系统总结2次地震发生前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测异常,其中：①地震活动：震前存在调制地震集中、地震窗、5级以上地震成组等中短期异常;②地球物理观测：2次地震震中附近震前出现形变、电磁和流体观测异常,其中形变异常3项、电磁异常4项、流体异常1项,主要分布在柯坪5.2级地震震中附近。通过对2次地震序列进行跟踪,发现：乌恰5.0级地震余震较少,震后60天内共记录M_L 3.0以上余震4次,最大震级为M_L 4.5;柯坪5.2级地震后余震较丰富,震后60天内共记录M_L 3.0以上余震10次,最大震级为M_L 4.7,计算得到序列h值为1.6,b值为0.73。综合分析认为,2020年5月新疆地区2次5级以上地震前存在的地震活动异常较少,但区域地震活动水平较强,主要存在具有中短期指示意义的地球物理观测异常。     

云南地区中强地震前应变释放特征

利用云南区域台网地震目录资料,以地震应变能作为地震释放量度,基于应变释放加速模型对前兆地震序列进行非线性模拟. 结果表明: 云南地区1966—2013年发生的115例M_S≥5.0地震中,具有加速特征的有79例,占69%;具有减速特征的有28例,占24%;数据太少无法判断加减速特征的有8例,占7%. 主震为孤立型的前兆地震序列,其减速或数据少类型所占比例远大于加速型;主震为走滑型的前兆序列,其加速型序列要比主震为正断型或逆冲型序列多15%左右. 搜索半径与前兆序列持续时间呈反比关系. 对前兆地震序列模拟结果表明,主震的预测震级和时间误差为±0.3和0.5年.      

Load-Unload Response Ratio and Accelerating Moment/Energy Release Critical Region Scaling and Earthquake Prediction

-- The main idea of the Load-Unload Response Ratio (LURR) is that when a system is stable, its response to loading corresponds to its response to unloading, whereas when the system is approaching an unstable state, the response to loading and unloading becomes quite different. High LURR values and observations of Accelerating Moment/Energy Release (AMR/AER) prior to large earthquakes have led different research groups to suggest intermediate-term earthquake prediction is possible and imply that the LURR and AMR/AER observations may have a similar physical origin. To study this possibility, we conducted a retrospective examination of several Australian and Chinese earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 7.9, including Australia's deadly Newcastle earthquake and the devastating Tangshan earthquake. Both LURR values and best-fit power-law time-to-failure functions were computed using data within a range of distances from the epicenter. Like the best-fit power-law fits in AMR/AER, the LURR value was optimal using data within a certain epicentral distance implying a critical region for LURR. Furthermore, LURR critical region size scales with mainshock magnitude and is similar to the AMR/AER critical region size. These results suggest a common physical origin for both the AMR/AER and LURR observations. Further research may provide clues that yield an understanding of this mechanism and help lead to a solid foundation for intermediate-term earthquake prediction.     

2020年5月18日云南巧家MS 5.0地震总结

系统总结2020年5月18日云南巧家M_S 5.0地震发生前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测异常,其中：①地震活动异常：震前存在震群活动、Benioff应变比和地震发生率异常等中短期异常;②地球物理观测异常：震中200 km范围内分布重力、地磁、水位、水温、断层氢等测项,其中异常测项15项,大部分为趋势异常,异常台项比较低（5%）,短临异常不突出,巧家电磁波为地震的短期异常;③综合方法：多参数概率谱计算结果在震前出现异常。对巧家M_S 5.0地震序列进行跟踪研究,发现：主震与最大余震的震级差为1.6（M_L震级）,主震释放能量占序列总能量的99.64%,属主余型地震序列;主震震源机制显示为走滑型,根据余震分布,认为发震断层位于莲峰断裂和昭通-鲁甸断裂之间的NS向次级断裂。综合分析认为,在巧家M_S 5.0地震发生前,地震活动具有背景异常逐渐向中短期转变的过程,地球物理观测异常以趋势异常为主,短期异常不突出。     

基于Dieterich地震发生率模型分析前震成因的力学机制

前震是地震前兆观测中的一个重要物理量,前震的研究对地震预测的发展尤为重要,前震序列的典型特征包括加速发生的小震与古登堡-里克特定律（Gutenberg-Richter Law）中的b值变小.本文在Dieterich提出的地震发生率模型的基础上,探讨前震发生的力学成因机制及前震-主震-余震时域演化特征.模型分析结果表明,前震震源区断层及其断层周边剪应力加载速率的变化可能是前震发生及地震发生率变化的一个关键原因.由于前震震源区次级断层之间剪应力加载速率受来自主震成核过程中断层自加速滑移的影响升高,从而可导致这些次级断裂的加速失稳,即加速前震的发生.当震源区内由前震所产生的静态应力扰动不可忽略时,应力扰动和主震成核的共同作用也可对后续前震发生率产生影响.当正向应力扰动出现时,后续的前震序列的地震发生率会出现陡增,随后其地震发生率逐渐下降.而当负向应力扰动出现时,地震发生率会出现陡降,然后再次逐渐上升.基于Kostrov模型,本文得到了剪应力加载速率与古登堡-里克特定律中b值的关系式,结果表明前震序列中b值的减小与前震区内的剪应力加载速率的上升有关.     

Geodetic deformation vs. seismic strain deduced by historical earthquakes across the Alborz Mountains

Historical seismicity is used in order to map spatial distribution of seismic moment released by past earthquakes and to compare strain rate deduced from seismicity to those measured by geodetic GPS survey. Spatial analyses are performed on the seismicity of northern boundary of Central Iranian Block which coincides with the Alborz Mountains. This belt has been responsible for several catastrophic earthquakes in the past. In this study, the records of historical and instrumental earthquakes in the Alborz Mountains are used to calculate and plot geographical distribution of seismic moment released in time. A two-dimensional distribution function is proposed and used here to spread seismic moment along causative tectonic features. Using accumulated seismic moment, average slip rates across active faults are estimated for 32 sub-zones along the Alborz Mountains and western Kopet Dag. Seismic moment released by historical and recent earthquakes on this belt accounts for slip rate of 3–5 mm/year which is in good agreement with the geodetic vectors recently deduced from GPS survey in this region. The study also reveals geographical variations of slip rates along some 900 km length of this zone based on seismic history. The results are compared against finding from similar study in this region. Portions of Central and Eastern Alborz show lower seismic strain rate which could imply aseismic motion or overdue earthquakes. Completeness of historical earthquake catalogue and its reliability with regard to earthquake magnitudes, locations, and rupturing systems are among many plausible factors controlling the credibility of such results. Therefore, any conclusions derived from these results remain as reliable as the data and assumptions used for the analyses.     

2021年3月24日新疆拜城MS 5.4地震总结

系统梳理2021年3月24日新疆拜城M_S 5.4地震前地震活动异常特征、地球物理观测异常以及区域构造情况,结果如下：①地震活动：震前存在地震平静、高频、带状分布等异常;②地球物理观测：出现5项异常,其中形变3项,电磁2项,且形变异常对于该地震具有预测意义;③综合方法：地震发生前,震中附近存在多参数概率谱异常。拜城M_S 5.4地震发生在库车坳陷西南部,震源机制解显示为走滑型破裂。该序列类型为前震—主震—余震型,主震前存在前震活动,余震较少,序列活动呈持续衰减特征。综合分析认为,拜城M_S 5.4地震前异常较多,其中地震活动相关异常为后续中强地震的预测提供了有效依据。     

2003年12月1日新疆昭苏6.1级地震序列特征分析

通过分析昭苏6．1级地震序列特征、震源与介质破裂特性、震源环境与历史地震活动类比及区域地震和前兆资料的异常变化等，对该震前的区域地震活动背景、震后的震情趋势等有了较为细致的了解和判定。主要结果有：①在2003年新疆境内中强地震成组活动的背景下，于现代地震活动很弱的昭苏盆地内发生了6．1级地震；②6．1级地震为主一余型地震序列，震后序列衰减正常；③主震震源机制解结果与现代区域构造应力场特征吻合，表明构造活动具有明显的继承性，并对地震活动有着控制作用；④震源区域构造应力释放充分，区域应力场处于相对稳定的调整状态。综合各类分析结果后认为，震区发生更大地震的可能性很小。     

地震的"序列归属"问题与ETAS模型——以唐山序列为例

历史上发生过强震地区的余震活动可能持续较长时间,而余震序列在何时可被看作正常的"背景地震活动",即"序列归属"问题在地球动力学和地震物理中有重要意义.时-空"传染型余震序列"(ETAS)模型可分离"背景"地震和"丛集"地震,并用概率形式表示作为相应事件的可能性,为考察此问题提供了可能.本文以1976年唐山M_S7.8地震序列为例,对唐山地区1970年以来的M_L4.0以上地震进行了时-空ETAS模型拟合,并以2010年以来发生的3次M_S4.0以上地震为例讨论了它们的"序列归属"问题.研究结果显示,3次M_S4.0以上地震的背景地震概率分别为0.72、0.88和0.76,表明它们作为1976年唐山M_S7.8的余震的可能性较低,更可能为背景地震.     

青藏高原北部地区弱震空间图像特征与中短期地震预测方法

通过对青藏高原北部地区31次地震的研究,确定了震前地震活动图像的中短期预测指标以及中期向短期过渡的异常判据及预测方法。研究结果表明,中强地震前普遍存在地震空区、弱震条带、前兆地震或震群、地震活动增强和平静等异常图像,所表现出的异常时间存在很大的差异。具有中短期特征的弱震空区(段)和条带一般出现在震前1～3a,平均持续时间1a,在空区解体后1～6个月发生地震。大多数前兆地震或震群活动属于短临异常,一般出现在震前几天至6个月,震级差为1．0～2．3,距离震中5～60km,空间上主要集中在祁连山地震带。地震活动增强以应力集中为主,属于短期异常特征。异常图像在时间上表现为中期阶段以孕震空区、弱震条带、地震活动增强和平静等异常,异常比较显著且不同步;短临阶段出现前兆地震和地震空区停止活动而形成的临震前的相对平静。异常图像在空间上具有较明显的分区性,与区域活动构造有一定的关系。     

2020年4月1日四川石渠5.6级地震总结

系统梳理2020年4月1日四川石渠5.6级地震震前地震活动异常特征、地球物理观测异常以及区域构造情况,结果如下:①地震活动:石渠5.6级地震震中区域属于历史弱震区,震前出现前兆震群,也是其前震活动;②地球物理观测:出现8项异常,其中形变5项,电磁3项,且电磁异常对于该地震具有预测意义;③综合方法:地震发生前,震中附近存在W_q值异常。石渠5.6级地震发生在五道梁—长沙贡玛断裂带上,震源机制解显示为走滑型破裂。该序列类型为前震—主震—余震型,主震前存在明显的前震活动,余震较为丰富,序列活动呈阶段性衰减特征。综合分析认为,对于历史弱震区,可以通过分析地球物理观测异常和地震活跃时段的b值,为区域地震危险性评估提供依据,同时可利用地震序列参数h值和b值,对震后余震水平进行有效评估。     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师M_S 6.4地震总结

系统总结2020年1月19日新疆伽师M_S6.4地震发生前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测等异常,结果如下：(1)地震活动：震前存在地震平静、高频、带状分布等中期和短期异常;(2)地球物理观测：震中300 km范围内存在水位、水温、基岩温度、断层氢、地倾斜、重力、地磁等测项,其中7个异常测项均为趋势异常,短临变化特征不突出;(3)综合方法主要为年尺度趋势异常。梳理并总结此次地震序列的动态跟踪过程,发现：该地震序列主要分布在柯坪塔格推覆构造附近,主震震源机制为逆冲型破裂为主,余震丰富,序列b值、h值于震后15天左右逐渐趋于稳定。综合分析认为,在伽师M_S6.4地震发生前,地震活动异常具有中期逐渐向短期逼近的过程,以趋势类为主的地球物理观测,震前未出现或未发现具有短期意义的异常,而是主要提供了后续强震的发生地点和震级的判定依据。