张北地震前Morishita播散指数空间演化特征

用Morishita播散指数研究了 1998年 1月 10日河北省张北M6 2地震的发展过程。发现从震前 3年半开始 ,Morishita播散指数异常空间演化经历了两次过程。即 1994年 8月至 1996年 1月 ,在震中周围 (2°× 2°内 )从无异常 ,到震中一侧出现异常 ,发展到异常向震中集中的过程。 1996年 2月至 1998年 1月 9日 ,又经历了无异常 ,到震中一侧出现异常 ,异常向震中发展 ,最后形成包围震中的态势 ,直到发震。Morishita播散指数的空间异常演化特征 ,有可能揭示张北地震的孕震阶段性发展过程 ,并为历史上无强震、且地表构造发育不明显的地区的破坏性地震的预测 ,提供了新思路     

华北中强地震前Morishita播散指数空间演化特征及其应用

研究了华北中强地震前3年Morishita播散指数的空间演化，发现Iδ异常几乎都是首先在远离震中的地方出现，并逐步向未来震中集中，这种规律可为地震的地点预报提供重要信息。     

阿图什6．7级地震近场地倾斜群体异常小波分析

利用小波分析独特的时频分析特性,对1996年阿图什6.7级地震前近场多台地倾斜连续观测资料进行了多尺度分解分析.在地震前震中附近的地倾斜台站几乎都接收到了相同频段的异常信号,周期为几天到十几天,异常信号出现在各个台站的时间也大致相同,主要集中在震前3～5个月,震前异常具有从外围向震中发展且幅度明显增强-向外围扩散-发震的时空演化特征.这些异常可能与1996年阿图什6.7级地震的孕育过程有关.     

2003年云南大姚6.2级、6.1级地震中短期地震学异常演化特征

通过对2003年云南大姚6．2级、6．1级地震中短期地震学特征的分析和初步研究，认为大姚地震孕育过程中的短期阶段，震中附近的地震学异常以中小地震活动增强为主，表现为震区附近中小地震频度增加，4级震群活动、A值、GL值出现异常，同时震源深度加深等；在由中期向短期过渡的过程中，震源区异常消失相对平静，使多种地震学异常收缩至震源区附近；地震孕育进入短临阶段，震中附近地区再次出现了3～4级小震活动增强的特征，云南省地震活动出现向震中附近迁移的趋势。整个孕震过程，地震活动体现了活动-平静-活动的动态演化特征。     

2003年2月14日石河子M5.4地震地形变异常及其演化分析

分析了新疆石河子M5.4地震前震中250 km范围内定点形变的观测资料,认为从2002年5月到震前,单测项异常随时间起伏,多台异常在时间上连续发展并呈增加趋势,震前20天位于震中附近的台站出现临震突变;异常在空间呈现由西向东、由南向北,逐渐向震中区发展的态势.与1996年沙湾M5.2地震前的形变异常进行比较,认为存在较大的差异.     

短期前兆综合异常方法在青藏高原北部地区的应用——以兴海地震为例

通过对青藏高原北部地区118个定点前兆台项资料的研究,提出了利用前兆台网提取前兆综合异常度指标的方法,包括空间综合度和时间综合度.利用前者来研究青藏高原北部地区强震前短期前兆异常的时空演化特征;利用后者来判定未来中强地震的发震时间.在空间综合异常度的研究中较好地解决了前兆台网分布不均匀引起的异常集中区与震中偏离的问题.作为实例给出了2000年9月12日青海省兴海Ms6.6地震前前兆异常的时间和空间综合异常度高值区存在扩散-向震中集中-发震-扩散的过程.     

地震电离层响应异常时空演化统计特征

本文利用DEMETER卫星运行约6.5年总离子浓度数据和期间全球发生Mw 4.8以上地震参数,自动检测距震中1500 km范围内、震前15天出现电离层扰动,统计电离层扰动异常随地震临近在时间、空间上的演化特征以及异常变化幅度随震级变化规律.数据处理过程中通过控制K_p指数以去掉部分因太阳活动引起的电离层扰动.统计结果显示,地震探测率及电离层响应异常幅度随震级增大而增高.大地震能引起强电离层扰动,扰动幅度可超过背景值1倍以上.全球范围,电离层存在变化活跃区,小幅度电离层扰动趋向于背景变化.北半球中低纬度地区是有利的地震电离层响应监测区.地震相关电离层扰动异常出现频次随地震临近而增高,主要出现在震前一周.空间上,扰动有随地震临近向震中运移的趋势.     

甘肃岷县M_S6.6地震前天体引潮力与OLR异常间关系的研究

分析甘肃岷县M_S6.6地震前后潮汐变化发现,发震时刻引潮力处于最低相位点,显示引潮力的诱震属于典型逆冲断层作用类型。以潮汐周期为时间指示,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据,分析震中及其邻近区域(30°~40°N,90°~110°E)地震前后(7月17~25日)地面长波辐射值的连续变化状况,结果显示,震前仅震中及其相关联断裂附近OLR发生了显著且连续的异常变化,在时间上经历了起始增温—异常加强—峰值—衰减—发震—平静的演化过程;在空间上异常区域覆盖震中,与汶川地震引发的应变积累正影响区之南北地震带北段基本吻合;在形态演化上,表现出沿断裂带分散—汇聚—分散的破裂过程,并与岩石应力加载破裂的初始微动破裂—扩张破裂—应力闭锁—地震爆发—恢复平静阶段的力学过程完全吻合。这可能预示该地震发震前后天体引潮力对处于临界状态的活动断层具有诱发作用以及长波辐射异常在一定程度上对地震构造应力应变过程辐射进行表征。     

基于DEMETER卫星原位等离子体参量的 震前异常提取方法研究及震例分析

基于法国DEMETER卫星等离子体分析仪和Langmuir探针观测到的原位等离子体参量, 研究了参量随纬度变化、 空间插值、 空间差值、 滑动中值、 相关性分析等5种异常提取方法, 并将这些方法应用于2006年1月—2010年4月期间国内6.0级以上、 国外部分7.0级以上29次地震的震例分析中. 由于等离子体参量具有一定的相关性, 因此对于震中附近的轨道数据大于等于2个参量出现异常时, 本研究才将其视为震前异常. 通过研究发现, 29次地震中有15次出现电离层原位等离子体参量的震前异常, 异常时间大约为1—7天, 震中东西两个方向均可能出现异常, 但异常区域多偏向磁赤道.      

2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦MS5.4地震前地球物理观测中短期异常特征分析

针对2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_S5.4地震，对震前地球物理观测中短期异常和时空演化过程进行分析。研究表明，震前地球物理定点观测异常数量不多，但存在一定数量的电磁异常，可能与地震大小和震源区构造的走滑性质有关。震前异常数量出现阶段性变化，异常数量存在增加过程。异常时空演化存在3个阶段的不同变化过程：第1阶段表现为近源区的前兆异常向外扩展；第2阶段表现为大范围出现异常；第3阶段表现为异常向震中收缩靠近。研究地震孕育过程中前兆异常的时空演化特征，特别是异常的收缩或扩散现象，对地震的危险地区和时间预测具有一定指导意义。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.