燕山西段及太行山区长城系底界的讨论

对燕山型长城系底部层位存在有不同的认识 ,从含钾盆地、大红峪海侵超覆、团山子组海进或海退的问题提出长城系底部地层属于大红峪组的观点。大红峪期时 ,燕山地区只存在一个含钾盆地 ,造成多层含钾页岩沉积 ,而串岭沟组不含钾。以前所划各组段的海侵超覆实为大红峪组的海侵超覆 ,是兴城运动在燕山西段的反映 ,其底部有明显的相变特征。由此把燕山西段及太行山区长城系底部层位重新划为大红峪组 ,则团山子组存在的不协调现象也就迎刃而解。同时还认为昌平德胜口剖面与青龙大杖子剖面几可逐层对比 ,阳原牛坊沟剖面与代表“青龙上升”的剖面相似 ,上述剖面应是大红峪海侵在燕山东西段的反映     

辽宁兴城地区前寒武纪地层序列和不整合

辽宁兴城地区位于华北克拉通中、新元古代燕山裂陷槽盆地（燕辽海盆）的东南边缘,地层序列和沉积特征与同属盆地边缘区的河北滦县、北京南口、以及太行山区等地类似。研究区新太古代花岗岩之上沉积了长城系（常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组、大红峪组）,蓟县系（高于庄组、杨庄组、雾迷山组）,以及青白口系（长龙山组、景儿峪组）。与天津蓟县中、新元古界标准剖面相比,本区地层厚度较薄、长城系碳酸盐岩较少、碎屑物粒度较粗、部分层位（铁岭组、洪水庄组、下马岭组？）缺失,几大沉积层序的底界超覆明显,体现了典型的古陆边缘特征。中元古界常州沟组至团山子组为一套局限分布的滨、浅海相海进至海退旋回沉积,常州沟组滨海相砂岩与下伏新太古代花岗岩沉积接触;大红峪组沉积时期广泛海侵,以石英砂岩和粉砂质页岩为主,下部发育复成分角砾岩和石英砂岩质砾岩,与下伏地质体有沉积接触（非整合）、角度不整合、微角度不整合、岩溶不整合等多种接触关系,说明大红峪组沉积之前发生过沉积间断和地层褶皱变形,“兴城运动”所指的不整合并非单纯的海进超覆成因;蓟县系高于庄组下部为一套海侵陆源碎屑岩序列,不整合在大红峪组和新太古代花岗岩之上,中、上部为碳酸盐岩台地沉积;蓟县系杨庄组和雾迷山组总体为碳酸盐岩,仅含少量陆源碎屑成分或薄层;新元古界青白口系长龙山组为又一套陆源碎屑岩海进序列,平行不整合在蓟县系雾迷山组或待建系下马岭组？角砾状含燧石白云质灰岩之上,指示了芹峪上升和蔚县上升影响期间的岩溶平原发育历史;寒武系昌平组角砾状白云质灰岩平行不整合在景儿峪组中、薄层白云质灰岩之上。上述不整合及地层建造特征还说明山海关古陆长期存在并对辽西南部的沉积古地理有明显影响。此外,大红峪组的沉积在区内具有承前启后的意义,自大红峪组沉积开始本区与燕辽海盆完全连通,整个盆地的演化也从强烈断陷向稳定沉降转变。     

燕辽裂陷槽中元古界不整合面的性质

燕辽裂陷槽中元古代沉积层序中出现多个沉积间断和不整合面。本次研究对其中的5个不整合面进行野外考察,分析其地质特征并进行地层对比,最后判断其性质。大红峪组底部、高于庄组底部和杨庄组底部的不整合面是沉积属性,其中大红峪组底部不整合面是海侵超覆沉积的结果,高于庄组底部和杨庄组底部的不整合面由海平面升降变化所引起;铁岭组顶部和下马岭组顶部不整合面是构造属性,系大规模的抬升运动所造成。     

辽宁兴城地区长城系团山子组与大红峪组不整合接触特征及其对兴城运动的意义

通过野外地质调查,确定了辽宁兴城地区长城系大红峪组与下伏团山子组为角度不整合接触。夹山地区团山子组三段叠层石白云岩顶部发育有古喀斯特地貌,大红峪组下部有底砾岩。接触面可见大红峪组砾岩沿溶洞、解理缝或构造裂隙灌入团山子组白云岩中。地球化学分析结果表明,团山子组为氧化沉积环境,气候温暖湿润。而大红峪组为贫氧--氧化沉积环境,气候与团山子组比较变得炎热干燥。由此表明,兴城运动的存在具有合理性,并且对于兴城地区具有较大的影响作用。     

华北燕山中元古界长城系研究的新进展

以蓟县剖面为代表的燕山地区长城系，按照我国现行的地层划分，自下而上包括常州沟、串岭沟、团山子、大红峪和高于庄5个组，总厚4283m，时限约为1800-1400Ma。新的研究结果表明：1）在高于庄组与下伏“大红峪组”之间不仅存在清楚的区域性假整合界面，而且在燕山东部的青龙一迁西地区还存在两层底砾岩，分别代表青龙上升的主幕（下砾岩层）和第二幕（上砾岩层）；2）这两砾岩层之间的地层为上、下假整合所限，理应建一新的组一级岩石地层单位，建议称“马蹄峪组”；3）马蹄峪组的底砾岩，不仅规模大，而且其上还有陆相（洪积、冲积）沉积，因而其下是一个I类层序不整合界线（SB1），若以它为界，长城系可分为两个对应的一级沉积旋回和层序、两个性质完全不同的盆地沉积（下部为裂陷槽沉积和上部是陆表海碳酸盐沉积）和两个面貌不同的生物群落；4）根据当前的同位素年龄资料，马蹄峪组与下伏大红峪组的界线或青龙上升主幕的年龄约为1600Ma，与上覆高于庄组的界线约为1500Ma，因此燕山长城系内的青龙上升也正是对主要发生在1600～1500Ma之间的全球性地壳运动的响应。根据上述新资料，建议以马蹄峪组与下伏大红峪组的假整合界线或青龙上升主幕为界，将长城系分为两个群一级岩石地层单位，即长城群（1800-1600Ma）和高于庄群（1600-1400Ma），两群界线的年龄约为1600Ma。此外，原蓟县高于庄组之下的4个亚组，根据它们各自的沉积特征、岩性差别、区域上的稳定分布等特点，建议将它们各自提升为组。如是这样，上述对原长城系新的划分建议不仅能更好地反应原长城纪时期（1800-1600Ma）古燕山盆地的构造、沉积、生物等方面演化发展的阶段性特征，而且也更有利于与国内外相关地层的对比。     

华北地块北缘中元古界几个重要不整合面的地质特征及构造意义

华北地块北缘中元古代沉积层序中出现多个沉积间断和不整合面。此次研究对其中5个不整合面进行了野外考察,分析了它们的地质特征和空间分布,认为它们与不同的地质过程有关。大红峪组底部不整合面是早期裂谷盆地演化为被动大陆边缘的记录,属于裂解不整合面性质;高于庄组底部和杨庄组底部的不整合面是海平面变化造成被动大陆边缘内部高地沉积间断和海岸超覆沉积的结果;铁岭组顶部不整合面可能与弧后环境发生挤压抬升有关;下马岭组沉积后的抬升可能是相邻大陆地块碰撞作用的产物。华北地块北缘中元古代层序中不整合面的形成与Columbia和Rodinia超大陆的形成和裂解过程密切相关。     

前寒武纪海侵砂岩中的微生物砂质碎片：以北京南口虎峪剖面大红峪组为例

碎屑岩中微生物形成的原生沉积构造,由于缺乏直接的微生物证据,其识别常常比较困难。位于北京西北郊的南口虎峪一带,古元古代晚期的大红峪组(1650～1600Ma),海侵体系域砂岩地层与高水位体系域砂泥质白云岩和叠层石白云岩组成了较为有规律的沉积相序特征,成为将大红峪组划分为三个三级层序的主要标志。在大洪峪组的海侵体系域砂岩层中,一种类似于碳酸盐岩中的“内碎屑”的奇特的砂质碎片,代表了前寒武纪海侵砂岩沉积面上曾经发育过微生物席;该砂质碎片与变余波痕和皱饰构造组成系列席底构造,特殊的形态和产出特点成为窥视前寒武纪砂岩中微生物席发育的一种典型标志。因此,南口虎峪剖面大红峪组海侵砂岩中的微生物砂质碎片及其相关的席底构造的发现,有益于今后对类似沉积构造的阐释与研究,特别是那些常常被厘定为前寒武纪古老的后生动物遗迹化石的沉积构造;同时也表明,在前寒武纪地层之中,除了要关注叠层石之类的微生物沉积构造以外,碎屑岩中也存在微生物活动的若干证据即席底构造(第五类原生沉积构造),这些特别的沉积构造对前寒武纪沉积环境重塑具有重要意义。     

北京地区长城系

北京地区长城系是位于高于庄组之下、老变质基底岩系之上的一套地层。1)区内发育两层稳定的凝灰岩———翠绿色层和棕红色层 ,可作为地层对比的标志层 ;2 )长城系底部的砂岩、页岩具穿时性 ,大红峪组存在明显的相变关系 ,不能只根据岩性进行分组。据此 ,把北京地区原长城系高于庄组之下地层重新厘定为大红峪组一段 ,包括原常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组和大红峪组一段 ;大红峪组二段即原大红峪组二段和大红峪组三段即原大红峪组三段 ,并与蓟县剖面进行了对比。     

辽宁建昌八家子地区中元古界

辽宁建昌八家子地区中元古界由下至上分为大红峪组、高于庄组、大屯组、雾迷山组,其中大屯组为新建组。地层层序、岩性特征,叠层石特征,完全可与蓟县层型剖面的相应地层对比,其沉积类型为蓟县型。     

蓟县中元古界高于庄组沉积岩系及地质意义

天津蓟县元古界剖面具有极高的综合研究价值,而高于庄组在该剖面中居于承上启下的位置。高于庄组在整个中、新元古界剖面中厚度较大,岩石类型多样且成因特殊,主要岩石类型包括碳酸盐岩、泥岩、硅质岩和石英砂岩。碳酸盐岩主要为泥晶灰岩、瘤状灰岩、砂屑灰岩、臼齿灰岩及粉细晶白云岩等。硅质岩包括燧石和沉积石英岩,沉积石英岩具鲕状或砾状结构。仅在本组底部见石英砂岩。上述岩石特征表明,蓟县地区在中元古代长城纪晚期的高于庄期以浅海中深缓坡沉积为主,有短期的潮坪碳酸盐沉积环境,沉积作用受大红峪时期火山物质的影响。臼齿灰岩的存在可能提供华北地区中元古代年代地层学和构造沉积演化研究的新证据。     

A Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst on the North China Craton in the Xingcheng area of Liaoning Province,China: characteristics and significance on paleogeography

ABSTRACT

Palaeokarsts are rarely preserved and recognized from Precambrian strata. However, a Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst was recently discovered on the top of the Tuanshanzi Formation in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, China. This palaeokarst recorded karstification fissures, three types of breccias and unique vadose filling. Four factors: no bedding fillings, vadose cements, restricted palaeokarst development, and the overlying beds without involved any karstification, supported this palaeokarst occurred before the deposition of the Dahongyu Formation. Relative sea-level changes and tectonic movement provided the essential external cause for this palaeokarst, which revealed the hiatus between the Dahongyu Formation and the Tuanshanzi Formation in the Yan-Liao Aulacogen of the North China Craton. This finding was significant and valuable for discussing the ‘Xingcheng Movement’ and unconformity contact relationships between the two formations observed around the basin. As the palaeokarst did not extend to the interior of the basin and the unconformity occurred mainly in the margins of basin, the significance of them is always underestimated. Nevertheless, this palaeokarst and other sedimentary features could represent an apparent transition of Yan-Liao Aulacogen basin evolved from rift to depression under the background of Supercontinent Columbia breakup.     

The sedimentary record of a Mesoproterozoic tsunami from the North China Craton

A layer of Mesoproterozoic tsunami deposits from the North China Craton was recently discovered and investigated in the Xingcheng area, Liaoning Province, China. They occur at the bottom of the Dahongyu Formation of the Changcheng Group (1.8–1.6 Ga). The tsunami deposits are identified based on the analysis of the sedimentary facies. They are markedly different from the normal deposits of shore‐shallow sea siliciclastics, and are characterized by rip‐up clasts, poorly sorted gravels, fining‐upward sequences, redeposited underlying materials, complex sources of underlying strata and erosional bases at the bottom of beds. They are compelling features of tsunamiites when they occur together. During the Mesoproterozoic, the Xingcheng area was in an active tectonic belt, the Yanshan Taphrogenic Trough. The origin of the tsunami was probably triggered by the earthquake, which resulted from the the activities of the Luanxian–Jianchang Fault in early Mesoproterozoic times. The deposition of tsunamiites occurred in a coastal environment and involved several stages, from the origin, propagation, inundation, and deposition to the backwash flow. The geodynamic backgrounds of the tsunami event in the North China Craton are consistent with the breakup event of the Columbia supercontinent in the Mesoproterozoic. Some events, such as tsunamis and volcanism, are all controlled by extensional rift systems and should be recognized as effects of the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent in the North China Craton. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蓟县中元古代高于庄组凝灰岩锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb定年及其地质意义

最近在天津蓟县东水厂村附近中元古代高于庄组三段(即张家峪亚组)下部白云岩中发现了一层15 cm厚的凝灰岩夹层,测得其锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为(1577±12)Ma。这一进展不仅使得蓟县地区高于庄组沉积时代第一次获得了精确可靠的年代学约束,也为华北克拉通北缘整个燕山地区中元古界的精确对比提供了新的标尺。与此同时,由于在其紧邻的上覆层位还发现了与标准剖面早年所发现的以光面拟丘阿尔藻(Parachuaria glabra Sun)为代表的同类的宏观藻类,因此本测年结果实际也同时标定了这一宏观藻类群的生存时代。结合笔者等早先获得的北京延庆地区高于庄组三段上部凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄((1560±5)Ma)可以确认,整个燕山地区高于庄组三段主体的沉积时限应为1580~1560 Ma,同时可以更为精确地将高于庄组与下伏大红峪组的界线年龄限定为1600 Ma左右,相当于目前通用的国际中元古界盖层系(Calymmian System)的底界。     

Geological characteristics and tectonic signifcance of unconformities in Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block.Geologic characters and spatial distributions of fve of these unconformities,which have resulted from different geological processes,have been studied.The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity,representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin.The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fuctuations,leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands.The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting,whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event.It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.     

河北省兴隆地区大红峪组沉积古环境研究

大红峪组为燕山地区惟一中、新元古界碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩混合沉积地层。根据“岩性—岩相—相序”的研究思路与方法 ,在详细研究成因单元基础之上 ,将大红峪组地层叠置规律归纳为碎屑岩型、混合岩型、碳酸盐岩型三种相序 ,横向上划分为两个相区 :东部相区以碎屑岩为主、西部相区以碳酸盐岩为主 ,沉积环境表现为由东部靠近陆源区缓斜坡砂质海滩向西部过渡为浅水碳酸盐台地型相模式 ,沉积作用以潮汐作用为主 ,偶见浅水风暴沉积     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000558

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block.Geologic characters and spatial distributions of fve of these unconformities,which have resulted from different geological processes,have been studied.The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity,representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin.The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fuctuations,leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands.The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting,whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event.It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.     

五台山南缘中元古界的层序地层特征及其古地理意义:以山西五台陈家庄剖面为例

中元古代时期的五台山南缘是华北克拉通北部的燕辽裂隙槽与南部的晋豫陕裂隙槽之间的交接地带。在该地区中元古界由常州沟组潮坪沉积体系碎屑岩地层和高于庄组潮坪沉积体系碳酸盐岩地层组成,常州沟组与下伏的早元古界滹沱群为角度不整合接触,高于庄组与上覆的寒武系之间为地层间断时间超过1000 Ma的平行不连续面;残留不全的元古界不但成为前寒武纪层序地层学划分的典型代表,而且成为窥视早期来自南部裂陷槽向北海侵以及晚期来自燕辽裂陷槽向南海侵的宝贵的物质记录,并且成为重新审视晋豫陕裂陷槽与燕辽裂陷槽的争议较大的地层对比的关键地层记录。对山西五台沉积状剖面中元古界沉积序列及其所表征的层序地层学特征的观察和描述,为今后的进一步研究提供了有用的线索,因而具有重要意义。