基于地震属性的致密碳酸盐岩储层裂缝分布的人工智能预测方法

裂缝是致密碳酸盐岩储层的重要渗流通道,影响油藏开发效果.由于裂缝的地球物理响应弱且复杂,使得裂缝预测困难.在深度挖掘地震属性中裂缝特征信息的基础上,建立了基于人工智能的裂缝分布预测方法 .该方法通过支持向量机算法优选裂缝敏感属性,利用梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法深度挖掘单井裂缝发育情况与地震属性之间的非线性关系,梯度提升决策树算法对于异常值有较强的鲁棒性,可以较好地解决裂缝地震响应弱且复杂的问题.该方法在中东扎格罗斯盆地某油田古近系渐新统-新近系中新统Asmari组主力产油层位的致密碳酸盐岩储层中进行了实例应用,优选出方差、曲率、倾角偏差、倾角、方位角5种裂缝敏感地震属性,利用梯度提升决策树集成不同地震属性中的裂缝特征,建立裂缝分布预测模型,对研究区碳酸盐岩储层裂缝分布进行了预测.与常用裂缝预测方法的对比实验表明,本方法的裂缝预测结果与单井裂缝解释更为符合.预测结果表明,研究区北部裂缝更为发育,构造高部位附近裂缝更为发育,与生产动态认识相符合.     

辽河坳陷滩海区海月潜山裂缝型储层预测研究

裂缝型储层是潜山油气藏的重要储集层,裂缝形成的控制因素复杂,识别难度大;然而裂缝形成机制和地震反射特征是有规律可循的。因此,对裂缝发育控制因素和分布规律进行了分析探讨,并采用蚂蚁追踪裂缝识别、吸收衰减属性分析和多属性聚合分析等技术对潜山储层进行预测,细化处理流程,多种预测相互印证,减少单一预测方法存在的多解性和局限性,提高了潜山储层预测的可靠性。利用该方法在辽河坳陷滩海区海月潜山裂缝型储层进行实际应用,并取得了较好的效果,为潜山勘探提供了重要依据。     

叠后地震属性识别页岩气储层裂缝研究及应用

页岩气储层具有低孔隙度、超低渗透率等特点,以游离或吸附状态赋存于泥页岩及其砂岩夹层的裂缝、孔隙、有机质中,且裂缝的发育在一定程度上决定着页岩气藏的品质和产量。储层裂缝发育的复杂性决定了裂缝识别与预测的难度,且受限于地震资料分辨率的影响。以重庆渝东南地区为例,利用三维地震勘探资料的波形相似性、倾角、方位角、曲率等信息,采用叠后三维地震属性分析技术,如相干体技术、蚂蚁自动追踪技术、最大曲率等属性综合识别与预测页岩气储层天然裂缝,并对比区域断裂特征、岩心识别、FMI测井解释的结果,认为叠后地震属性在页岩气储层裂缝识别上具有一定的优势。      

新场须四段叠后裂缝综合预测

叠前裂缝预测方法主要针对垂缝和高角度缝,而川西新场须四下亚段致密砂岩储层裂缝以低角度缝为主,叠前方法在本工区不再适用;而单一叠后属性的裂缝预测方法可靠性差,因此,笔者提出了一套叠后裂缝综合预测新方法:首先基于多属性聚类分析进行裂缝地震相分级,并利用实测资料进行监控,从而实现多属性、多尺度裂缝综合定性预测;然后对滤掉基质相的曲率数据计算蚂蚁体,减小基质相对蚂蚁追踪的影响,从而得到能识别小尺度裂缝且裂缝形态更加清晰的高精度蚂蚁体;最后,基于高精度蚂蚁体建立三维裂缝模型,对裂缝发育特征进行半定量预测。实际应用结果表明:基于叠后资料的新一套裂缝综合预测思路在新场地区应用效果好,有效解决了低角度缝难预测的问题。     

缝洞型油藏连通单元地质建模研究——以哈拉哈塘油田为例

针对哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系裂缝孔洞型储层连通单元井组注水效果差异性很大的问题,开展缝洞单元连通井组地质建模研究。哈拉哈塘油田储集空间岩溶洞穴、孔洞、裂缝非常发育,类型形态多变,具有极强的非均质性,储层空间缝洞体识别及连通方式预测与定量评价难度大。本文首先利用地震识别的大型溶洞和蚂蚁体追踪的大尺度裂缝分布,通过确定性建模方法,建立离散大型溶洞模型和离散大尺度裂缝模型;然后在储层的波阻抗数据体和缝洞体储层构造模型的空间约束下,建立缝洞体连通单元的储层孔隙度模型,储层渗透率模型主要通过线性回归建立基质孔隙度、裂缝参数与渗透率关系,结合动态数值试井对静态回归计算的渗透率数值进行修正;最后利用曲率属性形象表征微裂缝,采用多属性协同模拟方法,建立多尺度离散缝洞储集体三维地质属性模型。该方法定量刻画了缝洞储集体在三维空间的展布特征,很好地表征了单元连通井组连通方式,为单元连通井组开发奠定了坚实的地质基础。     

基于图像处理技术的裂缝预测应用研究

渤海某区的潜山为碳酸盐岩地层,储层非均质性较强,该潜山埋藏深,储集空间以裂缝、孔洞为主,地质情况复杂且钻井较少,常规相干技术或曲率属性分析技术可以很好地检测大尺度的裂缝发育带,但是对裂缝的精细刻画却无法做到。为此,作者基于图像处理技术,结合地震属性处理技术,针对研究区复杂的潜山裂缝进行了精细识别与刻画,为储层预测提供了依据。     

一种提高储层裂缝识别准确度的方法

油田勘探开发中,储层裂缝的高效、准确识别一直是一个难题。常规测井裂缝识别方法方便但准确度低,电成像测井裂缝识别方法纵向分辨率高、识别准确但人工识别繁琐。为了解决常规和电成像测井裂缝识别方法各自缺点带来的问题,本文提出了一种既高效又准确的储层有效裂缝识别方法。该方法以裂缝在电成像测井上的响应特征为依据,选取裂缝层段为样本,构建常规测井裂缝综合识别因子Y₁和电成像测井裂缝识别因子Y₂,将两因子结合构建储层裂缝识别因子Y₃。利用Y₃识别裂缝,采样点间隔为0.002 54 m,远小于常规测井的0.125 m,比常规测井识别裂缝准确度高;自动拾取裂缝效率远高于繁琐的人工识别,比电成像测井识别裂缝省时省力。将该方法应用到王府地区火山岩储层裂缝识别中可快速准确地识别储层裂缝,准确率达到80%左右,对其他类型储层裂缝研究有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于关联规则与随机森林的地震多属性砂体厚度预测

地震属性技术是砂体厚度预测的重要手段,由于目前可从地震数据中提取的地震属性种类较多,在利用地震属性技术前,必须优化出对砂体厚度最敏感的地震属性组合,以减少地震属性信息的重复与冗余。为此提出了一种联合关联规则与随机森林回归算法的地震多属性砂体厚度预测方法。随机森林回归算法能够建立地震多属性与砂体厚度之间的非线性关系,并能进行属性选择,但是该算法无法识别地震多种属性中的冗余特征。关联规则能够发现地震属性之间的非线性关联,并能借助卡方检验消除地震属性间的冗余性。分别采用了随机森林回归算法(RFR)、联合关联规则与随机森林回归(AR-RFR)及BP神经网络回归的算法(AR-BP)对滩坝砂岩合成模型和某实际工区进行了砂体厚度预测。对比结果表明,基于关联规则的属性优选得到的属性间相关性低,关联规则与随机森林算法的结合提高了砂体厚度的预测精度。数值实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

断层相关裂缝定性识别：原理与应用

介绍一种定性识别和预测断层相关裂缝的新方法-断面脱空法。该方法以断面脱空理论为基础,通过建立断面脱空空间与断层相关裂缝之间的置换模型,从而实现通过观察断层形迹开展地下断层相关裂缝的定性识别。以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带西侧中古3、塔中72两个井区下奥陶统良里塔格组（O₃l）为例,基于地震资料分别开展剖面和平面上的断层相关裂缝识别,并将预测结果与钻井、测井及地震属性分析获得的裂缝发育特征进行对比研究。结果表明:利用断面脱空原理预测结果与钻测井揭示结果基本一致,与根据均方根检测的裂缝平面分布对比,细节上有差异,但总体特征基本一致,表明利用断面脱空原理可以定性地对断层相关裂缝做出预测。断面脱空理论的提出不仅为定性评价地表、地下断层相关裂缝发育分布规律提供一种新思路,更为定量表征断层相关裂缝提供重要的理论依据。     

围岩稳定性评价的投影寻踪权重-属性区间识别模型

围岩的稳定性评价是一个复杂的不确定系统问题。采用粒子群算法优化投影寻踪方法,并结合属性区间识别理论,建立了围岩稳定性评价的投影寻踪权重-属性区间识别模型。选取5个围岩稳定性影响因子作为评价指标,通过构造属性测度区间函数计算单指标属性测度区间,利用基于粒子群优化的投影寻踪确定各评价指标的权重以计算综合属性测度区间,应用置信度准则和评分准则对围岩的稳定性进行属性识别。实例研究表明,该模型能有效的解决围岩稳定性评价问题,且评价结果科学可靠;评价模型采用投影寻踪确定权重,避免了权重确定中的主观性和随意性,保证了评价工作的客观性和准确性。     

An analytical model for multiple fractured shale gas wells considering fracture networks and dynamic gas properties

Multi-stage fractured horizontal wells play an important role in developing shale gas reservoirs by significantly improving productivity. By considering fracture networks, gas desorption, stress-sensitive fracture permeability, and pressure-dependent gas PVT properties, an analytical model is developed for shale gas wells. Fracture networks are handled based on transient linear flow, gas desorption is handled by defining a new total compressibility, stress-dependent hydraulic fracture permeability is handled by variable substitution, and pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time are used to handle pressure-dependent PVT properties. After obtaining the solution of the linearized model, a material balance method and successive substitution iteration procedure are proposed to convert the pseudo-time into real time and calculate the production contribution from gas desorption. The results show that induced fractures also have a great impact on the production of the well. Production contribution from free gas and adsorbed gas could be quantified using the proposed material balance principle and iterative method. The rank of parameters that influence the ultimate recovery is the following: half-length of hydraulic fracture, induced fracture length/hydraulic fracture spacing, hydraulic fracture spacing, conductivity of induced fractures, conductivity of hydraulic fracture, and induced fracture spacing.     

XFEM-based cohesive zone approach for modeling near-wellbore hydraulic fracture complexity

Near-wellbore fracture tortuosity has important impacts on the productivity of fractured oil and gas wells and the injectivity of CO₂ or solids disposal injectors. Previous models for simulating near-wellbore fracture tortuosity usually assume fracture growth in linear-elastic media, without considering the effects of porous features of the rock. In this paper, a 2D fully coupled model is developed to simulate near-wellbore fracturing using the XFEM-based cohesive segment method. The model takes into account a variety of crucial physical aspects, including fracture extension and turning, fluid flow in the fracture, fluid leak-off through wellbore wall and fracture surfaces, pore fluid flow, and rock deformation. The proposed model was verified against two sets of published experimental results. Numerical examples were carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters on near-wellbore fracture trajectory, injection pressure, and fracture width. Results show that near-wellbore fracture behaviors are not only dependent on rock elastic properties and field stresses, but also greatly influenced by porous properties of the rock, such as permeability and leak-off coefficient. Some field implications were provided based on the simulation results. By overcoming some limitations of the previous models, the proposed model predicts more realistic fracture evolution in the near-wellbore region and provides an attractive tool for design and evaluation of many field operations, for which near-wellbore fracture behaviors play an important role on their successes.

     

裂隙参数分析在岩体力学和水力学习性研究中的应用

岩体的力学和水力学习性主要取决于其中裂隙的发育程度。一定成因的裂隙具有一定的发育规律,这一规律既具确定性又具随机性。本文详细讨论了表示岩体裂隙发育程度特征参数的量测和分析方法,重点论述了裂隙参数分析在研究岩体渗透习性、岩体中裂隙网络计算机模拟及岩体弹性参数分析等方面的应用。     

A statistically based numerical model for heat conduction in fractured rock masses

A computational procedure for simulating heat conduction in fractured rock masses is proposed and illustrated within the context of the finite element method. The procedure makes use of simple local models for conduction in the vicinity of a single open fracture. The local models allow effective thermal properties for fractured rock to be expressed in terms of fracture characteristics such as spacing, orientation and aperture. The distributions of fractures and fracture properties within the finiteelement model are derived from a statistical representation of geological field data. The procedure is demonstrated to satisfactorily reproduce heat transfer results across single fractures and provide an efficient means of representing conduction in formations with multiple fractures.     

Effects of non‐uniform traction and specimen height in the direct shear test on stress and deformation in a rock fracture

In the direct shear test (DST), an internal moment is distributed within the rock specimen by non‐coaxial shear loads applied to the specimen, which cause non‐uniform distributions of both the traction on the loading planes and the stress and deformation in the specimen. To examine the validity of the DST for a rock fracture and to clarify the effect of specimen height, both the stress and deformation in a fracture in the DST were analyzed for specimens with three different heights using a three‐dimensional finite element method with quadratic joint elements for a fracture model. The constitutive law of the fracture considers the dependence of the non‐linear behavior of closure on shear displacement and that of shear stiffness on normal stress and was implemented in simulation code to give a conceptional fracture with uniform mechanical properties to extract only the effect of non‐uniform traction on the stress and deformation in the fracture. The results showed that both normal and shear stresses are concentrated near the end edges of the fracture, and these stress concentrations decrease with a decrease in the specimen height according to the magnitude of the moment produced by the non‐coaxial shear loads. Furthermore, although closure is greater near the end edges of the fracture, where normal stress is concentrated, this concentration of closure is not so significant within the range of this study because of the non‐linear behavior of closure, that is, closure does not significantly increase with an increase in normal stress at large normal stresses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

韩城地区煤岩力学特性与破坏特征试验

韩城地区二叠系下统的山西组煤岩为含裂隙的低强度高脆性介质,其抗压强度和破坏特性与加载方式和加载速率有密切的关系。利用室内试验方法,对该地区煤层气储层煤岩开展了不同加载方式的力学研究。试验结果表明,煤岩的主裂隙(面割理)走向与加载方向的关系对煤岩的力学特性有较大影响,煤岩裂隙走向与加载方向垂直时的抗压强度是裂隙走向与加载方向平行时抗压强度的1.35倍;而弹性模量和泊松比正好相反,煤岩裂隙走向与加载方向平行时的弹性模量是裂隙走向与加载方向垂直时弹性模量的1.66倍,泊松比为1.15倍;在同等试验条件下,随着加载速率的增大,煤岩强度提高,但脆性增大,易呈脆性破坏。研究成果可为裂隙型煤岩的力学特性认识及在工程中的应用提供参考。      

基于地质统计学反演的碳酸盐岩孔缝洞预测研究

提出一种基于地质统计反演的碳酸盐岩孔缝洞预测方法:首先,根据碳酸盐岩矿物成分,利用电阻率曲线和三孔隙度曲线计算单井裂缝孔隙度和次生孔隙度;然后,利用地质统计反演分别预测裂缝以及溶孔溶洞的平面分布特征;最后,通过综合分析得到碳酸岩储层的孔缝洞发育区带。将该方法应用于研究区碳酸盐岩储层的孔缝洞预测中,得到的孔缝洞分布特征与已知的白云岩分布特征较为吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Statistical Aspects of Microheterogeneous Rock Fracture: Observations and Modeling

Rocks and other geomaterials are heterogeneous materials, with a well-recognized hierarchy of defects from micro-heterogeneities on the grain level to a large-scale network of cracks and layering structures. Their nature create a challenge for determining macroscopic properties, particularly for properties that are scale dependent, complicating both the property measurement and its appropriate application in modeling. This paper discusses the concept of a “representative volume”, which is commonly used in modeling microheterogeneous but statistically homogeneous material by an effective homogeneous continuum. The foundation of this concept is presented, along with its limitations in dealing with properties like strength and fracture toughness that exhibit a scale effect. This limitation is illustrated with a study of brittle fracture of a concrete where it is considered a model for statistically homogeneous rock. The study includes determining a scaling rule for the scale effect in fracture toughness, and shows that the fracture of brittle materials like rocks and concrete appears in the form of highly tortuous, stochastic paths. This reflects a complex interaction between a crack and pre-existing as well as newly formed micro-defects controlled by chance, and results in a large scatter of all fracture-related parameters. This behavior suggests a synthesis of fracture mechanics with probability and statistics, and so a brief exposition of statistical fracture mechanics (SFM) that addresses the statistical aspects of fracture is also presented. SFM is a formalism that combines fracture mechanics methods with probability theory and serves as the basis for an adequate modeling of brittle fracture.     

从断裂带内部结构出发评价断层垂向封闭性的方法

脆性断层和塑性断层断裂带内部结构存在差异: 脆性断层断裂带由以断层岩和伴生裂缝为特征的破碎带和诱导裂缝带2部分组成; 塑性断层断裂带表现为几条充填断层泥大裂缝的组合, 诱导裂缝带不发育.破碎带内部伴生裂缝、无粘结力断层岩带和诱导裂缝带都可能成为油气运移的通道, 只有这3种通道均封闭, 脆性断层垂向才是封闭的.只要伴生裂缝封闭, 塑性断层就是封闭的.基于这种封闭机理, 分析了3种通道封闭的条件: 无粘结力断层岩带是否封闭取决于断层泥含量大小; 破碎带内部伴生裂缝的封闭性取决于断面压力和断层泥塑性强度关系; 诱导裂缝带封闭程度受控于后期成岩充填的程度.提出了利用断面压力、断层泥的含量和塑性强度、后期成岩程度综合判定不同性质断层垂向封闭性评价方法.并利用该方法对克拉2构造F₁断层垂向封闭性进行了评价, 结果表明F₁断层垂向封闭性具有分段性: ①和③段均表现为脆性, 但①段因诱导裂缝没有被充填不封闭, ③段是封闭的; ②段是塑性断层, 垂向封闭性好.这是克拉2构造有大规模天然气聚集成藏的关键因素之一.