海上浮式核电站温排水对海洋生态环境的影响

开发海上浮式核电站,可以有效地解决海洋工业的用能需求,符合国家能源发展战略。海上核电冷却循环系统产生的温排水会对海洋环境本体及其生态系统产生一定的负面影响,是环评工作关注的重点。论述了海上核电站温排水的特点,分析了其对受纳海域水文条件、海水水质、生态环境、生物群落组成与结构等方面产生的影响,提出了温排水的热污染控制对策。     

Transport of waste heat from a nuclear power plant into coastal water

A numerical and experimental modeling is presented for studying the transport of waste heat from a nuclear power plant into coastal water by using a full-field physical model with scale distortion, a local physical model with normal scale and a depth-averaged k− turbulence model with a modified second-order upwind scheme. Field investigations are also used to provide the calibration and validation of the modeling. A case study simulating the turbulent tidal flow and waste heat transport in the coastal water near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Southern China was conducted. The experimental result of the case study shows that the water temperature in coastal water was a little oversimulated near the surface and was a little undersimulated near the bottom of heated-water layer by the full-field physical model. The numerical study shows that the depth-averaged k− turbulence model presented a satisfied prediction of turbulent tidal flow and far-field temperature distribution in coastal water, although the near-field stratification due to the heated water effluent was not accounted for. The result of the effect of scale distortion on physical model shows that a full-field physical model with a scale distortion of 10 produced a satisfied result of temperature distribution in the present case study.     

某核电厂附近海域生态环境特征及潜在致灾生物研究

为了了解某核电厂周边海域的生态环境状况,筛选潜在威胁核电厂冷源安全的致灾生物,分析影响致灾生物时空分布的主要环境因素,本研究于2018年进行了4个季节的生态调查。结果表明,研究海域浮游植物密度秋季最高,春季优势种为东海原甲藻(Prorocentrumdonghaiense),其他季节优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)等硅藻。浮游动物密度夏季最高,以桡足类为主,春、夏季优势种还包括球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachiaglobosa)和薮枝螅水母(Obeliasp.)。底栖动物的密度和生物量在秋季最高,优势种主要为豆形短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides)、长吻沙蚕(Glycera chirori)和丝异须虫(Heteromastusfiliforms)。浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物群落均在夏季最为稳定,群落多样性水平和物种丰度较高,且分布较为均匀。浮游植物群落的细胞丰度与悬浮物和磷酸盐的浓度正相关性最高。浮游动物的密度受温度和盐度的影响较大。底栖动物的群落分布主要受悬浮物和无机营养盐的浓度影响。本研究共筛选出17种威胁该核电厂冷...     

海水工厂化养殖废水循环利用的初步探讨

以海水工厂化养殖排出的废水养殖双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes phi-lippinarum)、长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和细基江蓠(Gracilariatenuistipitata).结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐污染能力最强;细基江蓠和双齿围沙蚕具有较强的净化水质能力.养殖废水经7 d处理后,NH4+-N、NoO3--N、NO2--N、PO43--P、COD和底质有机物分别下降至处理前的11.20%、23.69%、27.50%、14.6%、3.2%和0.32%,且沙蚕和江蓠平均日生长率分别为2.30 mg/g·d和80 mg/g·d.该方法不但能净化水质,还能实现养殖废水的循环利用.     

Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment

Recent global estimates of crude-oil seepage rates suggest that about 47% of crude oil currently entering the marine environment is from natural seeps, whereas 53% results from leaks and spills during the extraction, transportation, refining, storage, and utilization of petroleum. The amount of natural crude-oil seepage is currently estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 to 2,000,000 metric tons per year. Thus, natural oil seeps may be the single most important source of oil that enters the ocean, exceeding each of the various sources of crude oil that enters the ocean through its exploitation by humankind.     

XX核电厂附近海域生态环境及潜在致灾生物研究

为了了解XX核电厂周边海域的生态环境状况,筛选潜在威胁核电厂冷源安全的致灾生物,分析影响致灾生物时空分布的主要环境因素,本研究于2018年进行了四个季节的生态调查。结果表明,研究海域浮游植物密度秋季最高,春季优势种为东海原甲藻,其他季节优势种为中肋骨条藻等硅藻。浮游动物密度夏季最高,以桡足类为主,春、夏季优势种还包括球型侧腕水母和薮枝螅水母。底栖动物的密度和生物量在秋季最高,优势种主要为豆形短眼蟹、长吻沙蚕和丝异须虫。浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物群落均在夏季最为稳定,群落多样性水平和物种丰度较高,且分布较为均匀。浮游植物群落的细胞丰度与悬浮物和磷酸盐的浓度正相关性最高。浮游动物的密度受温度和盐度的影响较大。底栖动物的群落分布主要受悬浮物和无机营养盐的浓度影响。本研究共筛选出17种威胁XX核电厂冷源安全的潜在致灾生物。海地瓜、棘刺锚参、海葵和球型侧腕水母的风险等级较高,其分布主要受温度和盐度的影响。后续工作中,XX核电厂应根据潜在致灾生物与环境因子的关系加强暴发机制研究、提升监测预警能力,并优化驱赶消杀技术和干扰体系,为核电厂冷源安全提供理论和技术保障。     

某滨海核电厂低放射性废水的海洋环境影响预评价

以某滨海核电厂为例,分析确定58 Co、60Co、90Sr、134 Cs、137 Cs和110m Ag等放射性核素为该核电厂低放射性废水中的主要海洋环境影响评价因子.根据国际原子能机构推荐的评估模式预测了上述放射性核素排海后对电厂排放口海域环境(海水水质和沉积物质量)的影响,预测结果表明该核电厂低放射性废水正常排放后,排放口附近海域海水中的58 Co、60Co、134Cs、1 10m Ag比活度低于放射性核素比活度背景值检测限2～3个数量级;90Sr低于背景值4个数量级;137Cs略高于背景值,对周围海水环境未造成放射性污染.但58 Co、60Co、134Cs、137Cs、110m Ag在排放口近岸海域沉积物中的沉积量分别比背景值检测限高2～5个数量级,其中60Co和110m Ag沉积量最大;90Sr沉积量低于放射性背景值2个数量级.最后提出可以从生物辐射评价和核素的迁移转化规律、联合效应(综合考虑温排水、低放射性废水和余氯)和选取合适的指示生物3个方面进行跟进研究的建议,以便更完善和全面地评价核电厂低放射性废水对排放口附近海域环境的影响.     

一种基于滨海核电站海上γ辐射剂量率的智能化自动监测系统研究与设计

基于滨海核电站海上γ辐射剂量率的智能化自动监测系统是一种无人值守的辐射监测装备,可全天候、长时间、在线组网、连续自动测量水面和空气中的γ剂量率、获取水中γ能谱数据并进行核素识别和计算活度浓度,并实时地将监测数据通过无线通信链路和北斗短报文两种形式上传至地面数据服务中心。在非事故情况下,该系统是对核电厂监督性监测系统的重要补充和完善;在发生重大核安全事故或放射性物质泄漏的情况下,能够有效解决传统的派船巡测时方法不标准、数据不及时不连续、人员受照风险大、船只易受污染和行动代价高等问题;在恶劣的极端气象条件下,无人值守的自动监测系统能够为核电站提供实时有效的水体和空气中的γ剂量率、气象、海水温度等监测数据,有效地提升了核电站在极端气象条件下的监测能力,对滨海核电站整体的安全性和可靠性具有一定积极意义。     

Effects of a thermal discharge from a nuclear power plant on phytoplankton and periphyton in subtropical coastal waters

Effects of elevated water temperatures and residual chlorine from a thermal discharge at a coastal nuclear power plant on the biomass and productivity of periphyton and phytoplankton were determined in subtropical Taiwan. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a, but not productivity, was significantly lower in the outlet region than in the intake region. Periphyton chlorophyll a was significantly greater in the outlet region than in the intake region. Nevertheless, periphyton productivity was negatively correlated with water temperature in the outlet region. A distinct difference in periphyton community composition was also detected between the two regions. Chlorination experiments showed that a chlorine concentration of 0.2 ppm greatly suppressed phytoplankton productivity, regardless of whether the water temperature was elevated or not. However, periphyton productivity was little influenced by a chlorine concentration of < 0.5 ppm. Our results suggest that phytoplankton productivity was greatly affected by residual chlorine, but periphyton productivity was more affected by elevated water temperatures.     

混凝土在海洋暴露过程中的氯离子渗透研究

将矿粉掺量0%~65%、粉煤灰掺量0%~30%混凝土置于海洋大气区、潮汐区2年,研究海洋不同区域、矿粉掺量、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土中氯离子渗透规律的影响。结果表明:混凝土在海洋环境下暴露2年,氯离子质量分数随着渗透深度的增加而减小,最后趋于稳定;海洋潮汐区腐蚀混凝土氯离子传输受扩散机制控制,而大气区腐蚀混凝土受到扩散和毛细吸附双重机制控制。随着腐蚀龄期的增加,混凝土中氯离子侵蚀深度增加,表面层氯离子浓度线性增加。潮汐区腐蚀混凝土的氯离子浓度高于大气区腐蚀混凝土,但其表观氯离子扩散系数小于大气区腐蚀混凝土。粉煤灰和矿粉掺量对于混凝土的抗氯离子渗透能力而言,其最优值分别为15%、30%。     

Dynamic consequence analysis of marine electric power plant in dynamic positioning

Diesel-electric power and propulsion systems with electric thrusters are the industry standard for vessels with dynamic positioning (DP) systems. Diesel engines are paired with generators in generator sets and are used to produce electric power used by thrusters and main propellers during stationkeeping and transit, and other consumers such as hotel load, drilling drives, cranes, and heave compensators. Consequence analysis is used to verify the safety of a DP operation. It is used to check whether there is sufficient running power and thruster capacity available to retain sufficient thrust to maintain vessel position after a worst single failure. Recently, extensions of class rules enable standby generators to be considered in this analysis. This provides a more efficient configuration as relatively fewer generator sets may be running. However, DP performance is degraded during the transition from the fault occurrence until the plant is completely recovered. It is important to determine if this degradation leads to a loss of position during the transition. This study presents a simulation-based dynamic consequence analysis method that can be used to dynamically simulate fault scenarios such that the dynamics of the transient recovery can be analyzed. This analysis can be used for decision-support to configure marine electric power plants in DP. Results from the simulation study show that the currently used static consequence analysis method may provide non-conservative results under certain configurations.     

考虑溢流条件下的核电厂址风暴潮模拟与研究

基于ADCIRC建立了三门湾风暴潮模型,模型模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好。以可能最大热带气旋参数为基础构建了多种假想台风路径来计算三门核电厂址处的可能最大风暴潮增水。结果表明,NW向登陆且距离核电厂址左侧为R(最大风速半径)时的假想台风使得三门核电厂址处的增水达到最大,风暴潮增水最大值为4.58 m。将可能最大风暴潮增水叠加天文高潮位进行计算,厂址前沿处水位达到了7.75 m,而三门湾顶附近的最高水位已经达到9 m,超出了三门湾沿岸海堤高程。将三门湾沿岸陆地依照高程概化为计算区域进行漫堤计算,当天文高潮位叠加可能最大风暴潮水位时,三门湾沿岸会发生漫堤溢流现象,淹没范围最严重的区域出现在湾顶处,最大淹没面积达到了120 km2。此时厂址前沿最高潮位为7.25 m,与不溢流相比下降了0.50 m。本研究可为三门核电厂址的安全防护提供科学依据。     

Partitioning of trace metals released from polluted marine aerosols in coastal seawater

Mobilization and transfer of atmospherically transported metals to major suspended particulate matter components in seawater have been studied in a multichamber leaching experiment. Data on the meteorological air mass history, enrichment factors and sequential extraction analysis indicate that the highly polluted marine aerosol samples collected on Helgoland are of anthropogenic origin. A significant fraction of the total cadmium (81%), zinc (58%), copper (41%), and lead (40%) was released in seawater within 1 h. When exposed to the aerosol and artificial suspended particulate matter components for another 100 h, a portion of the released metals ranging from 10 to 60% was readsorbed. Zinc and lead were scavenged by iron/manganese oxides or readsorbed by the aerosol particulates. Of the total scavenged copper portion 67% was bound to phytoplankton cell walls which evidences an ecological impact of the polluted marine aerosols even in the coastal environment.     

The thermal effects of cooling system of a thermal power plant on photosynthesis of marine phytoplankton

The activity of photosynthesis and the contents of chlorophylla and pheo-pigments were compared in the samples of the intake and effluent seawater of Owase-Mita Thermal Power Plant and in the seawater samples in the Yoshimi Bay before and after heat treatment. At Owase-Mita Thermal Power Plant, after passage of sea water through the cooling system chlorophylla content reduced to about a half and pheo-pigment content doubled in August with high temperature (25–27C), but the contents of chlorophylla and pheo-pigments changed little in January with low temperature (16C); whereas the depression of photosynthetic activity after passing through the cooling system was 71–77 % in August and 31–46 % in January. In the laboratory experiments, the heat treatment at 34–43C for 7–8 sec., which resulted in temperature rise of 7–8C, gave the decrease of chlorophylla and an increase of pheo-pigments in August temperature (26.5C), but a slight decrease of chlorophylla and a slight increase of pheo-pigments in November at the initial temperature of 19.2C, while in January and December the samples with low initial temperature (11.6 and 10.8C) showed almost no change in the content of pigments; the decrease in photosynthetic activity was 32 % in August sample,ca. 11 % in November sample,ca. 15% in January and almost no change in December. It is concluded that the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of marine phytoplankton is suppressed by passing through the cooling system of a thermal power plant even at lower water temperature in winter, while the content of chlorophylla is affected very little at a temperature below 20C.     

滨海核电可能最大台风浪的推算

采用当前国际流行的第三代波浪模式SWAN探讨了滨海核电工程可能最大台风浪的计算,并分析了可能最大台风浪与相伴随的可能最大风暴潮成长规律.分析得可能最大台风浪通常滞后可能最大风暴潮增水峰值,推算得到的可能最大台风浪高于遮浪海洋站观测到的最大波高,为滨海核电工程可能最大台风浪的推算提供参考.     

大亚湾核电站邻近水域桡足幼体现场摄食研究

桡足类种类多、数量大、分布广, 在食物链中处于中间环节, 对海洋生态系统的结构稳定起着重要作用。桡足类幼体获取的营养直接影响其发育, 进而影响桡足类成体补充乃至种群的稳定。本研究于2015年夏季分别在大亚湾核电站邻近海域S1 (进水口水域)和S2 (排水口水域)站进行了调查采样, 应用分子生物学方法检测了桡足幼体现场摄食食物组成。结果显示: 1)两个站的桡足幼体内共检测到16种不同食物, 包括浮游植物(硅藻)11种, 后生动物2种、真菌、Ichthyosporea 和卵菌类各1种共5大类, 其中硅藻(47.30%, 克隆数百分比, 下同)和被囊动物类后生动物(41.89%)是其主要的食物类群; 2)在S1和S2站桡足幼体内分别检测到9种和10种食物, 但主要食物类型有差异, S1站较多后生动物(61.54%), 而S2站较多硅藻(68.57%); 3) S2站的桡足幼体杂食偏植食程度更高, 其杂食性系数(0.31)低于S1站(0.72)。结果表明, 桡足幼体能根据食物环境有选择地摄食植物饵料和动物饵料, 调节食物营养结构; 温排水影响水域桡足幼体更偏向植食性, 尤其是硅藻, 暗示全球变暖可能导致桡足幼体食性偏移。     

海岛核电厂址的设计基准洪水位研究

随着滨海核电厂址的开发利用日趋饱和,选取海岛作为核电厂址成为一种新思路。针对海岛厂址易受台风灾害影响的问题,本文通过对天文高潮位、海平面上升、可能最大风暴潮增水和最大台风浪四个增水因子的研究来确定厂址的设计基准洪水位。结果表明:该区域10%超越概率的天文高潮位为3.14 m,未来80 a海平面上升幅度为0.31 m。基于MIKE21数值模型,以可能最大热带气旋参数为基础构建了多种假想台风路径,发现:当台风移动方向为NW向,距离厂址中心左侧0.5R(R为台风最大风速半径)时,风暴潮增水达到最大,增水最大值为2.99 m;当台风移动方向为W向,且距离厂址左侧R处时,台风浪波高达到最大,厂址前沿H_1/100波高最大值达到了8.02 m;岛屿东侧遭受的风暴潮和波浪威胁较其他方向更为严重。各水位影响因子组合叠加后海岛核电厂址设计基准洪水位可达11.25 m。相对于其他滨海厂址,海岛厂址的风暴潮增水相对偏小,但受波浪的影响更为显著。     

Landsat-8 TIRS数据在某核电站温排水监测中应用探讨

为探索Landsat-8 TIRS热红外数据在核电站温排水监测的应用能力,以某核电附近海域为研究区域,采用单窗算法建立核电站附近海域表面温度反演方法,并将该结果与时相接近的MODIS海温产品数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,反演的温度场可较精细地刻画该核电站附近温度场的分布情况,Landsat-8 TIRS数据可实现较高精度的核电站温排水监测。     

Bacterial response to presence of eukaryote inhibitors in water from a coastal marine environment

A method involving chemical (cycloheximide, thiram) inhibition of protozoan bacterivores was applied in an attempt to estimate marine bacterioplanktonic growth rates. The inhibitors were capable of preventing growth of marine protozoan bacterivores at concentrations which did not inhibit growth of marine bacterial assemblages. Use of the predator-inhibition method with incubated water samples from a nearshore marine environment indicated that protozoan grazing control of the size of bacterial standing crop was quite variable with time and site. The apparent degree of control ranged from non-existent to complete. As a means of estimating bacterial generation times, the predator-inhibition method gave results more closely aligned with those of a dividing-cells technique than a [³H]thymidine technique.     

海洋来源羽毛降解菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

微生物降解羽毛既可保护环境又能实现废物的资源化利用,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。本研究从广西钦州港海鸭养殖淤泥筛选获得一株可高效降解羽毛的菌株Gxun-20,通过对该菌株形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列进行分析,以确定菌株的分类,并对菌株产角蛋白酶的条件及酶学性质进行研究。结果表明：该菌为副短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus parabrevis);菌株最适产酶条件为：温度34℃,初始pH 6.5,羽毛含量1.5%(质量分数),发酵48 h,角蛋白酶活性可达277.45 U/mL。菌株Gxun-20所分泌的角蛋白酶最适温度为50℃,且热稳定性较好,最适pH为7.5;金属离子Fe³⁺、Cu²⁺、Co²⁺、Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺对酶活性有显著抑制作用,而Ca²⁺、Na⁺对酶活性有明显促进作用;金属螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)可显著抑制酶的活性,蛋白...