基于次加载面理论改进的ALPHA模型及其数值实施

基于次加载面理论对ALPHA模型进行了改进,并在模型中考虑了土体初始各向异性;提出了与模型相适应的半隐式本构积分算法,据此在通用有限元软件ABAQUS平台上开发了相应的用户材料子程序;利用建立的计算程序,对不同排水条件的三轴试验进行了数值模拟。与已有研究成果对比表明,提出的半隐式本构积分算法,可较好地实现复杂本构模型的数值实施。改进的本构模型克服了修正剑桥模型预测的超固结土峰值强度过高、初始屈服面内假定为弹性变形等缺点,能够较好地描述土体初始屈服面内的的非线性和不可恢复性变形特征;通过变化模型参数,可模拟变形特性较为复杂的土体。     

一种适用于饱和黏土循环动力分析边界面塑性模型的隐式积分算法

修正了传统隐式回映算法,建立了适用于饱和黏土循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型的完全隐式积分格式。该模型基于无弹性域概念和临界状态理论,采用各向同性、运动硬化准则、旋转的边界面,并引入表征土体结构损伤和重塑程度的损伤变量以反映循环载荷作用下饱和黏土的各向异性、刚度、强度软化及塑性变形累积等特征。针对等压固结 和偏压固结 的饱和高岭黏土的不排水三轴试验进行模拟,采用不同的应变增量步长进行计算,并与试验数据对比,结果表明,修正隐式回映算法应用于该类边界面模型的合理性、积分格式的精确性和稳定性;另外,结合有限元软件自动时间步长的增量迭代解法,对饱和黏土应力控制的不排水动三轴试验进行预测,结果表明,修正的适用于该边界面的塑性模型隐式回映算法可以得到比较合理的数值分析结果,能够反映饱和黏土的循环刚度的退化和强度的弱化等动力特性。     

面向边界面模型的切面算法扩展

保持经典弹塑性本构模型切面算法简单高效的框架,并将其进行扩展,使之适用于边界面类模型的隐式数值计算;通过在算法中引入了确定最大容许步长概念,提出了基于自适应子步迭代的改进切面算法。以一个新改进的结构性黏土边界面模型为例,应用切面算法对其进行了数值实现,并对上海黏土室内试验进行了模拟,验证了切面算法的有效性。然后,通过应用上海黏土参数对在不同固结度下的不排水三轴剪切试验、不排水单剪试验以及不排水三轴循环加载试验和一维压缩试验进行数值计算,初步确定了切面算法的最大容许步长。最后,应用改进切面算法模拟了大步长情况下的不排水单剪试验,验证了所提出的改进算法的计算精度和稳定性。     

非饱和土化学-塑性耦合本构行为的数值模拟

基于Hueckel提出的饱和黏土化学-塑性本构模型和Gallipoli提出的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型,提出了一个新的非饱和多孔介质的化学-塑性本构模型,并建立了该模型的隐式积分算法,算法中考虑了化学软化和非饱和吸力的影响。在已有的非饱和多孔介质有限元分析程序平台上进行了程序研发,对孔隙水中化学污染物浓度变化对非饱和土力学行为的影响进行数值模拟,使所研制的程序能够进行岩土工程问题的化学-力学耦合非线性分析。     

亚塑性模型不同积分算法的数值实现

亚塑性模型是以Jaumann应力率张量及变形率张量描述的一种率型本构关系,本构关系在非线性有限元分析计算中具有关键作用,解决用应变增量求解应力响应的问题需要一个时间积分过程。针对亚塑性本构模型发展了自适应隐式和显式两种不同的积分算法,给出了误差控制的方法,同时推导了自适应隐式积分算法所需的一致切向模量,并采用了两个不同的单元,利用ABAQUS平台比较了两种积分算法的数值模拟结果。为了实现从ABAQUS/Standard到ABAQUS/Explicit的过渡,开发了UMAT-VUMAT接口,从而可以使已有的UMAT子程序用于大变形动力问题分析。算例分析证明了研究结果的正确性。     

土体各向异性边界面模型隐式算法在ABAQUS软件中的实现

基于Wheeler土体各向异性旋转硬化法则,结合边界面理论,构造一个能够反映土体初始各向异性及加载后应力诱发各向异性的边界面本构模型,并借助ABAQUS软件提供的UMAT子程序接口,采用隐式积分算法--图形返回算法实现。通过对正常固结状态下（OCR=1）高岭土试样三轴不排水剪切试验进行模拟,并将模拟结果与ABAQUS自带的修正剑桥模型模拟结果进行了比较分析,表明本模型的模拟结果能够反映土体在偏压加载过程中产生的各向异性现象。在此基础上,采用本模型对中等超固结（OCR=4）高岭土试样三轴不排水剪切试验进行模拟,并再次与ABAQUS自带的修正剑桥模型模拟结果进行比较,表明本模型能够较好地反映中等超固结土在小应变情况下的非线性特性。相比于经典弹塑性模型,如修正剑桥模型,本模型的模拟结果更符合中等超固结土的变形特性。     

一种考虑水力滞回效应的非饱和土弹塑性扩展剑桥本构模型显式算法有限元实现

非饱和土应力-应变关系是土力学研究的重要领域。众多学者在非饱和土本构模型及其数值实现方面取得了大量研究成果,但在显示积分算法方面研究较少。在ABAQUS有限元平台基础上,应用带误差控制的显示积分算法,将一种扩展剑桥非饱和土本构模型编制成ABAQUS umat用户材料本构模型子程序,程序应用自动子增量步算法进行误差控制,采用改进欧拉法进行常微分方程显示求解。应用ABAQUS usdfld子程序将ABAQUS计算过程中饱和度及其增量保存为状态变量并导入umat进行耦合计算,使程序完全具备了进行非饱和土本构计算的能力。通过与ABAQUS自带饱和土本构模型的对比数值试验以及多种不同应力路径下的数值试验,验证了本构程序算法的正确性与合理性,相较于传统方法具有形式简洁、计算精度高、稳定性高等优点。最后运用扩展剑桥模型进行考虑水力滞回效应的土干湿循环数值试验,并分析了模型参数b对土干湿循环条件下不可逆累积变形的影响。结果表明,模型参数b对非饱和土干湿循环条件下的力学行为影响很大,b值越大不可逆累积变形越明显,b值越小则不可逆累积变形越小。所采用的误差控制自动子增量步显示积分算法在模拟非饱和土扩展剑桥模型时取得了良好效果,为后续研究打下坚实基础。     

非饱和黏土状态相关本构模型的数值实现

基于双重塑性机制,即剪切滑移和加载湿陷机制,及毛细滞回和变形间的耦合作用,提出了一个适用于非饱和黏土的状态相关本构模型。建立了该模型的隐式积分算法,并处理了双重固相屈服面交点处的应力积分问题。考虑了吸力与应力间的关系,推导了本构关系的一致性切线模量。最后,利用该模型预测了一组非饱和黏土的三轴试验,以此反映模型的描述能力;对比了不同应变步长下应变控制试验的计算结果,并以此验证算法的收敛性和准确性;利用有限元程序平台U_DYSAC2计算了二维情况下非饱和土地区地基固结问题,从而验证所得一致性切线模量的有效性。     

一种考虑水力滞回效应的非饱和土弹塑性扩展剑桥本构模型显式算法有限元实现

非饱和土应力应变关系是土力学研究的重要领域。众多学者在非饱和土本构模型及其数值实现方面取得了大量研究成果,但在显示积分算法方面研究较少。本文在Abaqus有限元平台基础上,应用带误差控制的显示积分算法,将一种扩展剑桥非饱和土本构模型编制成Abaqus umat用户材料本构模型子程序,程序应用自动子增量步算法进行误差控制,采用改进欧拉法进行常微分方程显示求解。应用Abaqus usdfld子程序将Abaqus计算过程中饱和度及其增量保存为状态变量并导入umat进行耦合计算,使程序完全具备了进行非饱和土本构计算的能力。通过与Anaqus自带饱和土本构模型的对比数值试验以及多种不同应力路径下数值试验,验证了本构程序算法的正确性与合理性,相较于传统方法具有形式简洁、计算精度高、稳定性高等优点。最后本文运用扩展剑桥模型进行考虑水力滞回效应的土干湿循环数值试验,并分析了模型参数b对土干湿循环条件下不可逆累积变形的影响,结果表明模型参数b对非饱和土干湿循环条件下的力学行为影响很大,b值越大不可逆累积变形越明显,b值越小则不可逆累积变形越小。本文采用的误差控制自动子增量步显示积分算法在模拟非饱和土扩展剑桥模型时取得了良好效果,为后续研究打下坚实基础。     

非饱和土水-力本构模型及其隐式积分算法

在已有工作基础上建立了水力-力学耦合的非饱和土本构模型,在硬化方程中考虑饱和度的影响,同时在土水特征曲线中考虑了塑性体变的影响,从而使模型可以反映非饱和土中的毛细现象与土中弹塑性变形现象的耦合行为。采用隐式积分方法,建立了非饱和土耦合模型的数值模型,并推导了得到了水力-力学耦合的非饱和土的一致切线模量。利用该算法编制了本构模型计算的子程序,使其能向外输出切线刚度矩阵,用于有限元计算。为了验证该算法和程序的正确性,用所编制程序对不同路径下的土体行为进行了预测。通过预测结果与试验结果相对比,表明程序预测结果与试验数据相吻合,模型可以较好地模拟土体的水力-力学耦合行为特性。     

基于修正Mohr-Coulomb准则的弹塑性本构模型及其数值实施

针对Mohr-Coulomb准则高估岩土体抗拉性能的局限性,建立考虑最大拉应力准则的修正Mohr-Coulomb模型;系统地论述隐式本构积分算法的主要内容,推导相应的一致性刚度矩阵。以ABAQUS软件为平台,采用向后欧拉隐式应力积分算法编制了UMAT本构程序,对单轴拉伸试验和三轴压缩试验进行数值模拟,对比分析ABAQUS自带模型和自编模型的优劣,结果表明编写的修正Mohr-Coulomb模型能够有效地反映岩土介质的抗拉性能,弥补了ABAQUS自带模型的不足。     

粗粒土边界面塑性模型及其积分算法

粗粒土的强度、变形特性对土石坝、边坡和路基等工程的安全性与稳定性有着至关重要的影响。针对粗粒土在复杂应力状态下的强度和变形特性,在边界面塑性理论和临界状态理论框架下,通过引入状态参数和动态临界状态线建立了粗粒土状态相关边界面塑性模型。模型不仅能够模拟粗粒土的应变硬化和体积收缩行为,还能描述应变软化和体积膨胀特性。基于ABAQUS的二次开发平台,结合带误差控制的改进欧拉积分算法编写了边界面塑性模型的UMAT子程序。通过设置不同的应变增量步和误差容许值,对改进欧拉积分算法的精确性和收敛性进行了分析。对不同密实状态和围压下粗粒土三轴排水剪切试验进行了模拟,验证了带误差控制的改进欧拉积分算法应用于粗粒土边界面塑性模型的合理性,为进一步工程应用奠定了基础。     

弹塑性无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法及验证

对基于理想弹塑性理论框架、屈服准则为Mohr-Coulomb准则、采用非关联流动法则的无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法进行了探讨,引入非关联的伪屈服函数和伪势函数,提出了将超出屈服面、处于角点应力区的试应力双向返回到屈服面的本构积分算法。据此编制了ABAQUS用户单元子程序,进行了算例验证。结果表明,提出的算法可以较好地实现土与结构物共同作用的有限元数值模拟。     

Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model

Soil models based on kinematic hardening together with elements of bounding surface plasticity, provide a means of introducing some memory of recent history and stiffness variation in the predicted response of soils. Such models provide an improvement on simple elasto‐plastic models in describing soil behaviour under non‐monotonic loading. Routine use of such models requires robust numerical integration schemes. Explicit integration of highly non‐linear models requires extremely small steps in order to guarantee convergence. Here, a fully implicit scheme is presented for a simple kinematic hardening extension of the Cam clay soil model. The algorithm is based on the operator split methodology and the implicit Euler backward integration scheme is proposed to integrate the rate form of the constitutive relations. This algorithm maintains a quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence when used with a Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. Various strain‐driven axisymmetric triaxial paths are simulated in order to demonstrate the efficiency and good performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contaminant transport with non‐equilibrium processes in unsaturated soils and implicit characteristic Galerkin scheme

A non‐equilibrium sorption—advection—diffusion model to simulate miscible pollutant transport in saturated–unsaturated soils is presented. The governing phenomena modelled in the present simulation are: convection, molecular diffusion, mechanical dispersion, sorption, immobile water effect and degradation, including both physical and chemical non‐equilibrium processes. A finite element procedure, based on the characteristic Galerkin method with an implicit algorithm is developed to numerically solve the model equations. The implicit algorithm is formulated by means of a combination of both the precise and the traditional numerical integration procedures. The stability analysis of the algorithm shows that the unconditional stability of the present implicit algorithm is enhanced as compared with that of the traditional implicit numerical integration procedure. The numerical results illustrate good performance of the present algorithm in stability and accuracy, and in simulating the effects of all the mentioned phenomena governing the contaminant transport and the concentration distribution. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implicit and explicit integration schemes in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay

Two integration algorithms, namely the implicit return mapping and explicit sub-stepping schemes, are adopted in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay and are implemented into finite element code. The model is a representative of a series of bounding surface models that have typical characteristics, including isotropic and kinematic hardening rules and a rotational bounding surface to capture complex but important cyclic behaviours of soils, such as cyclic shakedown and degradation. However, there is no explicit current yield surface in the model to which the conventional implicit algorithm returns the stress state back or the sub-stepping integration corrects the drift of the stress state. Hence, necessary modifications have been made for both of the integration schemes. First, the image stress point is mapped or corrected to the bounding surface instead of mapping back or correcting the stress state to the yield surface. Second, the unloading–loading criterion is checked to determine the image stress point rather than checking the yield criterion after giving the trial stress state in a conventional way. Comparative studies on the accuracy, stability and efficiency of the two integration schemes are conducted not only at the element level but also in solving boundary value problems of monotonic and cyclic bearing behaviours of rigid footings on saturated clay. For smaller strain increments, there is no significant difference in the accuracy between the two integration schemes, but the explicit integration shows a higher efficiency and accuracy. For relatively larger increments, the implicit return mapping algorithm presents good accuracy and more robustness, while the sub-stepping algorithm shows deteriorating accuracy and suffers the convergence problem. With the tolerance used in the present model, the bearing capacity of the rigid footing predicted by the return mapping algorithm is closer to the available analytical and numerical solutions, while the bearing capacity predicted by the sub-stepping algorithm shows a marginal increase.     

On integration of a cyclic soil plasticity model

Performance of three classes of explicit and implicit time‐stepping integrators is assessed for a cyclic plasticity constitutive model for sands. The model is representative of an important class of cyclic plasticity models for soils and includes both isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening. The implicit algorithm is based on the closest point projection method and the explicit algorithm follows a cutting‐plane integration procedure. A sub‐stepping technique was also implemented. The performance of these algorithms is assessed through a series of numerical simulations ranging from simulations of laboratory tests (such as triaxial and bi‐axial compression, direct shear, and cyclic triaxial tests) to the analysis of a typical boundary value problem of geotechnical earthquake engineering. These simulations show that the closest point projection algorithm remains stable and accurate for relatively large strain increments and for cases where the mean effective stress in a soil element reaches very small values leading to a liquefaction state. It is also shown that while the cutting plane (CP) and sub‐stepping (SS) algorithms provide high efficiency and good accuracy for small to medium size strain increments, their accuracy and efficiency deteriorate faster than the closest point projection method for large strain increments. The CP and SS algorithms also face convergence difficulties in the liquefaction analysis when the soil approaches very small mean effective stresses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.