各向异性叠前深度偏移在K油田的应用

在地震资料处理中,为提高地下地质体成像精度,各向异性叠前偏移已逐渐成为常规处理流程.然而,如何可靠地估算和建立各向异性深度偏移的各向异性参数模型是其成功的关键.针对K油田浅层气和边界大断层对地震成像的不利影响,采用了沿层速度分析和网格层析相接合的速度建模方法、利用已知井的信息求取初始各向异性参数、并通过多次迭代更新各向异性参数和速度模型等方法和处理流程,对K油田三维地震资料进行了各向异性叠前深度偏移处理.与只依靠单一速度参数的各向同性叠前深度偏移相比,各向异性叠前深度偏移利用了地震波垂直传播的相速度和根据井控从地震数据中估算出来的两个各向异性参数.从偏移结果中可以看到,各向异性叠前偏移的成像精度和质量得到明显改善,目的层地震偏移深度与井上分层深度吻合更好,地层信息与测井结果一致性好,边界断层的归位更加准确.     

基于Walkaway VSP的Thomsen各向异性参数估计与应用(英文)

Thomsen各向异性参数的求取对于正确的时深转换和深度域偏移成像处理至关重要。相比其它各向异性参数估算方法,从VSP资料中更容易获取准确的各向异性参数用于地面地震偏移成像。本文分析研究了利用Walkaway VSP资料估算VTI介质Thomsen各向异性参数的方法,该方法基于VTI介质近偏移距动校正公式利用Walkaway VSP近偏移距初至信息求取各向异性参数δ;基于各向异性介质纵波速度Thomsen近似公式采用射线追踪时差扫描方法求取各向异性参数ε。数值模型正演表明利用该方法估算的各向异性参数误差较小。利用塔里木盆地8个方位的Walkaway VSP实际资料求取了该区深度域Thomsen各向异性参数ε和δ值,同时结合地面三维地震资料建立了较为准确的各向异性深度一速度模型用于叠前深度偏移成像,进一步提高了碳酸盐岩储层的成像精度,减小了目标地质体的深度误差。     

二维各向异性多波高斯束叠前深度偏移

基于多分量地震资料的深度偏移能够更加充分的利用地震记录上的多波信息,而且地下介质中广泛的存在各向异性,本文提出了一种有效的适用于二维各向异性介质的多波高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.首先基于各向异性射线追踪理论,导出了适用于二维各向异性介质的射线追踪方程组,实现了二维各向异性介质中P波和S波的射线追踪.其次将各向异性射线追踪理论引入到高斯束偏移方法中,分别给出适用于二维各向异性介质的PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法.本文成像方法充分考虑各向异性因素对地震波场的影响,能够对存在各向异性介质的地下构造准确偏移归位.通过对不同各向异性介质的数值模型进行PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像测试分析表明,本文方法是一种准确有效的适应于各向异性介质条件的多波叠前深度偏移成像算法.     

VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法研究

转换波偏移可以利用纵横波波场信息,得到高分辨率的成像结果,从而为油藏描述提供高质量的地震资料.目前的研究主要是利用纵波波场信息进行偏移成像,然而,传统的纵波方法在复杂探区成像时具有一定的局限性.为此,本文在各向异性介质声波射线追踪算法的基础上,推导出各向异性介质转换波射线追踪方程,发展了一种转换波射线追踪算法;并将研究的追踪算法应用到偏移成像中,提出了一种各向异性VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法.通过各向异性VTI介质断块模型和复杂构造模型试算,说明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.模型试算的结果表明,在考虑地下各向异性时,本文研究的方法具有更好的成像效果,提取的角道集结果可以为偏移速度分析提供依据.     

层状各向异性介质转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移

在克希霍夫叠前时间偏移处理中,地震波走时的计算方法是决定大偏移距地震资料成像品质的重要因素.在常规的三维转换波各向异性叠前时间偏移公式中,走时的计算是基于等效单层各向异性介质的非双曲线方法.用这种方法处理的成像道集,在偏移/深度比超过一定阈值后,成像道集中的反射同相轴将出现过偏现象,这种偏移不平的同相轴将影响偏移叠加的最佳响应,使得偏移成像波组呈低频化特征,最终降低三维转换波偏移成像质量.我们采用层状介质的走时计算方法代替常规算法,并且利用了常规方法的转换波各向异性偏移速度模型.基于层状介质的算法能够提高大偏移距转换波走时计算精度,克服中浅地层大偏移距远道成像道集中反射同相轴逐渐上翘的问题.两个地区的三维转换波资料处理结果证实,基于层状各向异性介质的转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移方法,明显改善了反射成像剖面的连续性和分辨率,提高成像剖面构造的可解释性.     

VTI介质长偏移距非双曲动校正公式优化

常规Alkhalifah动校正公式精度低,不能精确描述各向异性介质长偏移距地震反射同相轴的时距关系.本文以提高VTI介质长偏移距地震资料动校正公式的精度为目标,在分析VTI介质常规动校正方程的基础上,根据误差最小原理建立优化校正系数图版,实现对常规动校正公式大偏移距误差的修正,建立最优化校正Alkhalifah动校正方程,实现了对VTI介质长偏移距地震资料常规动校正方程的改进.之后由Fomel群速度公式导出高精度VTI模型长偏移距时距函数,提出了高精度VTI介质长偏移距地震资料动校正方程.将以上的动校正方程用于各向异性参数反演,模型计算表明最优化校正Alkhalifah动校正方程的反演精度是常规长偏移距动校正方程反演精度的2～4倍,高精度动校正方程的反演精度是常规动校正方程反演精度的2～8倍.     

TI介质偏移速度建模研究

经过多年的研究发展,各向异性叠前深度偏移算法已经趋于完善.然而,在地震资料处理过程中导致成像结果不理想的主要原因还是由于建立的地层参数场不够精确.当地层参数接近其真实值时,基于波动方程的剩余曲率建模方法由于不受构造的影响,能够在各向异性和横向变速介质中进行速度分析,所以得到了广泛的研究.本文从偏移结果中抽取共成像道集,然后通过交互运用叠前深度偏移和参数更新实现各向异性偏移速度建模.对理论模型和实际资料进行的试算表明,该方法具有较强的适应性,能极大改善VTI介质反射界面成像效果和分辨率.     

三维VTI介质中波动方程深度偏移的最优分裂Fourier方法

从含Thomsen各向异性参数的qP波相速度表示式出发,建立并求解三维VTI介质中的频散方程,得到三维VTI介质中的相移算子,进而将以相移算子为基础的最优分裂Fourier方法推广到三维VTI介质,发展了一个三维VTI介质的深度偏移方法.文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致,将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中.文中提出的偏移算法对相移法引入了高阶校正项来补偿介质横向变化的影响,使该方法可应用于横向非均匀VTI介质的陡角度成像,文中给出的偏移脉冲响应很好地证明了这一点.     

叠前时间偏移技术在深层断陷区地震成像中的应用

Kirchhoff积分叠前时间偏移应用波动方程的Kirchhoff积分解实现地下反射层的偏移问题,该技术应用所有偏移距的地震资料,能适应纵横向速度变化较大的情况,是复杂地区地震资料成像的较理想的方法.叠前时间偏移是对偏移处理和偏移速度修改的一个迭代过程,偏移速度的精度直接影响到偏移效果.对大庆油田古龙断陷某工区的三维地震资料,应用叠前时间偏移技术进行成像处理,对于埋深较大的目的层,断陷结构复杂,介质的各向异性较为严重,所以应用考虑各向异性参数的速度修改公式,得到较为精确的偏移速度体,进而保证偏移CRP道集拉平,得到成像良好的偏移数据体.实际地震数据偏移处理结果表明叠前时间偏移技术可对复杂构造的地震数据准确成像,可在古龙地区断陷地层勘探中推广应用.     

轴对称各向异性介质波动方程深度偏移的对称非平稳相移方法

由所建立的三维qP波相速度表示式出发，导出并解析求解各向异性介质中的频散方程，得到三维各向异性介质中的相移算子，进而将以相移算子为基础的对称非平稳相移方法推广到各向异性介质，发展了一个三维各向异性介质的深度偏移方法. 文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致，将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中. 所建立的各向异性介质对称非平稳相移波场延拓算子可以同时适应速度及各向异性参数横向变化；文中给出的算例虽然是针对二维VTI介质的，但所提出的算法同样适用于三维TI介质.     

基于虚拟偏移距方法的各向异性转换波保幅叠前时间偏移

In this paper, we use the method of pseudo-offset migration （POM） to complete converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation in an anisotropic medium. The method maps the original traces into common conversion scatter point （CCSP） gathers directly by POM, which simplifies the conventional processing procedure for converted waves. The POM gather fold and SNR are high, which is favorable for velocity analysis and especially suitable for seismic data with low SNR. We used equivalent anisotropic theory to compute anisotropic parameters. Based on the scattering wave traveltime equation in a VTI medium, the POM pseudo-offset migration in anisotropic media was deduced. By amplitude-preserving POM gather mapping, velocity analysis, stack processing, and so on, the anisotropic migration results were acquired. The forward modeling computation and actual data processing demonstrate the validity of converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation using the anisotropic POM method.     

Kirchhoff prestack depth migration in 3-D simple models: comparison of triclinic anisotropy with simpler anisotropies

We use Kirchhoff prestack depth migration to calculate migrated sections in 3-D simple anisotropic homogeneous velocity models in order to demonstrate the impact of anisotropy on migrated images. The recorded wave field is generated in models composed of two homogeneous layers separated by one either non-inclined or inclined curved interface. The anisotropy in the upper layer is triclinic. We apply Kirchhoff prestack depth migration to velocity models with different types of anisotropy: a triclinic anisotropic medium, an isotropic medium, transversely isotropic media with a horizontal (HTI) and vertical (VTI) symmetry axis. We observe asymmetry in migration caused by triclinic anisotropy and we show the errors of the migrated interface caused by inaccurate velocity models used for migration. The study is limited to P-waves.     

谱元法叠前逆时偏移研究

谱元法是基于弹性力学方程的弱形式,运用有限元的思想在单元上进行谱展开,理论上该方法具备有限元适应任意复杂介质模型的韧性和伪谱法的精度.这里借助谱元法这一思想,在正演算法的基础上,进行偏移算法的改编,并在各向异性介质的二个模型中进行叠前逆时偏移.结果表明:这二个模型上进行的偏移结果与模型吻合较好.     

TI介质局部角度域高斯束叠前深度偏移成像

各向异性射线理论基础上的局部角度域叠前深度偏移方法能够为深度域构造成像与基于角道集的层析反演提供有力支撑,但是对于复杂地质构造而言,高斯度叠前深度偏移在不失高效、灵活等特点的情况下,具有明显的精度优势.为此,本文研究局部角度域理论框架下的高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.为提高算法效率与实用性,文中讨论了一种从经典弹性参数表征的各向异性介质运动学和动力学射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式,并提出了一种比较经济的各向异性高斯束近似合成方案.结合地震波局部角度域成像原理,讨论一种适合高斯束偏移的角度参数计算方法.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据试验表明：相比局部角度域Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移成像方法,本文方法具有更高的成像精度与抗噪能力,既适用于复杂构造成像,也可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.     

Realistic Models of Anisotropic Laminated Lower Crust

—The genesis of the laminated lower crust has been attributed to extensional processes leading to structural and textural ordering. This implies that the lower crust might be anisotropic. Laboratory measurements of lower crustal rock samples and xenolithes show evidence of anisotropy in these rocks due to oriented structure.¶In this paper we investigate the seismic shear-wave response of realistic anisotropic lower crustal models using the anisotropic reflectivity method. Our models are based on representative petrophysical data obtained from exposed lower crustal sections in Calabria (South Italy), Val Strona and Val Sesia (Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy). The models consist of stacks of anisotropic layers characterized by quantified elastic tensors derived from representative rock samples which provide alternating high and low velocity layers.¶The seismic signature of the data is comparable to seismic observations of in situ lower crust. For the models based on the Calabria and Val Strona sequences shear-wave splitting occurs for the Moho reflection at offsets beyond 70 km with travel-time delays up to 300 and 500 ms, respectively. The leading shear wave is predominantly horizontally polarized and followed by a predominantly vertically polarized shear wave. Contrastingly, the Val Sesia model shows no clear evidence of birefringence. Isotropic versus anisotropic modelling demonstrates that the shear-wave splitting is clearly related to the intrinsic anisotropy of the lower crustal rocks for the Val Strona sequence. No evidence of birefringence caused by thin layering is found.     

地震数据叠前偏移成像及其在浅层地震勘探中的应用研究

文中讨论了在浅层地震勘探中地质结构和构造的复杂性以及对浅层地震勘探成果要求精度较高的特殊性,指出了在浅层地震勘探中发展叠前深度偏移的重要性,并对相移法叠前深度偏移的基本原理和实现方法进行了详细论述,编制了相应的软件。通过使用该方法对 2种理论试验模型进行试算,获得的深度偏移剖面层位清晰,构造明显,较准确地体现了理论模型地质结构和构造的特征,效果良好。然后又使用实际浅层地震反射资料进行了叠前偏移计算,所得结果与已知地质结构和构造相吻合,也取得了较好的结果,证实了该方法及软件的可靠性和实用性,可用于实际浅层地震反射勘探资料的叠前深度偏移处理     

Reverse time migration with Gaussian beams using optimized ray tracing systems in transversely isotropic media

Prestack depth migration is a key technology for imaging complex reservoirs in media with strong lateral velocity variations. Prestack migrations are broadly separated into ray-based and wave-equation-based methods. Because of its efficiency and flexibility, ray-based Kirchhoff migration is popular in the industry. However, it has difficulties in dealing with the multi-arrivals, caustics and shadow zones. On the other hand, wave-equation-based methods produce images superior to that of the ray-based methods, but they are expensive numerically, especially methods based on two-way propagators in imaging large regions. Therefore, reverse time migration algorithms with Gaussian beams have recently been proposed to reduce the cost, as they combine the high computational efficiency of Gaussian beam migration and the high accuracy of reverse time migration. However, this method was based on the assumption that the subsurface is isotropic. As the acquired azimuth and maximum offsets increase, taking into account the influence of anisotropy on seismic migration is becoming more and more crucial. Using anisotropic ray tracing systems in terms of phase velocity, we proposed an anisotropic reverse time migration using the Gaussian beams method. We consider the influence of anisotropy on the propagation direction and calculate the amplitude of Gaussian beams with optimized correlation coefficients in dynamic ray tracing, which simplifies the calculations and improves the applicability of the proposed method. Numerical tests on anisotropic models demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, which can be used to image complex structures in the presence of anisotropy in the overburden.     

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP and applications

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters is very important for accuratetime-to-depth conversion and depth migration data processing. Compared with othermethods, it is much easier and more reliable to estimate anisotropic parameters that arerequired for surface seismic depth imaging from vertical seismic profile （VSP） data, becausethe first arrivals of VSP data can be picked with much higher accuracy. In this study, wedeveloped a method for estimating Thomsen＇s P-wave anisotropic parameters in VTImedia using the first arrivals from walkaway VSP data. Model first-arrival travel times arecalculated on the basis of the near-offset normal moveout correction velocity in VTI mediaand ray tracing using Thomsen＇s P-wave velocity approximation. Then, the anisotropicparameters 0 and e are determined by minimizing the difference between the calculatedand observed travel times for the near and far offsets. Numerical forward modeling, usingthe proposed method indicates that errors between the estimated and measured anisotropicparameters are small. Using field data from an eight-azimuth walkaway VSP in TarimBasin, we estimated the parameters 0 and e and built an anisotropic depth-velocity modelfor prestack depth migration processing of surface 3D seismic data. The results showimprovement in imaging the carbonate reservoirs and minimizing the depth errors of thegeological targets.