论烧变矿床与烧变岩研究及其意义

烧变矿床及烧变岩系煤自燃的产物。从宏观及微观上搞清其产状、分带性、物质组分及其形成机理。开拓地质科学的新领域,填补岩石矿物学及矿床学中的空白。并作为找煤的有效标志及增加耐火材料、建材、陶瓷原料的新类型和基地。     

中国煤的燃烧变质作用与煤层自燃特征

近年来,煤的燃烧变质作用已引起人们的关注。煤层自燃主要发生于我国西北地区中生代侏罗纪中、低变质煤层中,范围广。煤层自燃一般经过由浅入的发展过程。燃烧过程中产生的热量向周围扩散形成异常地温场,使上覆岩层经烧变形成烧变岩,在垂直及水平方向上呈带状分布;     

杨伙盘煤矿烧变岩及其对工作面布设的影响

论述杨伙盘煤矿的地质特征、上部2-2、3-1可采煤层的烧变岩分布范围及可采煤层厚度、结构等,分析煤层的自燃特征及其对工作面布设的影响,认为采用钻探的方法控制煤层自燃的范围,工作面尽多并且实现出煤,可避免盲目掘进造成经济损失和烧变岩含水层对矿井安全的影响。     

用航片信息圈定新民区煤层自燃边界

以可见光黑白航片(1:3.5万)为主要信息源,对陕西神府煤田新民烧变区(1300km~2)进行了1:5万航空遥感地质调查,圈定了该区烧变岩分布范围及煤层自燃边界。首先划分了烧变岩的宏观类型,选取已知区,研究烧变岩及煤层自燃边界线的影像特征,建立初步解译标志,最后在全区范围内调查煤层自燃边界线。最终确定的界线经钻孔验证,精度达到要求。     

生态脆弱区烧变岩研究现状及方向

烧变岩是地质历史时期煤层自燃形成的一种特殊类型的岩体。烧变岩的研究有益于对煤层形成以来所经历的构造运动、古气候和古地理的研究。同时,它也是重要的水文地质勘查对象。50年来,烧变岩的研究多集中于其勘查方法,尤其是较多的论述了其磁性特征与物探确定烧变岩体边界问题。近年来,研究了其水文地质特征。笔者论述了烧变岩的研究现状,提出了烧变岩是一种特殊类型的岩体,空隙、裂隙发育,具有形成富水区的有利条件,是陕北煤炭开发区良好的供水水源。提出了应加强烧变岩内部结构、非均质性特征和空间分布形态的研究,系统开展烧变岩水文地质勘查,评价烧变岩地下水资源,为合理开发利用烧变岩奠定基础。     

中国北方烧变岩的分布、特征及研究意义*

中国北方烧变岩分布广泛,见于以昆仑山—秦岭—大别山为界的中国北方地区多个沉积盆地边缘,但地质学家对其研究较为薄弱。野外调查显示中国北方烧变岩主要以4种方式分布: (1)大面积连片分布,(2)沿山脉走向的线状分布,(3)沿河流下切河谷分布,(4)为第四系黄土覆盖。烧变岩主要为侏罗系、石炭—二叠系煤层自燃所致。各类型的烧变岩在中国烧变岩区不同程度发育,具瓷化结构、白化结构、烧熔结构、残余构造、气孔构造、微柱状节理、角砾状构造、垮塌构造、裂缝充填等结构和构造。其颜色以砖红色、赭红色、棕色、钢灰色最为典型,岩石中发育鳞石英、方石英、堇青石、铁堇青石、莫来石等典型高温矿物。中新世以来,中国西部、北部地区构造活动强烈,干旱气候加剧,烧变岩也主要形成于这一时期,但煤层自燃与构造运动、环境变化、古野火事件的耦合关系还鲜有提及,其所蕴含的各种地质信息值得在今后的研究中予以关注。     

神木北部侏罗纪煤层自燃因素及其烧变特征

神木北部矿区赋存的侏罗纪不粘煤和长焰煤,由于煤层变质程度低,丝质组含量高,煤的着火点温度低等因素,在适宜的外界条件下易引起自然,煤层和围岩烧变后,物理化学性质发生明显变化.显示出不同特征。     

烧变岩岩石学及稀土元素地球化学特征

烧变岩的研究有益于对煤层形成以来所经历的构造运动、古气候和古地理的探讨.为了获得有关烧变岩基本特征的数据资料, 本文利用扫描电镜、能谱测试、古地磁及ICP-MS等测试手段对陕北神木地区烧变岩进行了系统的岩石学及稀土元素地球化学的分析研究.剖面上将烧变岩分成烧熔岩和烧烤岩两个序列.扫描电镜观察及能谱测试显示, 各矿物均显示烧熔迹象, 除伊利石外未发现其他类型粘土矿物; 磁化率测试显示烧变岩具异常高的磁化率; 地球化学分析显示烧变岩稀土元素配分特征近于沉积岩(原岩) 特征; 纵向剖面上, 随烧变程度增大(由烧烤岩至烧熔岩) 其稀土元素总量逐渐减小, 烧熔岩稀土元素总含量较烧烤岩的要明显低; 另外, 烧熔岩表现为较明显的Ce负异常, 而烧烤岩则表现为无Ce异常, 有些甚至表现为偏正异常.      

神府煤田张家峁煤矿烧变岩与水库水力联系研究

为了张家峁煤矿5-2煤工作面安全回采和常家沟水库水资源保护,根据水文地质调查结果,采用水位流量响应法确定了水库水是陈家塔沟泉水的来源;按照水库、烧变岩、泉点的地质关系分析了水库补给泉水的通道,认为4-2煤烧变岩与水库存在水力联系,为开采煤层上覆烧变岩帷幕截流工程提供了重要的依据。烧变岩帷幕截流工程及相应水文地质工作证明了研究成果。     

干旱地区烧变岩地下水资源储量计算方法研究

新疆哈密大南湖矿区属典型的大陆性气候,日照时间长,降雨量小,年蒸发量是年降雨量的80倍以上。该矿主要含煤地层为侏罗系西山窑组。煤层厚,埋藏浅且易自燃,因而烧变岩区分布广泛。通过对矿区的自然地理、水文地质条件、单孔、群孔抽水试验资料的综合分析,认为区内烧变岩地下水的存储以静储量为主,并运用体积法、单位储存量法两种方法进行地下水资源储量计算。通过计算对比,认为用体积法计算的地下水存储量较为可靠。该方法对其他类似区的地下水资源储量计算有较高的参考价值。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.