安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

广东省丹霞地貌的地质构造背景和分区研究

广东省共有丹霞地貌 67 处,分布在 22 个断陷盆地中,主要受古近纪―新近纪抬升区、5 条北东向深大断裂和 1 条东西向深断裂控制,地层层位以丹霞组和南雄群为主,岩性以砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩为主。古近纪―新近纪地壳升降运动控制了丹霞地貌在区域上的总体分布,大致以 22.5°N 为界线,以北为抬升区,发育丹霞地貌,以南为沉降区,不发育丹霞地貌;晚更新世以来的地壳升降运动,造成不同地区丹霞地貌的数量和规模有所区别：粤北、粤东北为抬升区,发育数量多、规模较大;粤中为沉降区,发育数量少、规模较小。深大断裂控制断陷盆地的分布,从而控制丹霞地貌具体的发育位置。根据地质构造背景和丹霞地貌发育特征,可将广东省划分为 4 个丹霞地貌发育区：粤北区、粤中区、粤东北区和粤西区。     

Age and genesis of the Danxia landform on Jianglang Mountain, Zhejiang Province

Jianglang Mountain is situated at the transitional zone of South China fold-system, Jiangshan–Shaoxing deep fracture zone and Baoan–Xiakou–Zhangcun fracture zone. The forming of the Xiakou basin was attributed to the pull-apart fault depression by the above fractures in earlier Cretaceous, afterward, series deposits such as Guantou formation (K1g), Chaochuan formation (K1c) and Fangyan formation (K1f) which belong to Yongkang group, the lower Cretaceous layer accumulated in the Xiakou basin. In late Cretaceous, the above fractures occurred to extrude and the basin began to uplift, meanwhile, amounts of tension fissures and joints were produced since Cenozoic, which accelerated water-dicing into bed-rock. Consequently, landform-building processing: weathering, eroding and collapsing etc. were prevalent as finally to develop the so-called Danxia landform. The Jianglang Mountain landscape zone of the Danxia landform to apply for world natural relics are relying on unique and unparalleled peak, sky-split valley with vivid stones and reviving of platform. What is more, there is significance of study at lithology, stratigraphy and paleo-biology. According to dating for specimen of ophitic vein through-crossing the Yongkang group of Yafeng Peak by K-Ar method, this article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) i.e. late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

Comparative studies of Danxia landforms in China

Danxia geomorphology originates from China. This paper studies the spatial distribution and differences in characteristics of Danxia landforms. Based on relevant research and investigations, three congregated areas of Danxia landform in China are discussed in this paper. They are the southeast area (including Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangxi provinces), the southwest area (the transitional zone of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin) and the northwest area (including Longshan mountain and along the banks of the Huanghe River and its anabranches). Not only the conditions of geology and geography of the three areas but also the differences of Danxia landforms of the three areas are analyzed. The Danxia landscape, characterized by upright-shaped peaks, Danxia mesa, stone wall, cave and vertical cave, "Danxia natural bridge", "a narrow strip of sky" and so on, often presents in the southeast area. The landscape of southwest area is characterized by Danxia escarpment faces and waterfalls. In the northwest area, the Danxia landscape has the traits of arid areas simultaneously, for example, mud-coating type, columniation type, board type, moreover, it is greatly different between these environmental factors such as the microclimate, water, wind, and the loess cover. Finally it explores the causes which lead differences in landform and also explains the landform formation process and its mechanism with reference to the rates of crustal uplift, the tectonic red-basin, and the external processes including working of running water, weathering, biogenic, gravity in each area of Danxia Landforms in China.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

1 IntroductionD anxia landform ,a kind of im portantscenic landform ,has its unique function in shape-m akingand scenery-constructing.It is distributed throughout m ost parts of China (H uang, 1999, 2003;Figure 1). It has m uch value in tourism for its re…     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest-southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K₁ f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

通过分析中国丹霞地貌的空间分布格局,把我国丹霞地貌划分东南、西南和西北三大集中分布区。主要研究了三大丹霞地貌集中分布区的景观异质性。东南区 (包括浙、闽、赣、粤、湘、桂等省区) 多发育临溪丹霞峰林、丹霞赤壁、一线天、天生桥等景观;西南区 (云贵高原与四川盆地过渡带) 以赤壁与急流瀑布相伴为主要景观特色;西北区 (包括陇山周围、河湟谷地) 则呈现出特有的干旱区丹霞地貌景观,区内由于自然条件的复杂性,如小气候及流水作用,黄土盖层成分及其存在与否的差异性,区内景观异质性显著。从三区的构造运动上升速度、降水强度、植被等生物作用、河川过程以及黄土作用等地质地理、气候条件、生物、理化等内外动力作用,分析了形成这种景观差异性的原因、形成机理和过程。     

国内外红层与丹霞地貌研究述评

在中国丹霞地貌走向世界,开始一个新的发展阶段的时候,回顾并评述国内外红层和丹霞地貌的研究进展十分必要。国内在该领域的研究长期集中在红层特性、工程地质、丹霞地貌特征及发育的基本问题等方面,但对红层的地质和地貌融合研究不足,对不同红层的岩性差异及其在外动力条件下的地貌表现和地貌发育过程缺乏深度研究;国外还没有红层地貌和丹霞地貌的专门研究,学者们主要关注红层形成的地质背景,有关红层地貌的研究多分散在砂岩地貌中,但其在微观、定量、实验研究方面值得借鉴。本文认为当前有关红层和丹霞地貌的研究大多为单因子研究,缺乏系统的思想方法,各学科研究存在多张皮的问题。提出应明确红层和丹霞地貌的学科归属,深化基础研究,加强各学科之间的融合,并推动国际交流和对比研究。     

美国西部红层地貌发育及与中国东南部丹霞地貌的对比

美国西部和中国东南部都是世界上中生代红层的主要分布区,形成了以赤壁丹崖为特征的地貌景观,具有很高的对比研究价值。通过地质资料分析和野外考察,对美国西部红层的分布和形成年代,地质构造背景,岩性和地貌特征等进行梳理,并和中国东南部丹霞地貌进行对比。结果表明：美国西部红层地貌和中国东南部丹霞地貌都是发育在红层基础上的侵蚀地貌,都有显著的红色陡崖坡,但受控于区域地质构造、物质基础、及主导外营力等因素的差异,两地具体的地貌特征并不完全一致。美国西部红层主要形成于三叠纪和侏罗纪,红层堆积的构造环境为大型弧后盆地,沉积环境复杂多变,以陆相为主,尤以风沙沉积最为典型,岩性以细砂—粉砂岩和泥岩为主,砾岩很少,主导外营力为流水下切,红层发育的地貌类型相对单一,总体以高原—峡谷景观为主。中国东南部丹霞地貌区的红层多形成于白垩纪,构造环境为内陆中小型断陷/拗陷盆地,沉积环境全部为陆相,以粗碎屑混杂堆积为主,主导外营力以流水冲刷侧蚀为主,发育的地貌类型较为多样,整体以簇群式峰丛—峰林景观为主。     

丝绸之路中国段佛教石窟差异性 及其与丹霞地貌的关系

作为佛教东传的主线,沿丝绸之路中国段留存了大量的佛教石窟,其分布与该区域丹霞地貌的分布大致重叠。由于各地区地质地貌条件以及岩性的差异,石窟在分布、形制以及艺术表现手法上也存在差异。本文以沿丝绸之路主线佛教东传的路线为基础,分别阐述丝绸之路天山北线、河西走廊、陇东、河湟谷地以及陕西彬县丹霞地貌区的佛教石窟以及敦煌石窟的特点,分析各地石窟形成自身特点的自然原因。文章分析了丝绸之路沿线石窟分布、形制以及艺术特色与丹霞地貌的内在联系,认为除宗教政治因素外,丹霞地貌是丝绸之路石窟分布的决定因素之一,也是石窟形制和艺术表现手法的重要影响因素。文章比较了其他类型地貌与丹霞地貌在开凿石窟方面的优劣,认为丹霞地貌拥有最适合开凿石窟的地貌形态与岩性。综上,文章认为丹霞地貌的存在是丝绸之路沿线出现大量佛教石窟的最重要的自然条件。     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) I.e. Late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

中纬度荒漠区河西走廊沙丘地貌的演化特征及其环境指示

北半球中纬度地区的沙丘地貌变化和粉尘活动历史是探索全球环境变化与景观响应问题的良好档案。本文从风沙地貌学、粒度沉积学、地球化学和气候学等方面综合分析了中纬度典型荒漠区河西走廊的典型沙丘动态变化、物质来源、粉尘活动历史及其影响因素等。结果表明,20世纪60年代以来研究区典型新月形沙丘和新月形沙丘链等发生了较大的移动或摆动,平均移动速度介于0.8~6.2 m/a之间。沙丘的动态变化主要受年降水量、年平均风速和年大风日数的影响,表明气候是沙丘地貌变化的首要影响因素。沙丘沙（三段式）与戈壁沉积物的两段式粒度曲线模式明显不同,揭示了后者在沉积学上的“不成熟性”而前者经历了高效的风成分异作用且非局地起源。古地理、沉积学和地球化学综合证据揭示沙丘沙的母源物质主要是冲洪积物和古河流沉积物等,包括南北山麓剥蚀带的碎屑沉积等。地表细颗粒物质的比例、表层盐结皮的覆盖率和可蚀性砂质物质含量等指标指示了西部戈壁区不是中东部风尘的主要来源区。沙丘移动方向与区域性主导风向在空间分布上具有相似性,表明河西走廊东、西部间之间在沙丘地貌动态演化上的差异应受控于区域尺度的环流风系,即受控于动力机制而不是物质来源上的差异。区域气候的暖湿化是对全球增温和亚洲夏季风增强的同步响应,也是研究区沙尘暴减少的主要原因,同期河西走廊潜在的逆沙漠化过程亦受控于气候变化;但绿洲区沙漠化过程还是起因于人类活动影响的地下水波动。     

广州莲花山的人工丹霞地貌和旅游开发

通过实地考察,概述广州番禺莲花山与粤北丹霞山地质地貌的异同,从丹霞地貌角度阐述这座古石矿场“人工无意夺天工”形成的陡崖,岩洞,石墙,石巷,岩湖,石柱,石门,石桥等人工丹霞奇观,并对这座以全国罕有古石矿场为主景的莲花山旅游区的进一步开发,提出了讨论意见。     

广东丹霞地貌分类研究

在前人研究的基础上,以物质基础、地质构造、主导动力、地貌形态、发育阶段等为分类依据,探讨了丹霞地貌的分类系统.针对广东丹霞地貌发育状况,根据丹霞地貌分类系统,对广东发育的丹霞地貌进行了各自的分类研究.     

中国东南部丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异结构研究

陡崖坡广泛发育是丹霞地貌的基本形态特征。典型的丹霞地貌山块往往四面陡崖,山块之间也因此形成被陡崖围合的沟谷。特殊的地貌造就了许多特殊的小生境,产生了特殊的植被分异现象。本文梳理了山地自然分异和丹霞地貌生态与植被分异方面的研究文献,发现人们对于丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异的关注不足。为此,针对丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异这个最具有个性化的自然分异现象与本质进行了初步探讨,得到主要结论：丹霞地貌区小尺度的自然生态分异不符合一般意义上山地自然带分异规律,其根本原因在于地貌所引起的生境差异;丹霞地貌区的山顶效应实质上是“干岛”效应,其沟谷效应实质上是一种“热岛+湿岛”效应;孤立山顶的边缘形成生态结构“突变带”,使得山顶形成孤立的“环状生态圈层”;因地貌差异形成的小生境差异,决定了丹霞地貌区的植被分异图谱。这种小尺度植被分异研究能够丰富中国山地科学研究,并为丹霞地貌区植被生态环境保护提供一定的参考。     

广东红层形成及其发育规律研究

在一定的地质构造、岩性特征和气候与时间等因素的作用下,广东的红层都分布在白垩-第三纪的红色盆地中,在全省108个红层盆地中,各盆地红层的总面积为28 283 km2,约占全省陆地面积的16%.文中总结出了红层的地层特征、岩性特征和地貌特征,并得出广东省红层分布规律为:红层空间分布:主要受深、大断裂控制呈带状和串珠状分布;红层时代分布:中生代中期后.其中部分红层中的丹霞地貌区给地方经济发展起到了重要作用.     

丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究

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