藏南冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩早白垩世岩浆作用:新特提斯洋二次俯冲

新特提斯洋长期俯冲消减作用在早白垩世可能经历二次俯冲启动或板片俯冲几何形态的重大转换。确定西藏南部冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆作用的岩石地球化学特征和作用方式是甄别上述过程的关键,对理解新特提斯洋的俯冲演化过程至关重要。本文就冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩中保存的各类早白垩世岩浆岩,开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学和Hf同位素、全岩元素和同位素（Sr-Nd）组成分析。数据结果表明：1）基性岩侵位时代为早白垩世晚期（103.6~100.8Ma）,为高钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石,锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.3~+5.7,全岩ε_Nd（t）=-0.8和-0.3,暗示其岩浆源区具有大量俯冲沉积物或流体的混入,为沉积物熔体和流体交代的地幔楔物质部分熔融的产物,经历了一定程度的角闪石分离结晶作用;2）中性岩形成于99.8~97.6Ma,略晚于基性岩,其主量元素与基性岩具有较好的线性关系,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+1.1,具有较多的地幔物质参与,为基性岩浆进一步演化形成;3）酸性岩（脉体）记录了多阶段岩浆作用（124.1~95.3Ma）,根据同位素组成不同进一步划分为两类,第一类具有较低的全岩ε_Nd（t）值（-8.3~-6.0）,其岩浆源区显示富集特征,t_DM2=1385~1586Ma,由古老地壳物质的再熔融形成;第二类的锆石ε_Hf（t）值（-2.8~+3.2）变化较大,岩脉的锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.4~+8.1,t_DM=428~906Ma,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+0.1和+0.8,表明岩浆源区具有不均一性,为古老地壳物质被富流体地幔岩浆改造形成;和4）镁铁质包体的主量元素与寄主花岗岩具有较好的线性关系,锆石的Hf同位素组成变化较大（ε_Hf（t）=-9.3~+4.1）,变化范围可达13个ε单位,为岩浆混合成因。寄主花岗岩和角闪辉长岩分别作为酸性和基性端元,是基性岩浆与其诱发古老地壳熔融形成的花岗质岩浆经混合形成。结合冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆岩的研究结果,朗县杂岩在早白垩世（124~97Ma）的岩浆作用具有明显的岩浆混合现象,锆石Hf和全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成变化较大,可达13个ε单位,其岩浆源区复杂且富含流体,代表了新特提斯洋在早期（240~144Ma）经历漫长的俯冲之后,在早白垩世时期（~120Ma）俯冲带发生跃迁或俯冲角度达到临界点,导致大量俯冲沉积物和流体沿俯冲带俯冲下去,与发生部分熔融的地幔楔物质混合,底侵导致上覆古老地壳物质的再熔融,形成早白垩世复杂的岩浆岩组合,很可能是新特提斯洋二次俯冲开始的标志。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段米林地区晚侏罗世-白垩纪侵入岩的岩石成因和地球动力学意义

冈底斯岩基东部的米林地区发育辉长质片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩近垂向相间排布的侵入杂岩体及东侧未变形闪长岩体。野外穿切关系和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄结果表明：早期辉长质片麻岩（146.3±1.6Ma）被晚期花岗质片麻岩（141.7±2.0Ma）侵入,并一起经历了后期变质作用（~90Ma）和晚白垩世闪长质岩浆作用（87.8±1.1Ma）。辉长质片麻岩具有E-MORB特征,经历了富Ti矿物相的堆晶作用,母岩浆主要来源于板片流体交代上覆亏损地幔楔物质（ε_Hf（t）=+9.9~+14.5;ε_Nd（t）=+3.0~+4.1）。花岗质片麻岩具有岛弧型岩浆岩的地球化学特征,同时伴有Fe-Ti氧化物的分离结晶,源区物质主要为部分熔融的初生下地壳（ε_Hf（t）=+10.9~+15.1;ε_Nd（t）=+4.1~+4.3）。闪长岩具有弱的Eu正异常,暗示源区存在斜长石的堆晶作用,其母岩浆来源于板片流体交代上覆亏损地幔楔物质（ε_Hf（t）=+12.2~+15.6）,并在岩浆演化的过程中混入地壳物质。冈底斯岩基南缘发育晚侏罗世的辉长岩和早白垩世花岗可能是第一次新特提斯洋北向俯冲即将终止的产物。晚白垩世岩浆岩是与新特提斯洋再次俯冲引起的峰期岩浆活动的标志,可能是板块回撤引发软流圈上涌的产物。     

西藏刘琼村北始新世石英闪长岩的成因及其地质意义

本文以西藏刘琼村北始新世石英闪长岩为研究对象,通过岩石学、岩石地球化学方法及锆石同位素年代测定,分析了岩浆起源、岩石成因及形成的构造环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,岩体形成于始新世(53.74Ma~55.94Ma)。岩石属准铝质钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素(K、U、Rb、Ba)和轻稀土(LREE),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr)和重稀土(HREE),无明显Eu异常。锆石ε_Hf(t)值为+10~+14.9,单阶式Hf模式年龄(t_DM1)集中在192.9~341.8之间,表明岩浆源区来自于亏损地幔中新增生出来的年轻地壳,具S型花岗岩地球化学特征,推断其形成于同碰撞构造环境,表明始新世时期冈底斯南缘处于新特提斯洋与拉萨地块同碰撞构造环境背景之下。     

福建漳州角美花岗岩与闪长质包体的岩石成因及意义

本文选择福建沿海漳州地区的角美花岗岩和包体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩(106.4±1.8Ma)和岩体中的闪长质包体(105.6±1.0Ma 和106.5±1.0Ma)具有相同的锆石U-Pb年龄,为同期岩浆作用的产物,它们都是高钾钙碱性系列偏铝质岩石。花岗闪长岩具有相对较为均一的锆石Hf同位素组成(ε_Hf(t)=2.2~3.7),表明其为新生地壳部分熔融的产物。闪长质包体具有更亏损的锆石Hf组成(ε_Hf(t)=0.9~5.5)。地球化学数据结合野外证据表明岩体形成过程中经历了岩浆混合作用。福建沿海地区96~106Ma岩浆作用的发育处于古太平洋板片俯冲造成的伸展背景。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段晚白垩世早期朗县杂岩的岩石成因和深部地球动力学过程

藏南冈底斯岩基晚白垩世早期岩浆岩保存了有关新特提斯洋的俯冲演化过程和大陆地壳生长的重要信息。本文对朗县杂岩中出露的晚白垩世早期中酸性岩（岩脉）开展了全岩元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb地质年代学、同位素（Sr、Nd和Hf）组成的研究。闪长岩和花岗闪长岩年龄为92.4~86.9Ma,花岗岩（脉）年龄为91.9~88.6Ma,均为晚白垩世早期岩浆作用的产物。闪长岩和花岗闪长岩具有高钾钙碱性偏铝质特征,具有较高的锆石Hf（ε_Hf（t）=+8.3~+13.2,平均值+10.9）和全岩Nd（ε_Nd（t）=+3.2~+2.7）同位素组成,为受俯冲板片流体和大洋沉积物熔体共同交代的地幔楔部分熔融形成,闪长岩岩浆源区形成深度较浅且受板片流体的交代程度较高,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区更深,受沉积物熔体交代程度较高。花岗岩（脉）在主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素组成上显示明显差异,可划分为两类,第一类花岗岩属于低钾钙碱性系列,Na₂O/K₂O>3.0,稀土总量较高,具有明显的Eu负异常,Sr/Y低（<7.2）。在主量元素组成上,该类花岗岩与闪长岩和花岗闪长岩形成较好的线性演化关系,表明它们可能是上述中酸性岩浆演化的产物。第二类花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,Na₂O/K₂O较低（均<1.0）,铝饱和指数较高（A/CNK=1.01~1.02）,发育角闪石,稀土总量较低,具有微弱负或无Eu异常（Eu/Eu^*=0.88~1.12）,Sr/Y比值（33.8~55.4）较高,锆石Hf（ε_Hf（t）=+4.1~+10.8）和全岩Nd（ε_Nd（t）=+0.8）同位素组成都较低,为新生下地壳部分熔融形成。结合冈底斯岩基晚白垩世早期（100~87Ma）岩浆岩已有的研究结果,认为新特提斯洋板片自早白垩世以高角度俯冲,在晚白垩世早期俯冲板片发生回撤,导致软流圈物质上涌增强,诱发熔流体交代过的地幔楔较高程度的部分熔融形成镁铁质岩浆。这些镁铁质岩浆上升侵位到下地壳,发生不同程度的分离结晶作用并诱发新生下地壳部分熔融,形成晚白垩世岩石地球化学性质各异的岩浆岩。     

西藏聂荣微陆块早侏罗世中期花岗岩及其包体的岩浆混合成因:锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素证据

西藏早侏罗世聂荣岩体中偏基性包体与酸性寄主岩的岩浆源区性质和岩石成因以及相互关系尚未得到很好约束,直接限制了对聂荣微陆块在早侏罗世特提斯构造岩浆演化中的作用的认识。为探讨这一问题,本文对采自聂荣地区的一对花岗岩及其闪长岩包体样品进行了锆石U-Pb定年和原位Hf同位素分析。寄主花岗岩的结晶年龄为185.1±1.5Ma,闪长岩包体的结晶年龄为183.6±1.1Ma,指示酸性岩浆和基性岩浆同时侵位。寄主花岗岩的锆石ε_Hf(t)值介于-17.8~-0.9,其Hf同位素地壳模式年龄变化于1.3~2.4Ga,闪长岩包体的锆石ε_Hf(t)值和Hf同位素地壳模式年龄值分别分布于-11.9~-2.9和1.4~2.0Ga,均表现出很大的变化范围。同时于~185Ma结晶的两种岩浆锆石Hf同位素的不均一性和继承锆石的出现,指示了聂荣微陆块早侏罗世中期发生了古老基底深熔或重熔的熔体和富集岩石圈地幔来源的岩浆间的混合,之后再与围岩混染的岩浆作用过程。     

冈底斯岩浆弧曲水地区早中新世埃达克质花岗岩的成因及构造意义

青藏高原拉萨地体南部广泛发育的渐新世-中新世埃达克质岩浆岩,是研究冈底斯岩浆弧后碰撞岩浆活动和地壳演化的理想载体。本文对冈底斯弧中段曲水地区的早中新世黑云母花岗岩进行了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究。全岩地球化学分析结果显示黑云母花岗岩具有高的SiO₂、Al₂O₃和K₂O含量,属于中钾钙碱性、准铝质到弱过铝质岩石。微量元素富Sr,贫Y和Yb,富集轻稀土元素而强烈亏损重稀土元素,具有高的Sr/Y值(165~278)和(La/Yb)_N值(26.6~39.7),具有典型埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果表明花岗岩的结晶年龄为21~19 Ma,Hf同位素分析结果显示,岩浆锆石εHf(t)值(-0.9~+12.7)大部分为正值且具有较大的变化范围。根据Sr/Y和(La/Yb)_N值估算早中新世冈底斯弧的地壳厚度已达到70~80 km。综合本文和已有的数据表明,印度-亚洲大陆碰撞和碰撞后持续的汇聚作用以及大体积幔源岩浆的底侵共同导致冈底斯岩浆弧经历了显著的新生代地壳加厚;渐新世—早中新世,俯冲印度大陆板片的断离或加厚岩石圈地幔的拆沉作用引起软流圈地幔物质上涌,导致冈底斯弧加厚下地壳(新生地壳和古老地壳)发生强烈的部分熔融,形成了广泛分布的后碰撞埃达克质岩浆岩。     

内蒙古赤峰五十家子岩体成因及其对岩石圈伸展减薄的指示

【研究目的】内蒙古赤峰五十家子岩体位于大兴安岭南段成矿带的西南部,对其进行系统的年代学和地球化学研究有助于丰富对区域构造-岩浆演化和成矿规律的认识。【研究方法】本文基于岩石学与地球化学研究工作,采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、主微量元素分析和锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试等方法分析了岩体成因。【研究结果】LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,五十家子岩体中的斑状含黑云母二长花岗岩、斑状含黑云母正长花岗岩和斑状黑云母正长花岗岩分别形成于（150.3±1.3） Ma,（145.9±1.8） Ma和（137.1±2.2） Ma,属晚侏罗世至早白垩世的产物。地球化学组成上,该花岗岩体具有富硅、富碱、低铝、低钙的特点,属于碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示斑状含黑云母正长花岗岩具有正的ε_Hf （t）值（+7.5~+14.3）和年轻的二阶段模式年龄（t_DM2=285~718Ma）,与大兴安岭南段晚中生代花岗岩ε_Hf （t）值相近,表明其源区物质中年轻下地壳的贡献占主导地位,斑状含黑云母二长花岗岩中暗色包体的发育指示其可能经历了岩浆混合作用。【结论】根据本文研究结果,结合区域地质背景,五十家子岩体可能形成于晚中生代岩石圈伸展减薄环境下,软流圈上涌导致年轻下地壳发生部分熔融形成初始岩浆,并与幔源岩浆混合,后经高程度分异演化并于浅部侵位,最终固结形成了五十家子花岗岩体。五十家子岩体具有显著的高分异和深源浅侵位特征,与区域内锡多金属成矿作用有密切的成因联系。创新点：采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法获取五十家子岩体3个岩相的形成时间,依据岩相学特征、成岩时间、地球化学特征、锆石Hf同位素特征及区域地质背景综合分析岩体成因。     

西藏札佐晚白垩世中期埃达克岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

为解释南冈底斯晚白垩世埃达克质岩石成因及其地球动力学机制,本文对西藏扎囊县札佐地区二长花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和全岩地球化学分析。札佐二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年为80.43±0.62 Ma,其SiO₂为66.19%~66.84%,Al₂O₃为15.17%~15.48%,MgO为1.67%~1.91%,Mg#为47.4~51.5,K₂O为3.86%~4.09%,A/CNK=0.91~1.01,属准铝质高钾钙碱性岩石。岩石轻稀土富集明显,高Sr（492×10^-6~670.2×10^-6）,低Y（8.27×10^-6~14.99×10^-6）,Yb（1.07×10^-6~1.79×10^-6）,高Sr/Y（35.0~81.0）,高La/Yb（17.4~21.4）,弱负Eu异常,具埃达克岩地球化学特征。相对富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）和重稀土。锆石ε_Hf（t）值为10.5~14.1,单阶段Hf模式年龄（t_DM1）为184.8~326.1 Ma,平均为203.4 Ma,二阶段Hf模式年龄（t_DM2）为247.2~476.0 Ma,平均为287.1 Ma,略大于侵位年龄,指示岩浆物质来源于俯冲洋壳,并可能卷入俯冲沉积物。岩石中地幔组分印记Mg#值和相容元素Ni、Cr含量较高,表明熔体在上升过程中与上覆地幔楔发生反应。研究分析表明,在新特提斯洋洋脊俯冲作用下,高温热流透过板片窗导致洋壳（及俯冲沉积物）部分熔融形成札佐埃达克质二长花岗岩。同时表明,在80 Ma左右,新特提斯洋仍处于洋脊俯冲阶段。     

粤东铁坑坳铁锡多金属矿床锆石及锡石U-Pb年代学、Nd-Hf同位素特征及其意义

铁坑坳铁锡多金属矿床位于粤东莲花山断裂带西部,矿区出露的花岗岩类主要有粗粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长斑岩,花岗质岩石与碳酸盐岩的接触带中发育铁锡多金属矿化。该矿区的成岩成矿时代尚不明确,成矿与哪一种岩体具有成因上的联系也不清楚。文章选择与铁锡多金属矿体相关的花岗岩类的锆石和块状矿石中的锡石,首次开展LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Nd-Hf同位素研究。结果表明：粗粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为（132±1） Ma （n=24,MSWD=0.78）和（94±1） Ma （n=25,MSWD=1.80）;块状矿石中锡石U-Pb年龄为（130±3） Ma （n=36,MSWD=0.62）,成矿时代与粗粒二长花岗岩形成时代基本一致,均形成于早白垩世;粗粒二长花岗岩的锆石ε_Hf （t）变化于-4.9~-0.1,平均值为-2.8,地壳Hf模式年龄T_DMC=1192~1497 Ma,平均值为1366 Ma,全岩ε_Nd （t）值介于-8.8~-8.7,Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄T_DM2变化于1630~1642 Ma;花岗闪长斑岩的锆石ε_Hf （t）变化于-5.7~-2.9,平均值为-4.4,地壳Hf模式年龄T_DMC=1342~1523 Ma,平均值为1440 Ma,全岩ε_Nd （t）值介于-5.4~-4.9,Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄T_DM2变化于1291~1332 Ma。Nd-Hf同位素综合研究表明,粗粒二长花岗岩的源区物质主要来自于中元古代地壳,有少量幔源组分或新生地壳的加入,花岗闪长斑岩的源区物质中幔源组分或新生地壳的混入比例高于粗粒二长花岗岩。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.