地震水准测量常见问题探讨分析

结合2013年以来使用的Trimble DiNi 03电子水准仪、LandTech M73E数据采集器及配套软件,从仪器软件的介绍、设置到实际测量中遇到的问题进行探讨分析,并找出了解决方法。     

Trimble DiNi 03电子水准仪i角随温度变化影响分析

使用多台Trimble DiNi 03电子水准仪在山东地区完成了大华北项目区域精密水准测量3 000 km,期间获得每台仪器在不同温度下的i角数据,通过交叉对比分析,发现i角变化几乎不受温度变化影响。     

基于DiNi03数字水准仪及M73E数据采集器的地震水准测量常见问题的分析探讨

通过对基于DiNi03数字水准仪及M73E数据采集器的地震水准测量的仪器准备、实际测量以及数据后处理过程中的常见问题进行总结、分析探讨,补充仪器说明书中不完善之处,解决实际测量中的常见问题。     

DiNi12型数字水准仪在区域水准测量中的应用

对蔡司和天宝公司生产的DiNi12型补偿式自动安平数字水准仪进行野外试验,天津西部试验里程409.3km,施测131个测段,组成13个闭合环,每个闭合环均采用2台仪器测量数据.试验结果表明,在视距50 m以内情况下,精度仍能达到一等,作业速度可达5.4 km/d.两处跨断层综合观测场地测量,施测里程115.9 km,视...     

南通地震台数字水准仪观测效果的分析

从南通地震台短水准背景出发,介绍了DiNi12数字水准仪代替原有光学水准仪在南通地震台应用的效果,论述了数字水准仪在台站形变观测中发挥的作用及注意事项。文章结合实例对数字水准仪与Ni002A仪器观测的资料进行了对比分析,验证了数字水准仪的优点和实用价值。     

数字水准仪与光学水准仪对比观测研究

近年来,在高精度水准测量领域数字水准仪逐渐呈现出取代光学水准仪的趋势。本文通过实际观测实验,对比分析了两类水准仪的优势与不足。结果表明,光学水准仪相对较重,但性能稳定,而数字水准仪轻巧、操作方便,能很好地避免人为读数误差。在实际工作效率上光学水准仪占优,测量精度的稳定性好于数字水准仪。     

温度对DiNi12数字水准仪i角误差的影响及应对措施

i角误差的大小和稳定是保证水准测量精度的一个重要条件,在实际观测中发现．DiNi12数字水准仪的i角误差不稳定,有随温度的升高而变化的趋势。通过对不同温度下的i角误差的观测,积累一定的观测数据,找出i角误差的变化规律,并采取多种措施最大限度减小i角误差对观测资料的影响．提高观测精度。     

DiNi-11数字水准仪在断层形变台站测量中的应用

电子自动数字化水准仪已进入市场 ,并将作为光学水准仪的替代产品被广泛应用。中国地震局在“九五”规划期间 ,为形变台站等有关单位的水准测量配备了一批 Di Ni-1 1数字水准仪。安徽合肥形变台自 2 0 0 0年 1月 1日起正式投入观测。执行“大地形变台站测量规范” (短水准测量 )及“使用电子水准仪的规范中有关条款和附录要求的变化情况”的规定要求 ,分析处理了 1年的观测资料 ,对 Di Ni-1 1数字水准仪的性能和适合台站定点水准测量的工作方法、操作规程进行了分析讨论 ,研究探讨了该仪器用于定点短水准测量的观测精度及测量误差。1　 Di…     

DINI12电子水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用

主要介绍了DINI12电子水准仪的特性、原理、检测方法及代替原有光学水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用,并结合电子水准仪的实际观测数据,对该仪器的使用方法和测量精度进行了探讨。     

电子水准仪与自动安平水准仪的对比研究——以DINI11和NI002为例

对目前常规大地测量和工程施工测量中较为常用的电子水准仪和自动安平水准仪进行了对比研究。以DINI11和NI002两种不同水准仪为例,以实际观测结果对其发展现状、仪器结构、观测原理、影响因素及抗干扰能力等分别进行了对比分析。结果表明,DINI11水准仪较NI002水准仪有性能先进、抗干扰能力强的特点,但其测量精度较NI002水准仪偏低,这可能与仪器的放大倍数有关。此外还对精密水准测量中用电子仪器替换光学仪器的合理性进行了探讨,并给出了初步结论与使用建议。     

地下流体水位观测地震前兆机理研究

本文主要研究锦州沈家台汤池子观测站地下流体数字化水位的年、月、日动态特征及数字化资料映震性能分析。检验理论固体潮与实际观测水位的潮汐因子、相对误差,排除气压对水位观测的干扰因素,识别水位观测水动态中较大幅度的脉冲和突变、阶变、潮汐畸变,水位上升打破年变等因素,提高利用地下流体观测地震前兆的监测效能。     

Improved water-level forecasting for the Northwest European Shelf and North Sea through direct modelling of tide, surge and non-linear interaction

In real-time operational coastal forecasting systems for the northwest European shelf, the representation accuracy of tide–surge models commonly suffers from insufficiently accurate tidal representation, especially in shallow near-shore areas with complex bathymetry and geometry. Therefore, in conventional operational systems, the surge component from numerical model simulations is used, while the harmonically predicted tide, accurately known from harmonic analysis of tide gauge measurements, is added to forecast the full water-level signal at tide gauge locations. Although there are errors associated with this so-called astronomical correction (e.g. because of the assumption of linearity of tide and surge), for current operational models, astronomical correction has nevertheless been shown to increase the representation accuracy of the full water-level signal. The simulated modulation of the surge through non-linear tide–surge interaction is affected by the poor representation of the tide signal in the tide–surge model, which astronomical correction does not improve. Furthermore, astronomical correction can only be applied to locations where the astronomic tide is known through a harmonic analysis of in situ measurements at tide gauge stations. This provides a strong motivation to improve both tide and surge representation of numerical models used in forecasting. In the present paper, we propose a new generation tide–surge model for the northwest European Shelf (DCSMv6). This is the first application on this scale in which the tidal representation is such that astronomical correction no longer improves the accuracy of the total water-level representation and where, consequently, the straightforward direct model forecasting of total water levels is better. The methodology applied to improve both tide and surge representation of the model is discussed, with emphasis on the use of satellite altimeter data and data assimilation techniques for reducing parameter uncertainty. Historic DCSMv6 model simulations are compared against shelf wide observations for a full calendar year. For a selection of stations, these results are compared to those with astronomical correction, which confirms that the tide representation in coastal regions has sufficient accuracy, and that forecasting total water levels directly yields superior results.     

分区量规函数在河北地震台网近震震级测定的适用性

选取河北地震台网2008—2016年记录的1 714个M_L≥0.1地震,采用分区量规函数（新量规函数）重新计算并对比分析M_L震级。实际结果表明,采用新旧量规函数计算得到的近震震级一致性较好,M_L震级偏差在±0.1的地震共1 556个,约91.8%,且抽样地震近震震级均值和标准方差更小。因此,使用分区量规函数,河北地震台网近震震级测定精度和适用性更好。     

Rain‐gauge network evaluation and augmentation using geostatistics

Rain‐gauge networks are often used to provide estimates of area average rainfall or point rainfalls at ungauged locations. The level of accuracy a network can achieve depends on the total number and locations of gauges in the network. A geostatistical approach for evaluation and augmentation of an existing rain‐gauge network is proposed in this study. Through variogram analysis, hourly rainfalls are shown to have higher spatial variability than annual rainfalls, with hourly Mei‐Yu rainfalls having the highest spatial variability. A criterion using ordinary kriging variance is proposed to assess the accuracy of rainfall estimation using the acceptance probability defined as the probability that estimation error falls within a desired range. Based on the criterion, the percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy A_p under certain network configuration can be calculated. A sequential algorithm is also proposed to prioritize rain‐gauges of the existing network, identify the base network, and relocate non‐base gauges. Percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy is mostly contributed by the base network. In contrast, non‐base gauges provide little contribution to A_p and are subject to removal or relocation. Using a case study in northern Taiwan, the proposed approach demonstrates that the identified base network which comprises of approximately two‐thirds of the total rain‐gauges can achieve almost the same level of performance (expressed in terms of percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy) as the complete network for hourly Mei‐Yu rainfall estimation. The percentage of area with acceptable accuracy can be raised from 56% to 88% using an augmented network. A threshold value for the percentage of area with acceptable accuracy is also recommended to help determine the number of non‐base gauges which need to be relocated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In situ Measurements of Tide Gauge Response and Corrections of Tsunami Waveforms from the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007

Linear and nonlinear responses of ten well-type tide gauge stations on the Japan Sea coast of central Japan were estimated by in situ measurements. We poured water into the well or drained water from the well by using a pump to make an artificial water level difference between the outer sea and the well, then measured the recovery of water level in the well. At three tide gauge stations, Awashima, Iwafune, and Himekawa, the sea-level change of the outer sea is transmitted to the tide well instantaneously. However, at seven tide gauge stations, Nezugaseki, Ryotsu, Ogi, Teradomari, Banjin, Kujiranami, and Naoetsu, the sea-level change of the outer sea is not always transmitted to the tide well instantaneously. At these stations, the recorded tsunami waveforms are not assured to follow the actual tsunami waveforms. Tsunami waveforms from the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007 recorded at these stations were corrected by using the measured tide gauge responses. The corrected amplitudes of the first and second waves were larger than the uncorrected ones, and the corrected peaks are a few minutes earlier than the uncorrected ones at Banjin, Kujiranami, and Ogi. At Banjin, the correction was significant; the corrected amplitudes of the first and second upward motion are +103 cm and +114 cm, respectively, while the uncorrected amplitudes were +96 cm and +88 cm. At other tide gauge stations, the differences between the uncorrected and corrected tsunami waveforms were insignificant.     

Comparison of global geopotential models from the champ and grace missions for regional geoid modelling in Turkey

The continuous efforts on establishment and modernization of the geodetic control in Turkey include a number of regional geoid models that have been determined since 1976. The recently released gravimetric Geoid of Turkey, TG03, is used in geodetic applications where GPS-heights need to be converted to the local vertical datum. To reach a regional geoid model with improved accuracy, the selection of the appropriate global geopotential model is of primary importance. This study assesses the performance of a number of recent satellite-only and combined global geopotential models (GGMs) derived from CHAMP and GRACE missions’ data in comparison to the older EGM96 model, which is the underlying reference model for TG03. In this respect, gravity anomalies and geoid heights from the global geopotential models were compared with terrestrial gravity data and low-pass filtered GPS/levelling data, respectively. Also, five new gravimetric geoid models, computed by the Fast Fourier Transform technique using terrestrial gravity data and the geopotential models, were validated at the GPS/levelling benchmarks. The findings were also compared with the validation results of the TG03 model. The tests showed that as it was expected any of the high-degree combined models (EIGEN-CG03C, EIGEN-GL04C, EGM96) can be employed for determining the gravity anomalies over Turkey. In the west of Turkey, EGM96 and EIGEN-CHAMP03S fit the GPS/levelling surface better. However, all the tested GGMs revealed equal performance when they were employed in gravimetric geoid modelling after de-trending the gravimetric geoid model with corrector surface fitting. The new geoid models have improved accuracy (after fit) compared to TG03.     

基于工业CT的压力管道在线测厚仪研制

目的：本文针对我国压力管道检测技术的现状,基于透射式工业CT的基本原理,研制开发了一种新型的便携式压力管道在线测厚仪。方法：文中简要阐述了该仪器的具体结构设计,给出了实验室标定实验和管道验证实验的实验数据;结果：实验结果表明用该仪器对实际管道的检测结果是非常精确的,误差在允许的范围之内。结论：该仪器具有结构简单、使用方便、测量精确、反应速度快、安全可靠等优点。