南黄海崂山隆起地震采集参数设计

南黄海崂山隆起中-古生界海相碳酸盐岩沉积层是重要的油气勘探目的层,但因工区水深较浅,新生界陆相地层与中生界海相地层之间存在强波阻抗界面,中-古生界碳酸盐岩地层结构较为均匀、速度和密度梯度较小、厚度较大等原因,造成中-古生界地震有效反射波存在能量弱、信噪比低等问题。针对如何增强中-古生界有效反射波能量、提高其信噪比展开采集参数设计。在大量设计方案的基础上,优选出2组强能量、富低频的容量为6390in3的平面组合和立体组合气枪震源;设计接收缆长度7200m,优选接收缆沉放深度16m和20m。对气枪震源和接收缆沉放深度组成的4组试验方案进行外业采集并分析,确定低频能量更强的6390in3平面震源沉放10m、接收缆沉放16m作为地震采集方案,并在空间采样间隔和工区施工环境分析等基础上提出了适合现阶段南黄海崂山隆起中-古生界地震勘探的单源6缆采集方式和采集参数,形成了高覆盖、富低频、强能量地震采集技术。与以往地震资料进行了对比,本次采集的地震资料中-古生界地层反射能量更强,信噪比更高,整体提高了中-古生界地震资料的品质,为后续南黄海地震勘探积累了经验,为下一步井位论证等工作奠定了扎实的基础。     

海洋地震勘探直达波综合效应分析

海洋高分辨率地震调查主要受震源系统、接收系统、缆源的调谐组合技术、地震记录系统和野外作业条件的影响。缆源的调谐组合技术是整个方法研究最为关键的环节之一。通过对“电缆、震源的沉放深度”等野外参数的合理组合,达到最理想的勘探效果。受地震勘探中“鬼波效应”的影响,缆源的调谐组合参数与地震系统的接收频率直接相关,对地震调查资料影响很大。文中从地震系统的滤波效应、直达波与鬼波传播路径及时间差及野外资料的处理对比和理论计算,分析了直达波和鬼波的综合效应,结果表明理论与实际资料在陷波点及幅频特性方面非常一致。研究结果在“海洋天然气水合物调查”项目中得到了应用,对缆源沉放深度的确定具有一定的指导意义。     

不同布缆方式锚碇沉管管段运动的数值模拟

通过建立波浪作用下锚碇沉管管段运动的时域数值计算模型,对锚碇沉管的运动响应及锚碇缆受力特性进行了研究。应用集中质量法求解锚碇缆力,应用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解管段时域运动方程,计算了在不同沉深、不同周期、不同波高和不同波向条件下沉管管段的运动幅值和锚碇缆力。数值计算的结果表明:锚碇沉管的锚碇缆对沉管管段的运动起到一定的约束作用,在沉放深度较浅、波浪周期较大时,锚碇缆对沉管管段运动幅度的制约更为明显。通过五种布缆方式的计算与分析,探讨了布缆方式对沉管管段运动响应及锚碇缆受力的影响,并给出了较为合理的布缆方案。     

东海南部二维地震勘探采集参数研究

东海南部油气勘探已有三十多年。经过多年研究认为,东海南部分布广泛的中生代沉积盆地具有较好的勘探前景。以往研究是以浅部新生界为主要目的层,地震采集参数存在电缆短、震源能量小、沉放深度浅等问题,获得的地震数据深部品质低。此文通过对该地区以往采集参数分析,地震剖面对比及主要参数的研究,制定了试验方案,并通过外业试验对比分析,确定了最终的采集参数,取得了良好的地震资料。研究结果表明,电缆拖带长度长（理论上最好9000m）．气枪容量大,电缆和震源的沉放深度深更有利于获得深部中生界的有效反射。     

浅表层水合物多频率数据成像特征

浅表层水合物对于理解冷泉系统以及水合物对环境变化的响应非常重要。由于赋存位置较浅,且赋存的范围一般较小,目前尚缺乏探测浅表层水合物的系统方法。以南海珠江口盆地东部海域GMGS2-08站位为例,综合利用多个不同频率的数据刻画浅表层水合物的赋存。所用的数据包括多道地震数据(主频65Hz)、初次高频浅剖(22kHz)以及二次低频浅剖数据(4kHz)。多道地震上似海底反射(BSR)以不连续的方式出现,表明局部地层受到向上运移流体的扰动。在浅剖剖面上,识别出声空白、增强反射以及弱振幅海底等冷泉系统相关的特征。多道地震剖面上海底反射表现为两个非常接近的强反射轴(相距约16ms),这与正常的海底反射特征不一致。计算表明,海底反射中第2个强反射轴对应的界面深度大约在海底以下12m处。二次低频浅剖剖面上,气烟囱的顶部出现在海底以下大约13.5m处。考虑到计算中存在的误差,认为气烟囱的顶部对应了海底反射中第2个同相轴。此外,根据地震以及浅剖数据识别出的界面与浅表层水合物样品的深度(海底以下9～22m)以及声波测井曲线上高速异常的深度(海底以下9～22m)是一致的。综合利用多频率数据成像能够有效的刻画浅表层水合物的赋存,并能对其形成过程推测。     

基于文氏谱的起伏海面虚反射特征研究

海洋地震记录中的虚反射会和反射波发生混叠和干涉,严重影响了海洋地震资料的质量。常规海面水平的条件假设将在海面反射系数计算过程中引入误差。本文引入文圣常提出并改进的文氏海浪谱,采用有效波高、海浪成长系数等各项参数模拟出更符合实际情况的海浪形态,并通过时频分析等方法研究起伏海面虚反射对地震记录的改造作用和起伏海面条件下的虚反射时频谱特征。结果表明：当海面起伏程度较大时,起伏海面的虚反射不仅强烈扭曲了海底一次波反射同相轴,且与一次波发生了强烈的干涉作用,导致成像结果出现很多假同相轴,严重影响了地震资料的质量。随着起伏海面有效波高的增加,地震记录受陷波效应逐渐增强,虚反射能量逐渐增加,主频幅值逐渐减小。当海面起伏变化时,随着偏移距的增加,陷波点幅值变化丰富,主频幅值逐渐减小,且向高频方向移动。随着震源或检波器沉放深度逐渐增加,有效波虚反射的能量强度逐渐增加,频带变窄,陷波改造作用强烈,主频幅值逐渐减小。     

海上多道地震震源子波模拟计算结果探讨

本文使用Nucleus模拟系统对海上多道地震作业时经常用到的不同沉放深度的震源进行了模拟计算，并对得到的子波参数进行了对比分析，为海上作业参数的选择提供依据。     

宽区域的OBS多次波数据成像

利用海底地震仪（OBS）记录的水层多次波对加拿大西部近海的海底结构进行成像，将成像结果与常规一次反射数据成像结果对比。这一多次波偏移成像（镜像成像）方法利用了海底之上的下行压力波场，其特点是数据完全不含任何一次反射的信息，而是由这些反射的虚反射信息构成了接收信号。镜像成像方法是利用针对一次反射波的克希霍夫叠前深度偏移算法对接收的虚反射数据进行成像。通过对数据和速度模型的一个简单处理：假定检波器不位于海底而是位于海面上二倍于水深的高度位置，可以解决穿越水层的多次波的附加传播路径。偏移结果表明，与利用一次反射波成像的常规方法结果相比，尤其在反射体很浅且OBS间距稀疏时，多次波偏移成像方法对海底下的结构提供了更宽的照明。镜像偏移方法的成像结果与垂直入射的漂缆数据（单道）在照明度上是相当的。     

浅海工程中小道距高分辨率多道地震方法的应用

小道距多道地震排列是一种高分辨率的探测方法,利用该方法在鲁家峙-西闪岛-登步岛浅海连岛工程中获取高精度的地震数据,通过对数据进行分析处理与解释,获得调查区域的工程地质属性,了解基岩埋深和断层分布等情况,为编制预可行性研究报告提供必要工程地质依据。结果表明,小道距多道地震可以成功地应用于浅海工程环境地质调查。     

Kirchhoff向下延拓法在海洋合成多道地震走时反演中的应用*

海洋多道地震数据建模和成像是获取洋壳速度和构造信息的重要手段。海水层的存在使得多道地震拖缆接收到的折射波走时信息仅仅存在于较远的炮检距, 近炮检距被强振幅海底反射波覆盖, 制约了走时数据拾取和反演效果。本文基于波动方程的Kirchhoff积分法, 成功实现了多道地震数据向下延拓, 获取到了更大炮检距区间的初至折射波走时拾取, 并将其应用于洋中脊新生洋壳2A/2B层的合成多道地震数据走时反演。比较向下延拓前后的走时拾取范围及走时反演结果表明, 向下延拓法能够保持地震波场的运动学和动力学特征不变, 在共炮集数据的更大炮检距范围内进行初至折射走时拾取, 从而增加反演的数据选择和浅层射线覆盖, 反演结果能更加准确地分辨出洋壳2A/2B层界面, 并得到更高的分辨率和更准确的速度结构剖面。     

Fast static correction methods for high-frequency multichannel marine seismic reflection data: A high-resolution seismic study of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan

Very high-frequency marine multichannel seismic reflection data generated by small-volume air- or waterguns allow detailed, high-resolution studies of sedimentary structures of the order of one to few metres wavelength. The high-frequency content, however, requires (1) a very exact knowledge of the source and receiver positions, and (2) the development of data processing methods which take this exact geometry into account. Static corrections are crucial for the quality of very high-frequency stacked data because static shifts caused by variations of the source and streamer depths are of the order of half to one dominant wavelength, so that they can lead to destructive interference during stacking of CDP sorted traces. As common surface-consistent residual static correction methods developed for land seismic data require fixed shot and receiver locations two simple and fast techniques have been developed for marine seismic data with moving sources and receivers to correct such static shifts. The first method – called CDP static correction method – is based on a simultaneous recording of Parasound sediment echosounder and multichannel seismic reflection data. It compares the depth information derived from the first arrivals of both data sets to calculate static correction time shifts for each seismic channel relative to the Parasound water depths. The second method – called average static correction method – utilises the fact that the streamer depth is mainly controlled by bird units, which keep the streamer in a predefined depth at certain increments but do not prevent the streamer from being slightly buoyant in-between. In case of calm weather conditions these streamer bendings mainly contribute to the overall static time shifts, whereas depth variations of the source are negligible. Hence, mean static correction time shifts are calculated for each channel by averaging the depth values determined at each geophone group position for several subsequent shots. Application of both methods to data of a high-resolution seismic survey of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan shows that the quality of the stacked section can be improved significantly compared to stacking results achieved without preceding static corrections. The optimised records show sedimentary features in great detail, that are not visible without static corrections. Limitations only result from the sea floor topography. The CDP static correction method generally provides more coherent reflections than the average static correction method but can only be applied in areas with rather flat sea floor, where no diffraction hyperbolae occur. In contrast, the average static correction method can also be used in regions with rough morphology, but the coherency of reflections is slightly reduced compared to the results of the CDP static correction method.     

电缆沉放深度对地震资料品质的影响

南海东北部陆坡深水区地质构造、地球物理特性复杂,进行地震资料采集时,如何获得中生界的高品质地震资料至关重要,而选择合适的地震采集参数是关键。7、10和12 m电缆沉放深度试验表明不论从频率分析,还是从子波特征、子波能量各方面均可发现7 m的沉放深度较优。     

南黄海盆地地震试验数据处理分析方法与成果

基于南黄海海相残留盆地的油气地震勘探,开展了针对性的沉放深度与枪阵组合的地震采集参数海上试验,对试验数据进行了子波特征、频带、能量、信噪比和F—K频谱的分析工作,制定了统一的处理流程,并进行了成像处理。在上述工作的基础上,对不同的试验参数进行了对比分析,优选了地震资料批量采集参数。     

海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据海浪改正处理研究

因受海面大风浪与涌浪等影响,海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据反射同相轴常出现波浪状起伏,造成剖面反射层位错乱,分辨率与信噪比降低。根据海浪噪声与海底反射地层在横向上的相关性与变化频率等特性,以及综合前人的研究成果,采用陆上地震数据剩余静校正处理中的统计模型道互相关方法来实现对剖面反射同相轴的海浪改正处理;为减少强能量噪声对相关运算的影响,采用中值滤波、光滑滤波技术对反射同相轴曲线进行滤波处理,以进一步减少残留海浪的影响及相关运算改正误差。将这些方法综合运用于海上实际调查资料处理后,大风浪与涌浪影响下的波浪状反射同相轴变得连续、光滑,海底下混乱模糊的反射层位变得清晰、连续,剖面信噪比与分辨率得到了极大的提高。     

Static Design of Cable Mooring Arrays for Offshore Guyed Towers

The key consideration in controlling the dynamic response of an offshore guyed tower subjected to environmental loading is the selection of the stiffness characteristics of the cable mooring array. In the present study, each cable in the array consists of three segments: a leading segment attached to the tower, a short heavy middle segment, and a seabed trailing segment attached at the extremity to an anchor pile. A nonlinear static model is presented in algorithmic form that defines the stiffness characteristics of the cable array. The model involves the inelastic static catenary equations coupled with conditions of geometric compatibility, formulated in terms of seven nondimensional system parameters. The effects of varying each of the system parameters on the stiffness characteristics of example cable arrays are presented and the implications for cable design are discussed.     

Signal enhancement and multiple suppression using Radon transform: an application to marine multichannel seismic data

Radon filters are often used for removal of multiple reflections from normal move-out-corrected seismic reflection data. In the conventional Radon transform, integration surfaces are hyperbolic rather than linear. This specific hyperbolic surface is equivalent to a parabola in terms of computational expense, but more accurately distinguishes multiples from primary reflections. The forward transform separates seismic arrivals by their differences in travel time move-out. Multiples can be suppressed by an inverse transform of the seismic data. Examples show that multiples are effectively attenuated in pre-stack and stacked seismograms. Based on the parabolic Radon transform, a new method is utilized for missing offset restoration, resampling and regularization of pre-stack individual common depth point (CDP) gathers. The method is also valid for resampling spatially aliased seismic data. Restoration of missing offsets and trace interpolation is an interesting and important problem in seismic data processing. Here we present an application of Radon transform on a multichannel seismic data set from the western continental margin of India (WCMI), which shows remarkable signal enhancement.     

Mapping gas hydrate and fluid flow indicators and modeling gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the Ulleung Basin,East (Japan) Sea: Potential linkage between the occurrence of mass failures and gas hydrate dissociation

The Ulleung Basin, East (Japan) Sea, is well-known for the occurrence of submarine slope failures along its entire margins and associated mass-transport deposits (MTDs). Previous studies postulated that gas hydrates which broadly exist in the basin could be related with the failure process. In this study, we identified various features of slope failures on the margins, such as landslide scars, slide/slump bodies, glide planes and MTDs, from a regional multi-channel seismic dataset. Seismic indicators of gas hydrates and associated gas/fluid flow, such as the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR), seismic chimneys, pockmarks, and reflection anomalies, were re-compiled. The gas hydrate occurrence zone (GHOZ) within the slope sediments was defined from the BSR distribution. The BSR is more pronounced along the southwestern slope. Its minimal depth is about 100 m below seafloor (mbsf) at about 300 m below sea-level (mbsl). Gas/fluid flow and seepage structures were present on the seismic data as columnar acoustic-blanking zones varying in width and height from tens to hundreds of meters. They were classified into: (a) buried seismic chimneys (BSC), (b) chimneys with a mound (SCM), and (c) chimneys with a depression/pockmark (SCD) on the seafloor. Reflection anomalies, i.e., enhanced reflections below the BSR and hyperbolic reflections which could indicate the presence of gas, together with pockmarks which are not associated with seismic chimneys, and SCDs are predominant in the western-southwestern margin, while the BSR, BSCs and SCMs are widely distributed in the southern and southwestern margins. Calculation of the present-day gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) shows that the base of the GHSZ (BGHSZ) pinches out at water depths ranging between 180 and 260 mbsl. The occurrence of the uppermost landslide scars which is below about 190 mbsl is close to the range of the GHSZ pinch-out. The depths of the BSR are typically greater than the depths of the BGHSZ on the basin margins which may imply that the GHOZ is not stable. Close correlation between the spatial distribution of landslides, seismic features of free gas, gas/fluid flow and expulsion and the GHSZ may suggest that excess pore-pressure caused by gas hydrate dissociation could have had a role in slope failures.     

The Middle Miocene to Recent Davis Strait Drift Complex: implications for Arctic�CAtlantic water exchange

A large-scale contourite drift complex has been recognised on multi-channel 2D reflection seismic data acquired in the south-eastern Davis Strait and adjacent Labrador Sea slope offshore West Greenland between 63°?C66°N. Based on well-tie data, the drift complex developed from the Middle Miocene to the Recent. It has been mapped in a wide variety of water depths ranging from about 700?m, at a NNW-ESE-elongated crest located above structural highs in the Davis Strait, to more than 2,000?m beyond the slope to the Labrador Sea. The overall drift geometry has been described by subdivision into two first-order seismic units, enabling the generation of time-isochore maps. The reflection patterns demonstrating current-related deposition are illustrated by seismic examples. The time-isochores of the two first-order seismic units show lateral changes in their depocentres: the lower unit is absent in a zone slightly displaced south-westwards of the present-day crest, indicating changes in the prevailing deepwater current system during the Early Pliocene. The observations can be explained by two alternative palaeoceanographic scenarios: (1) either the present-day oceanographic setting with Arctic?CAtlantic water exchange across the Davis Strait was largely established by the mid-Miocene, with only minor adjustments during the Early Pliocene caused by tectonic movements, or (2) it became established during the Early Pliocene as a consequence of enhanced northward flow across the Davis Strait due to lowering of the sill depth.     

基于OBS和MCS数据的水合物地层速度特征

天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源, 南海北部神狐海域的地质条件有利于水合物的形成和储藏。传统的多道地震(MCS)数据难以得到精确的速度信息, 并且只能从时间域上判断地质体纵向分布。海底地震仪(OBS)是一种常用的主动源地震仪器, 可以接收到更清晰的气枪信号。相比于MCS, OBS剖面上的折射震相可以揭示较深部的地层速度信息。文章结合MCS和OBS的优势, 识别水平叠加剖面上的反射层位, 并得到初始模型; 将OBS剖面和水平叠加剖面拼合, 从而判断OBS剖面上反射震相所对应层位; 拾取OBS台站上的反射和折射震相, 使用RayInvr软件正演模拟得到水合物存在区域的二维速度模型, 解决了MCS中较为困难的时深转换问题。最终模型显示了水合物、游离气区域的埋深、厚度和速度, 以及似海底反射(BSR)下方更深部界面的深度和速度特征。     

折射方法在南海北部潮汕坳陷中生界地层研究中的应用

潮汕坳陷是中生界地层为主的沉积坳陷,被认为是南海油气勘探的重要勘探领域.潮汕坳陷已有丰富的多道反射地震资料,但是由于多次波干扰严重,获取的反射波速度精度低.潮汕坳陷多道反射地震资料中包含丰富的折射波数据,但是很少人重视多道地震记录中的折射波信息并利用他.在此我们通过编写处理程序拾取了折射层的地震速度.试验测线所在海区的水深在600-800m,测线的最大偏移距为6 250m.测线所测的第三系地震折射波速度为2.0-2.5km·s-1,与潮汕坳陷其他地方的第三系地震波速度基本相等.但是潮汕坳陷西南部中生界的地震折射波速度在3.5-4.2km·s-1,低于潮汕坳陷中东部中生界的地震波速度(4.0-5.0km·s-1),预示潮汕坳陷西南部油气储集物性可能较好.