Pollen distribution in large freshwater lake of arid region: a case study on the surface sediments from Bosten Lake,Xinjiang, China

The interpretation of the pollen records from lake sediments is always hampered by a lack of information relating to different pollen production, transportation, deposition, and preservation. It is important to understand the modern process of pollen sedimentation and its climatic implications. This paper presents results from a palynological study on 61 surface sediments samples from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China. Our results suggest that Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia dominate the modern pollen assemblages and have stable percentages at most sites of the lake basin except for the estuary area. Pollen Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is about 0.5, indicating the dry climate of the region. Principle Components Analysis (PCA) of pollen data can identify the pollen samples as several ecological groups from different parts of the lake. Pollen transportation dynamics and the mixing effect of lake currents and waves on pollen deposition have affected the pollen assemblages. The distribution of Typha pollen seems to be affected by the location where the parent plants grow. Picea pollen has higher percentages at estuary area, suggesting fluvial transport. Pollen concentration has high values at the central part of the lake basin due to the sedimentation focusing process effect. Our results suggest that the pollen assemblages of the sediment core from the central part of the lake can potentially record the regional vegetation history.     

沉积环境对孢粉组合影响的探讨--以石羊河流域为例

西部干旱区小型内陆流域 (石羊河流域 )内三个地点孢粉分析显示不同地点全新世孢粉组合差异极大。三角域剖面孢粉组合完全以针叶树为主;洪水河剖面孢粉组合下部以旱生草本为主,上部以针叶树为主;终闾区表土孢粉组合中 90 %为旱生草本、灌木。其差异已远远超出气候环境变化所导致的差异。结合沉积相、沉积环境、孢粉在不同沉积环境中的传播、扩散特性的综合分析,笔者认为这种差异是沉积环境、搬运介质差异造成的。三角城剖面处于半封闭环境,接纳储存来自上游的所有沉积物的信息,孢粉组合反映的是流域上游祁连山上的植被状况。洪水河剖面下部冲积地层发育时,剖面处于开放环境,孢粉组合反映当地植被;上部湖相层发育时,剖面处于半封闭环境,孢粉组合的环境指示意义与三角城剖面一致。终闾区表土孢粉组合反映现代风媒环境终闾区植被状况。古环境重建不能仅从孢粉组合出发,必须结合沉积环境综合分析,否则,古环境重建的结果是不可靠的.     

藏北唐古拉山地区沱沱河组孢粉组合及其地层意义

唐古拉山地区广泛出露早新生代陆相红层, 确定这些红层的时代对认识青藏高原的形成具有非常重要的意义.沱沱河组上部的孢粉化石组合以被子植物花粉为主, 且主要为三沟和三孔沟类, 包括栎粉属 (尤其是小栎粉和小亨氏栎粉) 、楝粉属、坡氏粉属和三孔沟粉属等, 具孔类花粉很少, 大部分属种为古近纪常见分子;组合中出现少量鸡爪勒粉属、唇形三沟粉属、山萝卜粉属、管花菊粉属等草本植物花粉;并含有零星古老类型的成分, 如克拉梭粉属、五边粉属和江汉粉属;裸子植物花粉含量低, 蕨类植物孢子零星.基于孢粉组合特征分析, 认为沱沱河组上部的地质时代为始新世中晚期, 为进一步完善了该区新生代地层系统提供了新的依据.      

塔里木盆地于奇地区三叠纪孢粉组合

对新疆塔里木盆地于奇地区钻孔中三叠纪泥岩孢粉的研究,以优势属建立了3个孢粉组合。下部Limatulasporites-Lundbladispora-Taeniaesporites组合产于柯吐尔组,蕨类植物孢子占优势成分,以具纹饰的三缝孢子及腔状三缝孢子为主,裸子植物花粉以具肋双气囊花粉为主,地质时代为早三叠世;中部Punctatisporites-Aratrisporites组合产于阿克库勒组,蕨类植物孢子以光面圆形三缝孢子和单缝孢类为优势成分,裸子植物花粉以无肋双气囊花粉为主,地质时代为中三叠世;上部Dictyophyllidites-Cyclogranisporites-Alisporites组合产于哈拉哈塘组,蕨类植物孢子常见光面三角形三缝孢子和具纹饰的三缝孢子,裸子植物花粉以无肋双气囊花粉为主,地质时代为晚三叠世。     

内蒙古岱海表层沉积物中孢粉的分布及来源

岱海位于半干旱区东部边缘及东亚夏季风的尾闾区，生态环境体系脆弱，气候和环境变化敏感，是研究环境变化的理想地区。65个湖泊表层及入湖河流冲积物样品的孢粉分析揭示了岱海表层孢粉沉积特征及孢粉来源。岱海表层孢粉主要来源于区域性植被的孢粉，其总体特征反映了区域植被的组成，但不同部位孢粉组合的差异反映了湖滨当地植被的变化。受沉积环境的影响，岱海湖区孢粉浓度总体上要低于入湖河流孢粉浓度，湖区中部孢粉浓度最高。岱海孢粉以河流携带的为主，同时受风力传播的影响。蒿、藜科、桦、虎榛子等花粉和蕨类孢子以河流搬运的为主，松、禾本科及莎草科花粉可能还受风力传播的影响。一些仅在个别样品中出现且百分比很低的花粉类型如豆科、十字花科等还有可能是昆虫、鸟类或人类活动携带而来。     

Seasonal patterns of pollen and the use of pollen as a chronometer in the north‐western Loess Plateau of China

The use of high‐resolution and highly precise age models is essential for quantitative environmental reconstructions. To assess the reliability of pollen as a chronometer in laminated lake sediments, pollen traps and lake cores, statistical methods were used to study seasonal pollen signals. The results showed that (a) the pollen assemblages from air traps and lake/reservoir surface sediment traps in the north‐western Loess Plateau of China displayed distinct seasonal patterns, which were confirmed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS); and (b) The pollen assemblages of the dark and light layers in the Zhenhu Lake cores allowed detection of the seasonality of sediment deposition based on the results of the pollen traps. The NMDS method also showed statistically significant differences between the pollen assemblages of the dark and light layers. Furthermore, instrumental monitoring data and characteristic time markers of historical events (1958 and 2011) were used to cross‐check the chronologies obtained by the pollen assemblages, and the results strengthened the credibility and reliability of pollen as a chronometer.     

西藏羌塘盆地半岛湖中生代索瓦组的层状礁： 群落结构和时代

西藏北羌塘盆地索瓦组底界可对比为上侏罗统,关于该组上界能否达到下白垩统还需证实.半岛湖地区3个地点见隆起平缓且以珊瑚和层孔虫格架岩为主的层状礁,底栖群落结构显示以Pachythecopora pachytheca Deng,Actinostromaria motianlingensis Dong et Wang和Spongiomorpha robusta Yang et Wang为主体,其次还含有Latusastraea xigazeensis Liao et Xia,Preverastraea sp.,Ptychochaetes cf.globosus Koechlin和Spongiomorpha asiatica xainzaensis Deng.索瓦组上部孢粉组合中的Dicheiropollis etruscus为特提斯海周边地区早白垩世早期的特征分子;Senegalosporites和Steevesipollenites两属多见于早白垩世晚期乃至更晚的孢粉组合中,尚未见产于白垩纪以前地层的记录.珊瑚及孢粉组合指示索瓦组的主体部分为上侏罗统,而上部可对比为下白垩统.     

黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉与累积花粉组合特征初步研究*

对从2011年9月至2012年6月在黄河兰州段采集的24个水样进行了孢粉分析,并探讨了河流搬运花粉组合随时间变化的特征以及累积花粉的组合状况。结果表明,河流中花粉组合和花粉浓度随时间具有明显的变化,春夏时段花粉组合以榆属、杨属、柳属和桦属等乔木花粉为主,秋冬时段以蒿属、藜科等草本花粉为主,且花粉浓度和河流含沙量有较好的正相关关系。根据河水流量与花粉浓度积分计算得出样品采集时段的累积花粉通量,其组合特征与各时间点的花粉组合具有明显的差异,表明单个时间节点花粉组合由于影响因素较多不能够反映流域植被状况,而累积花粉组合可以指示泥沙和花粉源区的植被状况。本研究中黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉可能指示黄河兰州段以上至刘家峡水库之间黄土区的植被情况。     

A lateglacial climatic reversion in hokkaido, Northeast Asia, inferred from the Larix pollen record

At present, Larix gmelini is a main component of taiga developed in north Sakhalin, northeast China and east Siberia. During the interval from ∼11.8 to 12.4 ka BP, pollen assemblages from north Hokkaido, Japan, are dominated by Larix. Pollen assemblages of this Lateglacial climatic reversal, known as the “Kenbuchi Stadial”, are similar to pollen assemblages from the Last Glacial Maximum in north Hokkaido. Vegetation of Hokkaido inferred from these pollen assemblages — open taiga composed of Larix gmelini, Pinus pumila and Picea jezoensis and/or Picea glehnii — may have been like that of north Sakhalin today. Comparison of these fossil pollen assemblages from Hokkaido with pollen assemblages from modern surface samples in Sakhalin suggests that ∼ 11.8 to 12.4 ka BP, temperatures relative to today were at least 9°C lower in January and 7°C lower in August, and that annual precipitation was at least 735 mm lower than present.     

Interpretation of floodplain pollen in alluvial sediments from an Arid Region

Pollen was collected from modern alluvium and from the atmosphere to document the nature and amount of paleoenvironmental information reflected by alluvial pollen chronologies. Results indicate that pollen in alluvium is a homogeneous mixture derived almost entirely from the floodplain itself. The few pollen grains derived from nonfloodplain plant communities and preserved in alluvial sediments are so well mixed that their frequencies no longer reflect the geographic distribution of the specific plant communities in which they originated. In contrast, the abundance of alluvial pollen grains, derived from the major floodplain taxa (Chenopodiineae, Ambrosia type), varies with summer and winter climate. This annual variation is preserved in alluvial pollen assemblages through a combination of processes within sedimentation basins involving discontinuous deposition events and mechanical pollen degradation. The high-frequency, wide-amplitude pollen variance in alluvial pollen assemblages contrasts with the low-frequency, narrow-amplitude pollen variance in sediments of lakes and ponds. The slight geographic variance in alluvial pollen assemblages, in contrast to the large variance in soil pollen, allows use of alluvial pollen to infer climate throughout the watershed in which pollen is sampled.     

川北若尔盖高原表土孢粉的特征及其与现代植被的关系

通过对若尔盖高原不同植被带34个表土样的孢粉分析,研究了各植被带的表土孢粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示：表土孢粉组合基本上能够反映出现代植被的整体特征,与现代植被带在空间分布、建群种和优势种属方面基本相同,但不完全等于植被组成,影响其差异的原因可能是人类活动、孢粉保存、孢粉产量、外来孢粉和孢粉鉴定。表土花粉的代表性因种属的不同而各有差异。乔木花粉中,松属具有超代表性,云杉属代表性较好,而桦木属不具有超代表性;草本花粉中,菊科具较好的代表性,蒿属和藜科等具代表性,而禾本科和莎草科具低代表性;蕨类孢子具等代表性。     

青藏高原东北部典型花粉类型埋藏特征及其与植被关系的研究

取自青藏高原东北部不同植被类型的6个土壤剖面花粉与植被关系研究表明,表土花粉较好地代表当地植被的组成,区域外花粉百分比低于30％,但桦、杨花粉在植被中的代表性较差;土壤剖面典型花粉类型的埋藏特征表明：在土壤表层8cm以下,花粉总浓度迅速降低。氧化作用对花粉的破坏性最大,花粉浓度随土壤的pH值升高呈指数形式递减,pH值7．6以上,花粉浓度迅速降低,花粉在土壤中的运移作用不明显。     

东南极格罗夫山地区新生代冰碛岩(物)中孢粉的发现及其意义

文章报道了东南极格罗夫山地区蓝冰表面碎石带新生代冰碛岩(物)漂砾中微体古生物化石的分析结果及其意义。研究发现这些冰碛物(岩)内含有少量孢粉,而未见硅藻及其他微体化石。孢粉以裸子植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子为主、被子植物花粉含量相对稀少为特征。值得注意的是,在所分析的4个样品中,均发现至今在南半球仍有分布的特有属假山毛榉(Nothofagus)花粉,由于该属花粉及大植物化石曾发现于横跨南极山脉上新的天狼星群(SiriusGroup)中,它的存在反映当时古气候温暖湿润。在样品S1507和S1509中发现蒿属(Artemisia)花粉,其出现所代表的时代推测为新近纪,很可能为上新世。格罗夫山地区冰碛物中的这一孢粉特征可能反映了南极地区上新世曾经发生过较大规模的气候变暖和冰川退缩事件。     

Palynostratigraphy of Oligocene-Miocene continental deposits in Southwestern Siberia

Data on spores, pollen, and dinoflagellate cysts studied in composite section of Oligocene-Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia are presented. Eleven biostratigraphic units distinguished in the section are ranked as palynozones and beds with palynological assemblages. Palynological data substantiate age of deposits and specify ranges and boundaries of palynozones. Based on dinocyst assemblages first studied in sediments of the Zhuravka and Abrosimovo horizons (upper Oligocene, lower Miocene), the Pseudokomewuia Beds are included into local stratigraphic scheme. According to results of comparative analysis, similar and distinctive features of Oligocene-Miocene dinocyst assemblages from West Siberia, China and North America are elucidated. Based on palynological data, the local stratigraphic scheme of higher resolution is suggested for subdivision of Oligocene and Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia (Baraba and Kulunda lithofacies regions).     

青藏高原东北部典型花粉类型埋藏特征及其与植被关系的研究

取自青藏高原东北部不同植被类型的 6个土壤剖面花粉与植被关系研究表明，表土花粉较好地代表当地植被的组成，区域外花粉百分比低于30％，但桦、杨花粉在植被中的代表性较差；土壤剖面典型花粉类型的埋藏特征表明：在土壤表层 8cm以下，花粉总浓度迅速降低。氧化作用对花粉的破坏性最大，花粉浓度随土壤的pH值升高呈指数形式递减，pH值 7．6以上，花粉浓度迅速降低，花粉在土壤中的运移作用不明显。     

Palaeoenvironments of a complete Eemian sequence at Mommark, South Denmark: foraminifera, ostracods and stable isotopes

A new investigation of the coastal cliff section at Mommark in southern Denmark has revealed a complete Eemian interglacial sequence for the first time in the southwestern Baltic area. Environmental changes through the lacustrine and marine interglacial deposits are discussed on the basis of foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotope composition as well as ostracods. In general, the assemblages indicate relatively high temperatures throughout the Eemian, and the Lusitanian foraminiferal species Pseudoeponides falsobeccarii Rouvillois has been reported for the first time from the Eemian of northwest Europe. A floating chronology of the deposits is based on a previously published correlation of the local pollen stratigraphy with annually laminated sequences in northern Germany. An initial early Eemian lacustrine phase, with ostracodal indication of deposition in a large freshwater lake, lasted until c. 300 years after the beginning of the interglacial, i.e. to the transition between the regional pollen zones E2 and E3. After that, marine conditions persisted almost throughout the interglacial, and the Cyprina Clay was deposited. The foraminiferal and ostracodal assemblages indicate that relatively deep water prevailed in the area until c. 6000 years after the beginning of the interglacial. However, both the foraminiferal assemblages and the oxygen isotope results show that a trend from relatively high salinity to lower salinity conditions had begun already at about 4000 years. After c. 6000 years the fauna indicates a gradual change to shallower water and further reduction in salinity, the latter also being reflected by a general decrease in the oxygen isotope values. The marine deposition ended at c. 10 600 years after the beginning of the Eemian, i.e. within the topmost part of pollen zone E7. This was succeeded by a late Eemian and early Weichselian freshwater phase.     

Paleogeography of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf in the first half of Holocene based on faunal and palynological evidence

The Holocene paleogeography of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf is reconstructed based on mollusks, foraminifers, ostracodes, spores and pollen found for the first time. Environmental changes in the course of the postglacial (Holocene) transgression are detectable from quantitative analysis of three ostracod assemblages. Three phases of the transgression are established based on ostracode assemblages from the AMS ¹⁴C-dated core from the ancient valley of Yana River, central part of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf. After the first phase of coastal brackish-water environment (11.3–11.1 ka), shallow-water marine taxa appeared in the transitional phase (11.1–10.3 ka), and the third phase of modern sea conditions commenced 10.3 ka ago. Spore and pollen assemblages from the core indicate that the early Holocene land vegetation was dominated by tundra plant communities adapted to climatic conditions not warmer than at present. In the interval of 9.3–8.0 ka, climate was increasingly humid and warm, and forest-tundra vegetation occupied more favorable zones of the region.     

中国北方草原区捕捉器样品与表土样品花粉组合及其与植被和气候的关系

中国北方草原区捕捉器样品与表土样品中的花粉组合对比研究表明,两种取样方法获得的花粉组合相似性较好,乔木花粉含量多低于10％〖KG-*5〗, 灌木花粉含量多低于5％〖KG-*5〗,草本花粉含量多高于75％;共有的花粉种类占总花粉种类数的743％;蒿属和藜科是花粉组合的最主要成分;荒漠草原区常见麻黄和白刺花粉,典型草原区多为狼毒和莎草科花粉。花粉组合与气候关系的DCCA（降趋典型对应分析）分析结果显示,花粉组合与最冷月温度的相关性最显著,其次为年降水量。捕捉器样品与表土样品中的花粉组成也存在一定差异,表现为前者较后者出现更多的花粉类型,前者的蒿属、藜科花粉含量低于70％〖KG-*5〗,后者的则高于70％。荒漠草原区花粉通量低于典型草原区,反映典型草原区植被较荒漠草原区发育,花粉产量高于荒漠草原区。典型草原区表土花粉浓度也明显高于荒漠草原区（高一数量级）,除典型草原区植被发育、花粉产量高的原因外,荒漠草原区不利于花粉保存,也是造成花粉浓度低的另一个重要原因。花粉组合判别分析表明,捕捉器样品和表土样品均能较好地区分出荒漠草原与典型草原,但捕捉器样品交叉检验结果好于表土样品。     

Regional progressive high-pressure metamorphism, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Abstract Blueschist-facies rocks on the Seward Peninsula constitute a structurally coherent terrane measuring at least 100 × 150 km. Radiometric age data indicate that high-pressure metamorphism probably occurred in Jurassic rather than in Palaeozoic or Precambrian time, as previously suggested. Protolith sediments (Nome Group) are of intracontinental basin or continental margin type, and of lower Palaeozoic and possibly late Precambrian age, thus predating the high pressure metamorphism by more than 200 m.y. Blueschist-facies mineral assemblages were developed in almost all lithologies of the Nome Group, and are best preserved in FeTi-rich metabasites (glaucophane + almandine + epidote) and pelites (glaucophane + chloritoid + phengite). A lawsonite–crossite subfacies was developed in possible Nome Group rocks on the east flank of the Darby Mountains. Albite–epidote–amphibolite facies assemblages characterize Nome Group rocks in the southwestern part of the Peninsula. Metamorphism in the central zone of the terrane passed from early lawsonitic to subsequent epidote–almandine–glaucophane schist subfacies with the local development (east of the Nome River) of eclogitic assemblages. The high pressure metamorphic minerals were synkinematic with the development of mesoscopic-scale intrafolial isoclinal folds and a flattening foliation of consistent orientation. Initiation of uplift probably corresponded to the growth of barroisite rims on earlier sodic and actinolitic amphiboles, and partial post-kinematic greenschist facies replacements record later stages of decompression. Ophiolites and melange are not associated with the Seward Peninsula blueschists. The high-pressure metamorphism was caused by tectonic loading of a continental plate by an allochthon of indeterminate origin. The PT conditions of high pressure metamorphism were approximately 9–11 kbar, 400–450°C, thus falling between the PT paths of the Shuksan and Franciscan terranes.     

Microfossil analysis of sediments representing the 1964 earthquake, exposed at Girdwood Flats, Alaska, USA

Diatom, pollen, foraminifera and thecamoebian assemblages from an outcrop of peat and silt at Girdwood Flats, in the upper Turnagain Arm of the Cook Inlet, Alaska, record four phases of relative land and sea-level changes. The first phase is the development of freshwater swamp above high marsh sediments during relative land uplift, caused by strain accumulation along the locked portion of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. In second phase, the top 2 cm of the peat, all microfossil groups record pre-seismic relative sea-level rise (relative land subsidence). The third phase is rapid land subsidence, 1.7 m, during the earthquake of March 1964 that initiated intertidal silt accumulation above the peat. The final phase is the colonisation of mudflat by salt marsh communities during post-seismic land uplift. The microfossil data compare favourably with sequences from Washington, Oregon and British Columbia that record late Holocene submergence events caused by earthquakes. The comparable changes in microfossil assemblages record the different phases of relative land and sea-level changes and the magnitude of land subsidence caused by each earthquake (expressed relative to the tidal range at the site). These results raise the question whether preseismic sea-level rise represents any kind of warning of large earthquakes.