广东湛江陨击混杂堆积层的发现及其意义

通过野外地质调查和取样分析,首次在广东湛江地区中更新统早期的北海组地层中发现了一层罕见的陨击混杂堆积层,它是陨击作用下的特殊产物,是北海组含砾砂、粘土质砂在陨击高温作用下烧结、抛射堆积而形成的。陨击混杂堆积层主要分布在湛江坡头的部分地区,有的出露地表,有的为第四系所覆盖,厚度大约为0·1~4m。陨击混杂堆积层中共生玻璃陨石(雷公墨)。陨击混杂堆积层中的击变岩砾石与原岩相比较,Si O2的含量明显减少,Fe2O3的含量明显增加,其他化学成分及含量与原岩近于一致。陨击混杂堆积层的发现可能对澳大利亚—东南亚微玻璃陨石场陨击源坑的寻找和探讨该期玻璃陨石和微玻璃陨石与靶岩之间的关系有重要意义。     

亳县陨石的微量元素研究

亳县(LL4)球粒陨石中，全岩的难熔亲铁元素相对于难熔亲石元素贫化。贫化过程发生于陨石物质凝聚的早期阶段。球粒和基质中微量元素分析表明难熔亲石元素被高温凝聚硅酸盐捕获，而Ni、Co和Au主要进入金属相。     

宁强陨石的化学元素丰度和宇宙成因核素的初步研究

利用仪器中子活化分析法、低水平r射线测定法和电子探针法,初步研究了宁强陨石的化学元素丰度、宇宙成因核素的含量以及少量单矿物化学组成。宁强陨石的难熔元素丰度相对于Cl的富集因子约为2,而一些易挥发元素显示不同程度的亏损。宁强陨石的元素丰度与阿仑德(Allende)陨石的丰度十分相似,意味着宁强陨石亦属CV群。根据测得的宁强陨石的[2]Al含量,估算出宁强陨石的宇宙线暴露年龄至少为3百万年。此外,用中子探针测定了从宁强陨石中挑出的13颗单矿物,其中有一颗熔为典型的富钙、铝包体,其难熔元素丰度相对于C1的平均富集因子为20—100。     

天然冲击球粒陨石的化学组成及冲击效应

本文运用电子探针、ＩＮＡＡ方法研究了两块强烈冲击的中国普通球粒陨石的矿物组成、化学组成、冲击熔融相，非溶融相和磁性金属相微量元素丰度，结合稀有气体含量和母体冲击特征，讨论了它们的冲击效应和母体热历史，证明了母体热变质作用叠加了冲击效应，冲击效应增加了陨石矿物组成平衡程度，提高了母体的岩石类型，但冲击热效应对陨石中非气体挥发性元素含量及化学组成没有明显的影响，说明冲击热效应对陨石中非气体挥发性元素含     

庐江陨石的化学组成

庐江陨石是一块落的球粒石陨石,本文详细介绍了庐江的化学全分析,铁物相,镍物相和微量元素分析方法,给出了庐江陨石的主要元素组成和微量元素组成特征。由此可以确定该陨石的化学群属于ＬＬ群。     

青海祁漫塔格虎头崖矿区花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

位于青海东昆仑祁漫塔格构造带内的虎头崖矿区花岗岩形成于中—晚三叠世,岩性主要由黑云母二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩组成,局部含闪长质暗色包体。岩石高硅、高钾、富碱,SiO2含量为70.71%~77.67%;K2O含量平均为4.7%;Na2O+K2O为7.86%~9.1%;K2O/Na2O平均为1.36。A/CNK比为1.01,KN/A比为0.86,属于高钾钙碱性系列的微过铝质I型花岗岩类。∑REE含量中等,平均为120.10×10-6;δEu值0.04~0.47;(La/Yb)N值为1.52~8.06。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线显示Eu负异常、HREE较平坦的右倾"V"型特征。岩体富集LIL和HFS元素,而Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti、P元素明显的负异常。微量元素蛛网图和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解显示各花岗岩体具有相同的岩浆源区。结合区域地层岩性特征、A/MF-C/MF图解和岩体微量元素蛛网图,认为虎头崖矿区花岗岩是基性源区部分熔融和地壳物质混合的产物。结合地质特征、构造演化背景、元素判别图解等,认为该地区花岗岩类形成的构造环境为碰撞造山期后阶段。     

广西玻璃陨石的微量元素地球化学特征

采用中子活化方法测定了广西博白、田阳、百色玻璃陨石的微量元素质量分数，结果表明广西玻璃陨石的化学组成与东南亚－澳大利亚散落区玻璃陨石相似，判断为同一事件的产物。     

核爆炸玻璃、撞击玻璃和玻璃陨石源岩

本文根据核爆炸岩石熔融玻璃的地球化学研究结果,与超速陨石撞击坑的熔岩进行比较,获得在远离热力学平衡条件下,各种玻璃和熔岩在化学成分上分布十分均匀的重要结论。岩石玻璃和熔岩是由基岩各组成岩石按一定比例混合熔融形成的。它们的主量元素和痕量元素丰度受基岩元素背景值制约。文中根据熔体和靶岩的化学成分,计算了熔岩各组成岩石的百分比。玻璃陨石是地壳岩石受撞击熔融形成的。同一撒布区的玻璃陨石化学成分相近,说明起源于同一源坑;而玻璃陨石化学成分的不同,则说明母岩组成分量的差异。因此,文中通过模拟计算,得出各玻璃陨石的组成源岩。澳大利亚撒布区的玻璃陨石,Al₂O₃,K₂O 和Na₂O 与 SiO₂及 K₂O/Na₂O 比值不完全相同,说明澳大利亚撒布区存在着几个不同的源岩和源坑,至少有印支、爪哇、菲律宾和澳大利亚四个相应撞击坑。     

基于激光熔融制样分析玄武质无球粒陨石的主、微量元素

无球粒陨石的主、微量元素组成对于类地行星壳-幔分异和岩浆研究演化具有重要意义。但由于样品稀缺，使用传统方法分析无球粒陨石的全岩主、微量元素组成有较大局限。本文在样品粉末压片的基础上，采用激光熔融制取玻璃，并结合电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对标样和Eucrite样品进行原位分析。结果表明，主量元素中除少数元素(Na、K和P等)外，绝大多数元素的分析准确度都优于5%;微量元素除少数元素外(Ni、Ga、Tb、Tl和U等),绝大多数元素的分析准确度都在5%～10%范围。本方法为低损耗(～30 mg)、快速准确获取具有较高Mg、Fe含量的玄武质无球粒陨石样品全岩的主、微量元素组成提供了一种新的途径。     

滇东南八布蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造背景

八布蛇绿岩出露在北西向文山-麻栗坡和富宁走滑断裂之间的断块内,主要由蛇纹岩、辉长岩、玄武岩三个单元组成,彼此间均以断裂相接.地球化学研究表明,蛇纹岩SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、MgO含量变化较大,依据主、微量元素组成可以分为两类,第一类球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式整体较为平坦,推测原岩为镁铁质堆晶岩;另一类呈U型配分,推断原岩是方辉橄榄岩.玄武岩属拉斑系列,主量元素具有富MgO、TiO2,低Al2O3、K2O、P2O5,并且Na2O﹥K2O等特征,类似于MORB型玄武岩;REE配分模式也显示出N-MORB型玄武岩的特征;同时,微量元素普遍具有LILE、Th富集, Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等元素具明显亏损特征,又暗示源区曾遭受不同程度的俯冲带流体交代作用.综合分析认为,八布蛇绿岩形成于弧后盆地环境,其形成可能是古太平洋从SE至NW向华南大陆俯冲的产物.     

Transantarctic Mountain microtektites: Geochemical affinity with Australasian microtektites

We extended the petrographic and geochemical dataset for the recently discovered Transantarctic Mountain microtektites in order to check our previous claim that they are related to the Australasian strewn field. Based on color and composition, the 465 microtektites so far identified include two groups of transparent glass spheres less than ca. 800 μm in diameter: the most abundant pale-yellow, or normal, microtektites, and the rare pale-green, or high-Mg, microtektites. The major element composition of normal microtektites determined through electron microprobe analysis is characterized by high contents of silica (SiO₂ = 71.5 ± 3.6 (1σ) wt%) and alumina (Al₂O₃ = 15.5 ± 2.2 (1σ) wt%), low total alkali element contents (0.50-1.85 wt%), and MgO abundances <6 wt%. The high-Mg microtektites have a distinctly higher MgO content >10 wt%. Transantarctic Mountain microtektites contain rare silica-rich (up to 93 wt% SiO₂) glassy inclusions similar to those found in two Australasian microtektites analyzed here for comparison. These inclusions are interpreted as partially digested, lechatelierite-like inclusions typically found in tektites and microtektites. The major and trace element (by laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry) abundance pattern of the Transantarctic Mountain microtektites matches the average upper continental crust composition for most elements. Major deviations include a strong to moderate depletion in volatile elements including Pb, Zn, Na, K, Rb, Sr and Cs, as a likely result of severe volatile loss during the high temperature melting and vaporization of crustal target rocks. The normal and high-Mg Transantarctic Mountain microtektites have compositions similar to the most volatile-poor normal and high-Mg Australasian microtektites reported in the literature. Their very low H₂O and B contents (by secondary ion mass spectrometry) of 85 ± 58 (1σ) μg/g and 0.53 ± 0.21 μg/g, respectively, evidence the extreme volatile loss characteristically observed in tektites. The Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of multigrain samples of Transantarctic Mountain microtektites are ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ≈ 0.71629 and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ≈ 0.51209, and fall into the Australasian tektite compositional field. The Nd model age calculated with respect to the chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) is T^Nd_CHUR ≈ 1.1 Ga, indicating a Meso-Proterozoic crustal source rock, as was derived for Australasian tektites as well.Coupled with the Quaternary age from the literature, the extended dataset presented in this work strengthens our previous conclusion that Transantarctic Mountain microtektites represent a major southward extension of the Australasian tektite/microtektite strewn field. Furthermore, the significant depletion in volatile elements (i.e., Pb, B, Na, K, Zn, Rb, Sr and Cs) of both normal and high-Mg Transantarctic Mountain microtektites relative to the Australasian ones provide us with further confirmation of a possible relationship between high temperature-time regimes in the microtektite-forming process and ejection distance.     

Geochemistry of Cenozoic microtektites and clinopyroxene-bearing spherules

We have determined the major and trace element compositions of 176 individual microtektites/spherules from the Australasian, Ivory Coast, and North American microtektite and clinopyroxene-bearing (cpx) spherule layers. Trace element contents for up to 30 trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and major element compositions were determined using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis in combination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, petrographic data were obtained for the cpx spherules using the SEM and EDX. This is the first trace element study of individual Australasian microtektites, and the data revealed the presence of a previously unrecognized group of Australasian microtektites with high contents of Ni (up to 471 ppm). In previous studies the high-Mg (HMg) Australasian microtektites were thought to be related to the HMg Australasian tektites, but our trace element data suggest that the high-Ni (HNi) Australasian microtektites, rather than the high-Mg microtektites, are related to the high-Mg Australasian tektites. We find that Cenozoic microtektites/spherules from a given layer can be distinguished from microtektites/spherules from other layers as a group, but it is not always possible to determine which layer an individual microtektite/spherule came from based only on trace element compositions. The cpx spherules and most of the microtektites have Cr, Co, and Ni contents that are higher than the average contents of these elements in the upper continental crust, suggesting the presence of a meteoritic component. The highest Cr, Co, and Ni contents are found in the cpx spherules (and low-Si cpx-related microtektites). Unetched to slightly etched cpx spherules have Ni/Cr and Ni/Co ratios that generally lie along mixing curves between the average upper continental crust and chondrites. The best fit appears to be with an LL chondrite. The moderately to heavily etched cpx spherules have values that lie off the mixing curves in a direction that suggests Ni loss, probably as a result of solution of a Ni-rich phase (olivine?). The Ni-rich Australasian microtektites also have Ni values that lie close to mixing curves between the average upper continental crust and chondrites. However, both the cpx spherules and HNi Australasian microtektites appear to have Ir (and to a lesser extent Au) contents that are much too low to have Ni/Ir ratios similar to chondritic values. We have no explanation for the low-Ir and -Au contents except to speculate that they may be the result of a complex fractionation process. The Ivory Coast and North American microtektites do not have high enough siderophile element contents to reach any firm conclusions regarding the presence of, or nature of, a meteoritic component in them. Trace element compositions are consistent with derivation of the Cenozoic microtektite/spherule layers from upper continental crust. The normal Australasian microtektites appear to have been derived from a graywacke or lithic arenite with a range in clay and quartz content. The source rock for the high-Mg Australasian microtektites is not known, but the HMg microtektites do not appear to be normal Australasian microtektites that were simply contaminated by meteorites or ultramafic rocks. The average Ivory Coast microtektite composition can be matched with a mixture of target rocks at the Bosumtwi crater. The average composition of the North American microtektites suggests an arkosic source rock, but with graywacke and quartz-rich end members. However, we could not match the composition of the North American microtektites with lithologies in impact breccias recovered from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure that is believed to be the source crater. Likewise, we could not match the composition of the cpx spherules with mixtures of basement rocks and overlying sedimentary deposits (for which compositional data are available) at the Popigai impact crater that may be the source crater for the cpx spherules. This may be because the cpx spherules were derived, in large part, from clastic surface rocks (sandstones and shales) for which no compositional data are available.     

长江河流沉积物磁铁矿化学组成及其物源示踪

运用电子探针分析了长江干流和主要支流河漫滩沉积物中磁铁矿的元素组成.磁铁矿中的FeO平均含量稍高于其标准组成,而Fe2O3平均含量则明显低于标准组成;Ti、Al、Cr、V、Mn、Mg、Co和Zn等元素在磁铁矿中含量变化大,不同支流的磁铁矿的元素组成不同,同一取样点不同样品磁铁矿的元素组成变化也较大.金沙江、湘江、汉江及长江干流磁铁矿与钛磁铁矿、钛尖晶石、钒钛磁铁矿和铬铁矿等出溶交生,TiO2、Cr2O3和V2O3等元素含量高且变化大.金沙江磁铁矿富Mg、Al和Cr;大渡河、雅砻江和岷江磁铁矿中微量元素含量大多低于0.5%;涪江、汉江磁铁矿富Ti和V,而湘江磁铁矿富Ti和Al;总体上,长江干流上游磁铁矿富Ti,而下游磁铁矿中Ti、Al、Cr、V、Mg和Mn含量低于0.15%.干流磁铁矿的元素组成变化反映主要支流源岩组成及对干流影响程度的差异.     

撞击事件对古环境的影响——来自ODP1144站A孔样品的证据

本文通过对ODP1144站A孔BM界线附近样品中微玻璃陨石的挑选和研究,确定在中更新世曾发生过地外物体撞击地球的灾变事件。样品中浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素的对比研究表明,在微玻璃陨石事件发生的后期,曾发生了浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素组成的变化,表现为^δ13 C值的降低和^δ18 O值的增加。文中还探讨了其形成的原因。     

Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of tektite material from Barbados and their relationship to North American tektites

Isotopic analyses of Nd and Sr on individual microtektites and a bulk microtektite sample from Barbados show them to have a very well defined isotopic composition. These data plot on an ε_Srε_Nd diagram precisely within the narrow field determined by North American tektites (ε_Sr ≈ 111; ε_Nd ≈ ?6.2). They yield an Nd model age of 0.6 AE. These results show that the microtektites from the Oceanic beds of late Eocene age are derived from the same target as the North American tektites and should be associated with the same event. Samples of the deep sea sediments in which the Barbados microtektites occur are found to have isotopic signatures which appear to reflect ambient sea water and detrital sediments. They cannot be the source of Sr or Nd in the tektites. Following the arguments of Shaw and Wasserburg (1982) we conclude that the target area which produced the North American tektite field was composed of sediments (Eocambrian or younger) derived from very late Precambrian crust. Glass beads from Lake Wanapitei Crater are isotopically different from all other tektites (ε_Sr ≈ 960; ε_Nd ≈ ?31.4) and cannot be related to the North American tektites.     

岩石风化成土过程中元素均一化作用及机理:以大兴安岭北部火山岩区为例

对大兴安岭北部区域性中生代火山岩和残积土壤化学成分的研究结果表明,岩石风化成土过程中元素存在明显的均一化作用.元素含量高的岩石风化形成的土壤中元素含量相对降低,反之则相对增高,导致残积土壤中元素含量差异明显小于基岩.不同元素的均一化能力不同,在主元素中,Al2O3和SiO2的均一化能力相对较弱,微量元素的均一化能力普遍较强.元素的均一化能力受元素晶体化学性质、元素存在形式、矿物抗风化能力、气候、水动力条件及生物等因素影响.     

Chemical Composition of the Primitive Mantle Source of Peridotite Inclusions at Mount Lianshan, Liuhe County,Jiangsu Province

This paper presents a study of the major and trace element compositions of fresh mantle-derived spinel lherzolite and harzburgite inclusions from Cenozoic alkaline basalt in Mount Lianshan and Mount Panshi, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province. An estimation is made of the contents of the major elements and some of the trace elements in the primitive mantle source region of the area, from which the authors have obtained MgO/Al2O3= 7.86. The contents of MgO and Al2O3 are also obtained as 37.58% and 4.78% respectively based on the correlation of MgO-Al2O3. Then, the contents of various elements in the primitive mantle are calculated using their regression equations with MgO, and the compositor) of the primitive mantle, a basic issue in geochemistry study, is discussed on that basis.     

大洋底的玻璃微粒

大洋沉积物中的微玻璃陨石和火山玻璃是两类性质截然不同的微玻璃体,前者SiO₂含量十分稳定,MgO含量比较高,Na₂O和MnO含量都很低,并具有Os、Ir等重要地外元素丰度特征。另外,还具有特殊的表面结构以及一定的形成年代。后者的SiO₂含量不稳定,MgO含量很低,Na₂O和MgO含量比较高,不具有Os、Ir等地外元素丰度特征。因此,不可将它们混为一谈。     

中国东部中-新生代玄武质火山岩的主量元素地球化学特征

用MgO=8％标准化后,中国东部中-新生代玄武质火山岩表现为高Al2O3／TiO2、SiO2,低CaO／Al2O3的特征;新生代玄武质火山岩表现为低SiO2和低Al2O3／TiO2;高Fe8.0、Na8.0、CaO／Al2O3的特征。与区域软流圈地慢上涌和岩石圈伸展构造环境下形成的桂东南钾玄质岩石的高Fe8.0、低Na8.0和CaO／Al2O3值有明显的差异。中国东部中一新生代玄武质火山岩主量元素的特征,可能反映了与桂东南钾玄质岩石不同的形成环境。而中、新生代玄武质火山岩主量元素特征上的差异反映了岩浆来源区的变化。