华北陆块南缘金矿成矿动力学探讨

通过对华北陆块南缘小秦岭—熊耳山地区金矿与花岗岩体、控矿构造的时、空关系分析,对金矿成矿动力学过程进行了探讨,认为造山晚期伸展构造环境下的花岗岩浆活动不仅为金矿成矿作用提供了部分成矿物质,更重要的是为金矿成矿作用提供了巨大的热动力,成矿流体的形成、演化伴随着岩浆形成演化、上升侵位的全过程,具有多源性;建立了造山晚期伸展构造环境下岩浆热动力成矿模式。对区内金矿找矿方向的确定具有指导意义。     

华北陆块南缘带早侏罗世徐州班井侵入杂岩体

扬子陆块与华北陆块碰撞 ,华北陆块南缘带转化为活动陆缘。徐州—宿州弧形构造带中的班井杂岩体侵位于造山后的早侏罗世。石英二长闪长岩中角闪石的w (4 0 Ar) /w (3 9Ar)坪年龄为(191.3± 0 .5 )Ma。岩体主要由钙碱性闪长质岩组成 ,具有钙碱性安山岩的地球化学特点 ,伴有少量碱性辉长岩。岩浆来源于拉斑玄武质下地壳源岩在拉伸构造环境下的部分熔融。华北陆块南缘同时代的以班井区钙碱性岩体为代表和以鲁西隆起的铜石区高钾质岩体为代表及伴随的金矿化 ,构成了成对的岩浆 -金矿化带。     

从变质作用观看板块构造何时在华北克拉通开始

了解板块构造在地球上何时和怎样开始的是地球科学领域还没有解决的重要问题之一。作为板块运动的最终结果,大陆碰撞造山带是识别地球历史演化中板块构造机制起主导作用的重要标志。大陆碰撞带变质作用一般以顺时针p-T轨迹演化为特征,尤其伴有峰期变质之后的等温减压过程。这样,具有峰后等温减压过程的顺时针p-T轨迹是识别地球早期的板块构造作用的重要标志之一。作为世界上最古老的克拉通陆块之一,华北克拉通基底岩石变质作用p-T演化在过去几年已得到广泛深入的研究,使得该克拉通可能成为应用大规模变质作用p-T轨迹途径来探讨构造环境和构造演化过程的最佳场所。构造上,华北克拉通可划分为三个小的陆块(东部陆块、阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块)和三个古元古代活动带(华北中部碰撞带、孔兹岩带和胶—辽—吉带)。东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石变质作用具有等压冷却型逆时针p-T演化轨迹特征,反映变质作用热源与大量地幔岩浆底板垫托或侵位有关。尽管理论上这样大规模的地幔岩浆可形成在大陆岩浆弧、地幔柱或大陆裂谷环境,只有地幔柱模式才能合理地解释东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石时空分布、岩石组合和构造特征。这样,地幔柱可能是主导东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代地壳形成和演化的主要构造机制,而板块构造在晚太古宙并不是其主要的构造机制。古元古代孔兹岩带和华北中部碰撞带基底岩石变质作用均具有等温减压型顺时针p-T演化特征,反映两造山带都经历地壳加厚和随后的隆升剥蚀构造过程。这样的构造过程是板块构造体制下的碰撞造山带的典型标志。古元古代胶—辽—吉带可进一步划分为南部带和北部带,其中南部带基底岩石具有逆时针p-T演化特征,而北部带基地岩石具有顺时针p-T演化特征,也反映板块构造机制下的产物。现代规模的板块构造在华北克拉通上的启动时间可以由三个活动带中最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳形成时间来大致标定。目前,华北克拉通内部三个活动带中可识别出来的最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳是华北中部碰撞带2·56Ga五台花岗岩,它们的形成可能大致标志着现代样式的板块构造在华北克拉通大规模作用的开始。     

华北陆块北缘印支期S型花岗岩带特征及其构造环境

华北陆块北缘内蒙古中部地区分布着大量近东西向展布的印支期花岗岩，形成一条规模巨大的复式花岗岩带。岩石类型主要为斑状黑云二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩，1：5万区调同位素测年获得207～227Ma的一系列锆石U—Pb表面年龄，岩相学和岩石地球化学研究显示其具有S型花岗岩特征，表明其形成于碰撞后构造环境，并不是华北板块与西伯利亚板块碰撞造山作用的产物。     

华北陆块南缘燕山期花岗岩带岩浆演化:以小秦岭—外方山地区为例

根据华北陆块南缘小秦岭—外方山地区中生代花岗岩的时空分布特征,将其形成过程划分为160～155 Ma(Ⅰ)、150～125 Ma(Ⅱ)、120～110 Ma(Ⅲ)3个期次,与中国北方大规模岩浆活动期次并不完全一致。这3期花岗岩的地球化学元素演化较为特殊,Ⅰ期花岗岩(南泥湖、上房沟等岩体)与Ⅲ期花岗岩的地球化学特征较为相似,均以异常高的K含量、明显的负Eu异常及重稀土元素分馏较弱或不分馏为主要特征,为A型花岗岩。Ⅱ期花岗岩为偏铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集Rb、Th、U和K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素,P2O5含量随SiO2含量增加呈递减趋势,为I型花岗岩,大部分样品Sr>300.00×10-6,Y<19.00×10-6,Yb<1.90×10-6,具有埃达克岩的属性。时代由老至新,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ花岗岩呈现出A型—I型—A型的演化规律。Ⅰ期花岗岩形成于挤压构造背景下的局部伸展环境;Ⅱ期花岗岩则形成于华北陆块南缘构造体制转换阶段,是地壳加厚导致的下地壳部分熔融的产物;Ⅲ期花岗岩则是扬子与华北陆块拼合后,板块逐渐稳定,岩石圈发生伸展,下地壳岩石减压熔融形成的。     

华北、华南、塔里木三大陆块中-新元古代岩浆岩的特征及其地质对比意义

我国三个主要的古老陆块(华北、华南和塔里木陆块)都发育中-新元古代岩浆岩。根据大量的同位素年代学资料,华北陆块中-新元古代岩浆事件可以分为7个阶段,其中1.78Ga和1.32Ga两期影响范围较大,可以构成大火成岩省。华北陆块中-新元古代的岩浆岩均形成于大陆地壳伸展的构造背景,意味着华北并未介入Rodinia超大陆的聚合过程。华南陆块中-新元古代岩浆事件可以分为8个阶段,从1.78Ga到1.5Ga的四期岩浆事件形成于大陆地壳伸展的构造背景,1.4Ga左右的一期岩浆-构造事件分布局限,可能形成于局部的构造拼合背景。1.0Ga左右的岩浆事件,在华南陆块的不同部位表现形式不同,意味着发生过不同地块的拼合。从0.95Ga到0.82Ga的岩浆事件主要分布在江南造山带和扬子地块北缘,这一阶段的岩浆事件导致扬子地块和华夏地块拼接成一体,形成华南陆块。之后从0.78Ga到0.72Ga的岩浆事件几乎遍布华南陆块,反映了陆块形成后的伸展过程。塔里木陆块中-新元古代的岩浆事件可以分为8个阶段,1.78Ga和1.5Ga的岩浆事件仅在局部有反映,它们形成于拉伸的构造背景。1.4Ga的岩浆事件在塔里木陆块的北缘和西南缘表现形式不同,北缘钙碱性岩浆岩形成于大陆弧构造背景,而西南缘A2型花岗岩则形成于拉伸的构造背景。0.96～0.88Ga期间,塔里木东南缘和北缘的花岗岩以I型和S型为特点,形成于活动大陆边缘,而在塔里木陆块的西南缘该时期则形成了塞拉加兹塔格群中双峰式火山岩,形成于陆内裂谷环境。0.88～0.82Ga期间,在北缘的库鲁克塔格地区形成了与俯冲增生相关的岩浆岩组合,而在东南缘则形成了与拉张构造环境有关的双峰式火山岩。塔里木陆块不同部位,不同阶段岩浆岩组合的差异意味着塔里木陆块原来并不是一个统一的陆块,很可能是在不同时期由不同块体拼合而成的。华北、华南和塔里木三个陆块中-新元古代岩浆岩的差异演化,揭示了它们各自形成陆块的过程和方式及相互关系     

Tectono-magmatic evolution from accretion to collision in the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic BeltSCIEI北大核心CSCD

造山带演化及增生到碰撞的转变是板块构造与大陆动力学研究中的前沿科学问题。中亚造山带被认为是古亚洲洋长期俯冲-增生演化形成的显生宙最大的增生造山带,以发育巨量的面状展布的俯冲-增生相关的弧岩浆岩为特征。并且,由于中亚增生型造山带在潘吉亚最后聚合过程中发生弧弧(陆)碰撞,因此缺乏大规模且跨构造单元的碰撞相关的构造和变质等物质标志。显然,能否识别出大洋闭合期间碰撞作用的岩浆标志成为确定增生造山带增生过程终止的关键之一。本文系统研究确定:中亚造山带东南缘二叠纪到三叠纪钙碱性-碱钙性岩浆在空间分布上显示出由北西向南东迁移演化的特征;在岩浆性质上具有从二叠纪新生地壳来源的弧岩浆向早-中三叠世碰撞挤压背景下古老陆壳组分逐渐增多的高Sr/Y岩浆以及晚三叠世后造山伸展相关的A型花岗岩演化的特征。这些特征提供了俯冲-增生向碰撞造山演变的关键岩浆岩证据。结合区域资料,厘定出增生造山带最后碰撞相关的标志性岩浆为沿缝合带呈零星线性展布的增厚下地壳源区的高Sr/Y花岗岩类,构建了中亚造山带南缘从双向俯冲-增生到增生楔-增生楔碰撞及后造山伸展的三阶段构造-岩浆演化模型。系统对比研究,揭示出增生-碰撞相关的岩浆记录沿横向展布在中亚造山带南缘甘肃北山到吉林中部一带,表明碰撞挤压相关的岩浆作用在中亚造山带南缘具有一定的普适性。中亚造山带南缘从增生到碰撞的岩浆演化记录的厘定,证实显生宙最大的巨型增生造山带演化末期经历了碰撞造山作用,对进一步深入探索增生造山演化末期碰撞相关的标志性岩浆具有重要意义。     

华北克拉通南缘古元古代晚期小河A型花岗岩体成因及其地质意义

华北克拉通南缘出露的古元古代花岗岩是研究前寒武纪地壳演化的重要载体。文章报道出露于华北克拉通南缘的小河花岗质岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学组成，探讨其岩石成因和前寒武纪地壳演化意义。小河岩体的岩性为含黑云母二长花岗岩，根据其稀土元素特征可以分为两类，第一类表现为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土亏损的右倾配分模式，具有中等分异特征，第二类具有稀土总量较低，轻重稀土分馏不明显，中稀土亏损的稀土元素分布模式，具有高分异特征。锆石U-Pb年龄表明两种类型岩石形成于～1.80 Ga，为同一期次岩浆活动。两类岩石均具有富硅、富碱和弱过铝质特征，属于高钾碱钙质—钙碱质系列；富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素，亏损Ba、Sr、P和Ti等元素。两类岩石有相同的Nd-Hf同位素组成特征，其岩浆源区可能均为华北克拉通南缘晚太古宙基底物质。此类铝质A型岩浆作用可能是与伸展体制相关的岩浆—热事件，暗示在约1.80 Ga时华北克拉通南缘为碰撞/造山后的伸展环境。     

中国中央造山系秦岭造山带伏牛山构造花岗岩带的地质学与地貌学意义

大陆地壳尤其是造山带的一个重要的标志性特征就是广泛分布有花岗岩类岩石，花岗岩又被称作为地球发展历史中地壳演化的标准建造。位于中国中央造山系秦岭造山带东段的河南伏牛山构造花岗岩带以构造岩浆组合为思路可分解为俯冲型、碰撞型、陆内型和A型；在时代上可厘定为吕梁、晋宁、加里东、燕山4期。从构造演化历史上可划分出前造山、主造山和后造山3个阶段。伏牛山花岗岩地貌景观表现出与造山运动的亲缘关系和构造发展阶段的专属性，显示出构造花岗岩带地貌景观的多样性特征。     

华北克拉通南缘后大陆碰撞背景下的岩石圈演化及金、钼成矿规律探讨

通过对华北克拉通南缘大量的岩浆岩和矿床研究表明,矿床的形成与燕山期岩浆岩具有非常密切的关系,豫西矿集区是华北克拉通南缘岩石圈剧烈演化的结果。岩石圈的这种剧烈演化是在两件重大地质事件的共同作用下进行的:一方面,扬子板块与华北板块在印支期拼合,并发生了广泛的陆-陆碰撞造山活动,此后,克拉通边缘转入了后造山演化阶段;另一方面,燕山晚期的J-K之交,太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲,导致地幔大规模活动。中国东部大规模的地壳减薄和壳幔作用,使本来就处于造山后演化阶段的华北陆块南缘发生了广泛的岩浆活动。正因为这两大地质作用叠加效应,区域岩浆演化剧烈而复杂,大批重融花岗岩的地球化学特征往往既显示造山带的特点,又具有大规模壳幔作用的特征。这两大地质作用为豫西矿集区的形成提供了良好的成矿地质背景,大量的研究表明,各种矿床与燕山期岩浆岩在形成时间上高度吻合,空间上密切相关,同位素指标极为相近,显示它们在成因上的密切关系。岩浆一方面作为深部赋矿流体的上升通道,另一方面提供持续的高温环境,保证了元素迁移和成矿作用的进行。因此,华北克拉通南缘后大陆碰撞背景下的壳幔演化、大规模岩浆活动是豫西矿集区形成的决定性因素。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.