基于GCP库的星载SAR图像自动精校正

近年来,合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术已取得巨大进步,人们也越来越重视其潜在的应用前景。但是,雷达侧视成像性质和地形起伏的影响导致SAR图像的几何畸变非常复杂,大大影响了SAR图像的应用。几何精校正是SAR图像广泛应用的前提,但是校正过程中需要大量地面控制点(GCPs),以往的人工选点方法费时费力。本文提出了一种基于控制点自动匹配的控制点选点方法,用以提高点位精度和工作效率。该方法包括纠正区域GCP库的建立和GCP图像片的自动匹配。试验结果表明,该方法具有较好的应用价值。     

利用ERDAS IMAGINE进行影像的几何精校正

几何精校正是利用地面控制点(GCP)对遥感影像进行的几何校正。用ERDAS IMAGINE软件进行几何精校正，关键在于相关模型参数设置、控制点输入和几何精校正。影响几何精校正的因素，主要表现在GCP的数量、分布和定位精度。此外校正方法不同，影像的纠正精度也不同。     

利用轨道参数修正的无控制点星载SAR图像几何校正方法

使用距离多普勒模型进行SAR图像几何校正时,卫星轨道误差、系统成像参数误差和DEM高程的误差会影响几何校正精度。本文提出了一种基于轨道参数修正的星载SAR图像几何校正方法。首先利用多项式对卫星轨道进行参数化,然后使用模拟SAR图像与真实SAR图像进行匹配得到控制点来修正轨道参数,最后利用修正后的参数进行几何精校正,从而提高几何校正精度。该方法无需地面控制点,适用于不易于人工测量获取地面控制点地区的SAR图像几何校正,与基于模拟SAR图像匹配并使用多项式改正的几何校正方法相比,本文方法具有更高的精度。使用Radarsat-2图像进行试验,并使用地面实测GPS控制点验证了本方法的有效性。     

TM图像的SOMP几何纠正法

针对缺少地面控制点（GCP）的遥感影，探讨一种几何精纠正的新方法，就是把空间投影理论应用于遥感图像的几何精纠正中，利用空间斜墨卡托投影（SOMP）和少量地面控制点对遥感影像实施几何精纠正，该方法理论严密，算法速度快捷，适用性强，通过对广州地区的TM影像进行的几何精纠正实验，该方法十分有效，几何精纠正精度在一个像素左右。     

基于地形随机场模型的遥感图像几何纠正

从地形平稳随机场模型出发,应用空间统计学中的Kriging插值算法,提出在多项式纠正基础上进行误差改正的图像精纠正方法,并进行相应的实验验证。多项式纠正和基于共线方程的几何成像模型纠正是最常用的两类纠正方法,但多项式纠正无法克服由于地形起伏所引起的投影差。提出的方法和流程,不仅能克服多项式模型中的弊端,而且不额外增加控制点选择和计算的负担,可以作为多项式纠正流程中的求精。     

遥感图像几何纠正中GCP选取

为了降低人为因素对遥感图像几何纠正中地面控制点(ground control point,GCP)选取的影响,提高GCP的采集效率,在基准图像上采用2种方法选取GCP:1改进的分水岭分割和加权邻域检测方法选取道路交叉点作为GCP;2GrabCut分割和轮廓检测方法选取区域重心作为GCP。以0.5 m分辨率的航空图像作为基准图像,使用上述方法选取GCP,对2.5 m分辨率的ALOS图像进行几何纠正实验。结果表明,本次研究采用的GCP选取方法受人为因素影响小,精度在1个像元以内,并可实现半自动选取。这一技术成果已经应用于正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM)生产中的GCP提取,在实现中小比例尺DOM更新中发挥了重要作用。     

基于参考图像的行星遥感图像自动几何精纠正

针对行星多探测任务获取的海量遥感数据,提出一种基于现有参考图像匹配策略优化的自动几何精纠正技术方案。考虑到某些新传感器图像与已有参考图像的分辨率相差较大,提出了利用中间分辨率图像作为过渡的间接匹配策略;另外,针对月球和火星典型探测任务的遥感图像给出了相应参考图像的选取方法。选取嫦娥一号(CE-1)、嫦娥二号(CE-2)CCD图像和火星高解析度科学实验成像照相机(HiRISE)图像进行实验。针对CE-1和CE-2图像数据,选取月球侦察轨道飞行器宽角相机(LROC)图像作为参考;而针对HiRISE图像数据,选择以背景相机(CTX)图像为过渡、火星热辐射成像系统(THEMIS)图像为参考。利用自动匹配获取一定量的控制点,实现了行星遥感图像的自动几何精纠正。通过人工选取的检查点对纠正后图像进行精度评价的结果表明,所提出的自动几何精纠正方案是有效的,利用自动选取的控制点进行纠正后的图像定位精度明显提高,对月球和火星遥感图像的几何处理有实用价值。     

利用自动匹配与三角剖分进行遥感图像几何精校正

在研究传统几何精校正方法的基础上,提出了一种高精度的基于自动同名点匹配和三角剖分技术的几何精校正方法,该方法是通过基准底图对待校正图像进行几何精校正的。首先利用FAST (Features from Accelerated Segment Test)算子在基准底图上快速提取均匀分布的候选特征点,通过图像自身携带的地理定位信息确定初始同名点对;经平移误差消除、互相关双向匹配、RANSAC(Random Sample Consensus)粗差剔除、二元三点插值等步骤获取稳定可靠的亚像元级同名点对;最后根据亚像元级同名点对构建Delaunay三角网进行图像变换和重采样处理。以Landsat卫星ETM为基准底图对环境卫星CCD数据进行几何精校正试验,本算法几何精校正精度较传统的方法得到了很大提高。     

栅格数据坐标变换模型在数据集成中的应用

在数据转换过程中如何尽可能地保证空间数据的完整性和准确性成为限制GIS发展的瓶颈问题。本文针对GIS矢量数据在数据转换过程中选点难,转换之后出现几何位置差异的问题,提出基于栅格数据坐标变换模型,采用图像数据转换时的控制点,将矢量数据纠正到标准的目标构件图库中,达到矢量空间数据有效匹配的效果。进行矢量数据变换时,针对仿射变换、多项式模型等变换模型的限制性,基于Delaunay三角网对平面进行剖分,将纠正误差进行局部控制。最后,以ShapeFile为例实现了几何纠正算法。     

用ERDAS IMAGINE进行卫星影像几何纠正的方法

介绍了利用ERDAS IMAGINE对卫星影像进行几何纠正的流程,分析了采用多项式变换作为几何校正模型的优缺点。地面控制点(GCP)的选取和判读是影像纠正的关键步骤,总结了在实际作业中GCP选取的规律及经验。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。