广西田东剖面二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物绝灭及生态演化

本文以广西田东地区浅海相二叠系-三叠系剖面为研究对象,对二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物绝灭与浅海生态环境演化进行了深入的探讨。镜下化石鉴定与统计结果表明在P/T界线附近生物物种两次急剧减少,一次为生物大绝灭所致,另一次为生物迁徙所致。另外,本剖面上所研究的物种的数量变化是突变的,而不是渐变的。在残存期内,腹足类生物较有孔虫生物表现出较强的自我恢复和适应环境的能力。整个剖面沉积为一个海浸的过程,其二叠系-三叠系界线之交生态环境发生了很大的变迁。     

峨眉山大火成岩省与二叠纪生物灭绝事件

二叠纪两次生物灭绝事件(瓜德鲁普世末生物灭绝和古-中生代之交生物灭绝)一直是地质学家研究和关注的热点问题。虽然对导致生物大规模灭绝的具体原因尚不清楚,但大部分学者认为峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)的火山活动及其引起的环境效应是瓜德鲁普世末(end-Guadalupian)生物灭绝事件的主要原因(基于时间上的吻合性),还有一部分学者认为ELIP的火山作用延续到P-T边界处,与古-中生代之交生物灭绝可能存在着成因联系。文章主要叙述了现阶段关于ELIP与生物灭绝事件的一些关键性重要研究成果,并提出了进一步工作建议。     

古—中生代之交的全球变化与生物效应

古—中生代之交是显生宙以来最大的一次生物绝灭期 ,其形成机制一直是地学界长期探讨的热点课题之一。地史重大转折期是地球内、外各圈层长期作用下 ,各种量变达到阀值 ,加之可能的外因激化 ,在短时间内以连锁反应形式相继质变 ,形成了全球变化 (包括生物绝灭 )的地球突变期。文中从可能的外因 (外星体撞击事件 )及内因 (岩石圈的变化 ,地球表层的变化和生物圈的变化 )两个方面探讨了古—中生代之交的全球变化与生物效应     

下-中奥陶统之交陆架周期性缺氧：来自美国犹他州的遗迹沉积学证据?

美国犹他州中西部、北美下-中奥陶统之交重要剖面上的遗迹沉积学证据表明，在奥陶纪生物爆发的重要时期─早、中奥陶世之交和重要生态领域─陆架区，存在持续3.4 Ma、周期性的陆架缺氧事件。主要的遗迹沉积学证据包括：低的遗迹化石分异度，非常浅的生物扰动层厚度和潜穴深度（小于4 cm, 现代陆架区大于20 cm），稀少的居住滤食迹，遗迹化石和遗迹组构的分布与风暴事件层密切相关；细小的Chondrites 阶层占据较浅或最浅的生态阶层 （中生代以来，细小的Chondrites 阶层总是占据最深的生态阶层）；地层序列具轨道旋回地层结构，并且富含呈黄铁矿假象的褐铁矿结核。早古生代较低的大气氧水平，快速和高幅度的奥陶纪耗氧生物大辐射，早、中奥陶世之交陆架区快速和高幅度的海进和温暖的陆架环境可能是导致早、中奥陶世之交陆架环境周期性缺氧的主要原因。轨道旋回地层的研究表明，这次周期性缺氧事件始于473.27 Ma, 结束于 469.87 Ma，持续时间约3.4 Ma，如果早、中奥陶世之交的同位素年龄值为473.0 Ma。早、中奥陶世之交陆架环境周期性缺氧事件的发现，给正确认识奥陶纪生物辐射、古生代演化生物群起源环境和显生宙生物集群绝灭与缺氧关系增添了新资料。     

峨眉山大火成岩省与二叠纪生物灭绝事件

二叠纪两次生物灭绝事件(瓜德鲁普世末生物灭绝和古-中生代之交生物灭绝)一直是地质学家研究和关注的热点问题。虽然对导致生物大规模灭绝的具体原因尚不清楚,但大部分学者认为峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)的火山活动及其引起的环境效应是瓜德鲁普世末(end-Guadalupian)生物灭绝事件的主要原因(基于时间上的吻合性),还有一部分学者认为ELIP的火山作用延续到P-T边界处,与古-中生代之交生物灭绝可能存在着成因联系。文章主要叙述了现阶段关于ELIP与生物灭绝事件的一些关键性重要研究成果,并提出了进一步工作建议。     

早三叠世生物环境年代地层研究

二叠纪末生物大灭绝及随后早三叠世复苏期是古、中生代之交重大地质突变期的主体。这一时期,生物演化更替显著、生态空间扩展快速广泛,因而生物地层分辨率高、可对比性强;各种重大地质事件活动频度和作用强度显著增加、影响范围广泛,因而其产生的识别标志明显、区域精时对比能力强;由于突变期伴随有强烈的地内构造活动,火山物质提供了丰富的精确地质测年素材,同时伴随重大突变过程而被强化的历史阶段性和时间节奏性地质记录,也为年代地层精确定年和计时提供了独特的条件。因此古、中生代之交的地质记录为高分辨率生物环境年代地层综合研究提供了最佳条件。文中以中国南方二叠系三叠系界线地层和下三叠统研究工作为基础,系统总结和分析了这一时期的生物地层序列、环境事件标志及其地层学价值、年代地层学研究进展,提出环境地层学研究是进一步深化古、中生代之交重大地质突变期地层学研究的新突破口。     

湖南桃源郝坪奥陶系五峰组顶部斑脱岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

为了认识奥陶纪-志留纪之交的火山活动及事件年龄,对湖南桃源郝坪剖面的斑脱岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年.结果表明,五峰组顶部斑脱岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为442.2±8.1 Ma,该年龄反映了扬子地区奥陶纪-志留纪之交火山活动的时代,与国际地层委员会公布的奥陶系-志留系界线年龄(443.7±1.5Ma)相一致,同属晚奥陶世.奥陶纪-志留纪之交的火山活动对于探讨晚奥陶世生物绝灭、沉积环境变化与年代地层对比具有重要的意义.     

南盘江盆地北部二叠纪末放射虫动物群与古水深

古-中生代之交,不同古地理背景中生物灭绝的表现不同.有关放射虫动物群研究,一方面,提供古地理背景等重要信息;另一方面,为生物多样性演变的研究提供基础资料.二叠纪-三叠纪之交盆地相放射虫的研究对揭示不同沉积相生物灭绝和古环境演变具有重要意义.贵州惠水以南克脚二叠系-三叠系界线剖面位于南盘江盆地北部,为盆地相沉积.对克脚剖面大隆组和大冶组底部放射虫动物群进行了初步统计、类群组合特征分析,结合放射虫的保存状态,对克脚剖面二叠纪末古水深进行了详细研究,认为大隆组至大冶组底部地层沉积于浪基面以下,古水深普遍浅于150 m,大隆组上部最大海侵时古水深最浅达200 m左右.      

物种特征在生物绝灭事件中的作用

本文从居群生态学的角度出发,结合生物演化的更替速率、成种速率及灭绝速率讨论了物种的生物学特征在生物绝灭事件中的可能影响。监管蜓类、菊石、珊瑚及腕足动物的资料表明,生物的“抗灾变能力和生物的地理分布范围成正比,和生物的演化速率成反比。同时,生物在绝灭事件中的命运也和它们当时所处的演化阶段有密切的关系。     

牙形石微量元素对生物绝灭事件的响应: 以二叠-三叠系全球层型剖面第一幕绝灭事件为例

首次系统地利用浙江长兴煤山剖面牙形石化石, 依托中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS) 获取牙形石微区原位元素含量信息.结果显示, 牙形石的Ce异常和稀土总量出现快速的波动, 它们均反映出P/T之交环境(氧化-还原、生态条件等) 的不稳定性.这些微量元素特征可以很好地与古海洋环境和生物绝灭事件耦合.这一研究将为系统探索全球古生代末生物大灭绝及其后生物复苏的过程、时限与古海洋化学及古生态变化性质等问题的研究提供新的途径, 并有望对这些重要科学问题提供有效的制约.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with