巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁

以GIS为手段,在对巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,探讨流域内古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系.研究表明,巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代古聚落变更的规律主要表现为,随着时代推进聚落遗址从高海拔逐渐向低海拔地区转移并向湖泊靠近,这种变更响应于中全新世以来流域气候由温暖湿润向温和干燥的发展,以及由此导致的巢湖湖泊收缩、水位持续下降和生活范围扩展,反映了在气候变化的大背景下,地貌演化和水文条件的改变对古聚落变更的影响;而各时期聚落遗址西多东少的分布格局,则与流域东部极易受河道摆动和洪涝灾害影响的地貌条件有关.因此,气候变化成为巢湖流域古聚落变更的重要激发因子,对古聚落的分布、扩展、演变都产生了重要影响,古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应明显.     

安徽淮北平原史前文化遗址Thiessen多边形分析

通过生成遗址点的Thiessen多边形,结合应用小多边形的概念及理论,综合分析了安徽淮北平原地区史前文化遗址的聚集状况以及该地区在石山子文化时期、大汶口文化时期和龙山文化时期的农业状况、生存环境及交通等特征。结果表明:用Thiessen多边形空间分析方法可以有效确定聚落中心,并合理推测史前时期农业、生存环境和交通等人地关系状况。从石山子到龙山文化时期,小多边形数量不断增加反映出聚落聚集程度和文化交流水平的提高,大汶口和龙山文化时期淮北平原中部明显是区域内聚落的中心,且多边形中心到边的距离逐渐减小说明先民对农业的依赖程度及农业发展水平也在不断提高。淮北平原史前文化发展受环境变化影响,从石山子到龙山文化时期,气候条件逐渐趋于干旱,沼泽萎缩,气温变化不大,这种环境条件十分有利于先民的生产生活,不仅遗址和小多边形数量不断增多,而且在平原中部和淮河干流沿岸地区出现了多个遗址群和聚落中心,史前文化蓬勃发展,人类适应自然和改造自然的能力提高。从小多边形的分布方向也可以推断出西北—东南向古水系对淮北平原史前遗址之间的交通起控制作用。     

兰州盆地新石器时期遗址分布与地形的关系研究

研究遗址和地形等环境要素的关系有助于理解人地关系的作用机制。基于GIS空间分析和二元逻辑斯蒂模型分析了兰州盆地新石器时期马家窑和齐家文化遗址空间分布的特征、变化规律及影响因素，定量研究了地形等环境要素与遗址分布的关系。结果表明：新石器时期的马家窑文化、半山文化、马厂文化和齐家文化遗址均沿黄河分布，主要集中于河流阶地上坡度较小的区域。距河流的水平最近距离为318.6~17 721.7 m。新石器遗址特别是马厂遗址的空间集聚性明显。从马家窑类型、半山类型，发展到马厂类型，单一型遗址的占比逐渐由53.3%增多至92.6%。马厂类型的分布中心距离黄河最近。地形等环境要素显著影响遗址的空间分布，遗址出现概率主要受坡度、坡向和距黄河最近距离的影响，模型的解释程度可达65.0%。引入历史时期和现代聚落进行比较，历史时期聚落分布受到高程和坡度的影响，而现代聚落的分布主要受到高程、坡度和距河流距离的影响。聚落分布和影响因素的演变可能受到社会生产力发展的影响。     

莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址时空分布特征及其环境背景

基于ArcGIS10.3平台对莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址的高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度等指标进行分析,得出该时期聚落遗址的时空分布及演变特征,并结合全新世莱州湾南岸的环境背景,探讨全新世环境演变对聚落遗址分布及演变的影响。研究表明：① 全新世莱州湾南岸的聚落遗址数量、出现频率及在总数中的比重基本呈现明显的先增后降的倒V型（非对称）变化趋势。② 遗址高程分布具有一定的规律性,几乎所有时期的遗址点均分布于高程范围在0~29 m的地区,而大汶口文化时期遗址高程分布范围为10~29 m。从坡度来看,聚落遗址主要分布于坡度范围在0~4°的平缓地区;从坡向来看,古人大多集中在南向、东南向和西南向的位置。后李文化至龙山文化时期,河流对聚落选址的影响程度逐渐降低。③ 8.5~6.9 ka B.P.气候总体进入温暖期,且冷暖波动,干湿交替,后李文化由此得到发展;6.9~4.5 ka B.P.出现了短暂的降温,但整体较温和,优越的自然条件促进了大汶口文化的发展;4.5~4.0 ka B.P.左右气候条件较大汶口文化时期略干,但在此基础上新石器文化仍得到进一步发展,并于龙山文化时期进入鼎盛阶段;4.0 ka B.P.左右气候突变,出现剧烈降温事件,变化幅度超出了人类的适应能力,岳石文化随之衰落。④ 海水入侵限制了人类活动,而古湖泊和古河道的形成为古人生活质量的提高创造了天然条件。     

青海东部高庙盆地史前文化聚落演变与气候变化

高庙盆地内史前文化遗址密集, 史前文化聚落的分布和自然环境关系密切, 受河流地貌影响尤其显著, 绝大部分连续性文化遗址都分布在T3 阶地上。5~4 ka BP 本区气候暖湿, 对应马家窑到马厂时期, 盆地内聚落分布由T3 阶地向T2 转移, 聚落分布模式由均匀到凝 聚, 数量和规模持续扩大, 到马厂时期, 聚落发展到鼎盛, 并出现了中型遗址, 成为聚落的中心, 聚落等级上升为两级; 4 ka BP 时气候突变, 急剧的降温, 使得从齐家文化到卡约-辛 店文化, 盆地内的聚落形态倒退。因此, 气候变化对盆地内聚落演变影响显著, 聚落对气候变化的响应明显。     

郑洛地区史前聚落遗址人居环境宜居度指数模糊综合评价

以地貌、土壤、坡向、坡度、高程5个指标构建郑洛地区史前聚落遗址人居环境指数模糊综合评价体系,使用基于地理探测器的因子探测法确定各单因素权重,根据环境驱动因子分级标准及等级值,采用梯形和三角形隶属函数计算单因素评价值,再使用加权平均的综合评价类型和等距法,得到了郑洛地区史前聚落遗址人居环境指数综合等级,运用SPSS数据探索功能,分析宜居度最高地区的具体环境特征,并分别以仰韶后期和龙山时期的实际遗址分布数据对该等级评价系统的准确性进行验证。研究结果表明,该模型评价结果较为准确可靠。     

洞庭湖区史前聚落规模及聚落群时空演变

以洞庭湖区史前聚落遗址为研究对象,运用ArcGIS空间分析、位序-规模法则和聚类分析方法对洞庭湖区史前聚落遗址规模及聚落群时空演变进行研究。结果表明：(1)各时期以中小型和大型规模聚落为主,不同规模类型聚落随时间推移不断增长,特大型聚落多具有城址的性质,且逐步演变为区域中心,各规模类型聚落向南迁移趋势明显;(2)随着人口总量不断增加,平均生存面积减少,生存压力增大,新石器中晚期聚落之间分布的均衡性逐渐下降;(3)古人倾向于生活在澧水区域和洞庭湖区域,大型城址主要分布在主体聚落群内,聚落群总体由西向东再向南迁移,演变方向呈倒“L”型,澧水区域的聚落群在各时期得到了继承和演变,而其他区域的聚落群在大溪至石家河文化时期得到了继承和发展。     

辽东北部地区中全新世聚落时空演变及其自然环境背景

对辽东北部地区中全新世聚落遗址的时空特征进行分析研究,结合辽东北部地区的自然环境背景,探讨自然环境变迁与聚落遗址时空分布的关系。结果表明：① 研究区全新世文化序列可分为新乐下层时期-后洼上层时期-偏堡时期-北沟时期,各时期遗址数量及在总数中的比重均呈现出先增后降再增的“N” 型变化趋势。② 各期遗址点高程大多分布在0~200 m地区且高程分布呈先增后降的倒“V” 型变化;从坡度和坡向来看,各期遗址主要分布于0°~6°间平缓地区,除后洼上层时期外均分布于阳坡半阳坡且各时期聚落均表现出逐河而居的特征。③ 新乐下层时期,古人类受气候影响选择居于平原区较高海拔处,以避开潮湿低洼地带;后洼上层时期,下辽河平原的古人类为躲避洪水侵袭而选择远离河流的更高海拔处,而辽东山地地区后洼上层文化居民向高处迁徙的同时仍倾向于近河流居住以利用良好的渔猎环境;偏堡时期,受降温事件打击,为寻求更为温暖且食物充足的驻地,古人类从山地进入平坦温暖的平原。北沟时期,气候寒冷干燥,海侵进入衰退期,古人类开始向相对温暖的沿海地带进发,在原先被海水淹没的地区定居。     

河南裴李岗文化聚落空间集聚分析

聚落空间分布是聚落考古和环境考古研究的重要内容之一,利用空间模型分析区域聚落分布,可以揭示区域内聚落空间分布形式和聚落之间的空间关系,为重新认识和理解聚落文化提供参考。利用GIS技术的空间模型分析功能对河南裴李岗文化聚落的空间分布特征进行分析,认为河南裴李岗文化时期聚落在空间上具有集聚型分布特征,并且具有双中心集聚结构,即具有两个空间分布中心聚落,分别为登封市唐庄乡的向阳遗址与舞阳县马村乡的阿岗寺遗址。最后从区域聚落规模对比角度对该两处遗址成为空间中心聚落的可能性进行了分析,从模型分析和区域聚落规模对比分析结果,可以认为向阳遗址与阿岗寺遗址是河南裴李岗文化时期聚落分布中心。     

郑洛地区史前聚落遗址环境驱动因子分析

在史前聚落遗址研究中,不同研究区的聚落遗址在空间和时间尺度上差异较大,较难获取一致性的分级评定标准。该文使用K均值聚类法代替专家打分过程,辅以图像分析和SPSS数据探索百分位法并加以调整,对郑洛地区史前聚落遗址所在的地貌、土壤、坡向、坡度和高程因子进行分析,确定各因子分级标准和等级值。研究结果表明:地貌、土壤、坡向、坡度、高程5个因子在4个文化时期分别基于遗址数高低的自然K均值聚类形成适宜度高、较高、中、较低、低5个等级。地貌、土壤的偏好顺序在3个相邻时期的相关性系数逐渐升高并放缓,即史前人类遗址对其优先选择度逐渐产生固化;史前人类对丘陵地貌类型的选择度不断下降,对黄土梁塬、褐土、东南坡向的选择由少变多,对黄土台塬、两合土、缓坡的偏向度一直处于较高水平。该文成果对于用现代的地貌、土壤数据研究史前聚落遗址分布以及对新遗址发掘具有参考价值。     

Impact of Holocene environmental change on temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites in Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province

The Huaihe River basin of Anhui is not only a transitional zone of physical geography, but also a convergent area of many cultures in China. It is one of the sensitive ecotones to global changes and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Using the field archaeological data and the sporo-pollens and the age data of the drilling cores, we analysed Neolithic cultural development and environmental evolution in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. According to the combination of some research results in archaeology with environmental evolution research, this paper discusses the relationship between culture and environment in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. The Neolithic cultural development was strongly impacted by the environmental change. The primitive culture (Shishanzi) was developed in the beginning of the Holocene Megathermal Period with distinct regional feature of the culture. From 6.5 kaBP to 5.5 kaBP, the climate changed warmer and wetter. The frequent occurrence of flood and waterlog due to such a climate regime and high sea level caused the earth’s surface environment deteriorated in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui and the interruption of the Neolithic cultural development, hence a lack of archaeological sites. From 5.5 kaBP to 4.0 kaBP, the climate changed from wet to dry, the natural environment was propitious to human survival. Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture flourished in this period. The Neolithic cultural development, the number of the sites and their distribution characteristics of the sites in the study area differed apparently from those in Central China and Shandong Province.     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址时空分布的影响

Importance has been attached to the research of the impact of Holocene environmental change on the origins of human civilization and human survival at home and abroad by the academic circles (Bevan and Rooseveit, 2003; Binford, 1997; Xia et al., 2003; Zhu…     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响

安徽淮河流域是我国自然条件多重过渡地带和古代文化交汇地区,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。利用野外考古资料和已有考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,利用钻孔孢粉、年代数据等恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,并将考古资料和环境演变研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变和古文化发展的关系。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5 kaBP~ 5.5 kaBP气候暖湿,受高海面和洪涝灾害等的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5 kaBP~4.0 kaBP气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。与中原、山东地区相比,本区在新石器文化发展阶段、遗址数量和分布变化等方面存在较明显差异。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

1961-2010年长江中下游地区农业洪涝灾害时空变化

为揭示长江中下游地区农业洪涝灾害的发生、分布及时空演变特征,基于1961-2010年研究区内426个气象站点的逐日降水数据,以湖北省单站洪涝等级标准为初始指标,对该指标临界值在-50~100 mm范围内进行同步增减,结合该区7省（市）的洪涝历史灾情记载和农业洪涝受灾面积,采用逐步剔除的方法筛选指标,构建分省农业洪涝等级指标并验证指标的合理性,分析该区近50年农业洪涝灾害的时空变化。结果表明：① 近50年长江中下游地区的农业洪涝灾害发生总体呈增加的趋势,但不同区域和不同年代际差异明显;② 20世纪60年代至80年代农业洪涝发生次数相对平稳,90年代洪涝明显增多,21世纪初洪涝又相对减少;③ 区域农业洪涝灾害明显呈现出江南多、江北少的分布特征。农业洪涝多发区主要集中在江西中北部、江汉平原、浙江沿海,以及安徽、江西和浙江三省交界地带。     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000?2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

巢湖流域6000-2000 aBP古聚落变更及环境变迁(英文)

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China,using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene,leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

安徽淮河流域洪涝灾害防灾减灾能力评估

采用层次分析法并融合专家意见,遵循客观性、数据获取便利性、指标量化可行性并突出主导因素等原则,构建综合防洪除涝能力、监测预警能力、抢险救灾与恢复重建能力以及灾害管理能力的洪涝灾害防灾减灾能力综合评估指标体系,对安徽淮河流域各县市洪涝灾害防灾减灾能力进行评估.评估表明:蚌埠市防灾减灾能力最高,其次为难南市、淮北市,再次为...