中国东部地区SO2, SO4=和HNO3(g)干沉降速度的季节变化

使用中国东部及其邻近地区各主要台站１９９２年全年００点和１２点（ＧＭＴ）地面及探空资料，由中尺度气象预报模式ＭＭ４产生中国东部地区地面以上大约４０ｍ高度（最低模式层）处二维温度、湿度和风场，使用污染物干沉降模块及该地区下垫面类型资料，计算出了该地区ＳＯ２，ＳＯ＝４和ＨＮＯ３（ｇ）全年干沉降速度的区域分布和季节变化。结果表明，由于受气象条件和下垫面类型的综合影响，３种污染物的干沉降速度有明显的变化。对ＳＯ２，全年区域平均极小值为０．０８８ｃｍ／ｓ，极大值为１．２７５ｃｍ／ｓ，平均值为０．４３０ｃｍ／ｓ；对ＳＯ＝４，分别为０．０１４ｃｍ／ｓ，０．２８７ｃｍ／ｓ和０．１１８ｃｍ／ｓ；对ＨＮＯ３（ｇ），分别为０．０６０ｃｍ／ｓ，５．２５０ｃｍ／ｓ和１．１２３ｃｍ／ｓ。ＳＯ２干沉降速度极大值分布在巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠一带，对ＳＯ＝４和ＨＮＯ３（ｇ），除在上述沙漠地带有一极大值区域外，在靠近四川的云贵高原尚有另一极大区。对１９９２年全年来说，ＳＯ２和ＨＮＯ３（ｇ）干沉降速度极大值均出现在七月份，分别为０．５５２ｃｍ／ｓ和１．５１８ｃｍ／ｓ；而对ＳＯ＝４，干沉降速度极大值出现在九月份，其值为０．０９６ｃｍ／ｓ。这些值     

Taylor定量余项中θ的渐近性和拓广

给出带有ｍ－１项断裂项ｎ＋ｍ阶Ｔａｙｌｏｒ定理余项中θ的渐近估计,其估计式为θ＝（ｍ＋ｎ ｎ）＾１／ｍ＋ｏ（ｘ）。利用该估计式将Ｔａｙｌｏｒ定理推广为ｆ（ｘ）＝ｎ－１∑ｋ＝０ｆ＾（ｋ）（０）／ｋ！ｘ＾ｋ＋ｆ（ｎ）（θｎｘ）ｘ＾ｎ／ｎ！＋Ｒｎ,其中余项Ｒｎ＝（１－（１＋ｎ／ｍ＋ｎ）θｍ）ｆ＾（ｍ＋ｎ＋１）／（ｍ＋ｎ＋１）！ｘ＾ｍ＋ｎ＋１。最后举例说明该推广在近似计算中的优越性。     

黑河地区大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响

利用１９９１年２月下旬至５月中旬ＨＥＩＦＥ张掖绿洲和沙漠站大气浑浊度观测和地面辐射平衡各个分量观测资料,分析和估算了大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响,晴天大气透过率和达地面的短波辐射与大气浑浊度系数有产好的负相关,大气军浊系数增大时透过率和地面总辐射减少,大气浑浊度系数增大０．１,地面总辐射减少１．３％～１．９％,４月大气浑浊度由０．１增大到０．６,正午时刻地面总辐射减少６７．６～８５．８Ｗ／ｍ＾２     

西沙群岛大气中海盐粒子的分布特征

分析了在西沙永兴岛观测的Ｃｌ＾－海盐核资料，主要结果有：（１）东北季风期干直径大于２μｍ的Ｃｌ＾－核平均浓度８７８个／Ｌ，平均含盐量１０５．４μｇ／ｍ＾３，其中干直径大于４μｍ的特大核平均为１９０个／Ｌ，最大间观测到干直径５７μｍ的Ｃｌ＾－粒子，均较该地在１９８７年５月西南季风盛行期的观测值高。谱型呈准单调下降的幂函数递减谱。（２）随距海面高度增加海盐粒子浓度与含盐量均有所减小。（３）Ｃｌ＾－粒子     

青藏高原北部大陆气溶胶本底值特征的初步观测研究

本文分析了１９８９年８月青藏高原五道梁地区大气气溶胶粒度谱、元素组成及其分级特征的观测资料。指出五道梁地区气溶胶粒度谱曲线在０．３５－０．５５μｍ区间存在着一个因次生细粒子数急剧减少而形成的“过渡峰”。该峰是边远地区大陆本底态气溶胶粒度谱曲线特有的标识峰。文中报导了五道梁地区２个不同功能点上１９种气溶胶组成元素的浓度值及其分级分布数据，其中Ｓ为１１２．２ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，Ｐｂ为１０．３ｎｇ／ｍ＾３。浓     

低纬热带大气中的Rossby波

从热带大气波动的频率方程出发，详细分析了过去给出的低频Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的近似频率公式ω＝－βκ／［（２ｎ＋１）β／ｃ０＋κ＾２］，发现其对热带Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的性质有一定程度的歪曲。针对这一问题，经分析得到一个能更精确地表征热带Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波性质的近似频散公式ω＝－βκ／［（２ｎ＋１）β／ｃ０＋４ｎ（ｎ＋１）／（２ｎ＋１）＾２ｋ＾２］，还简要地比较了热带线性Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和孤立Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波两者的频散     

广州夏季硫酸盐巨粒子的分布特征

作者分析了１９８７年８－９月广州观的硫酸盐巨粒子资料，主要结果是：（１）干直径大于２μｍ的硫酸盐巨粒了平均浓度１．２个．Ｌ＾－１，平均含盐量３．０μｇ．ｍ＾－３，其中干直径大于４μｍ的特大粒子平均为０．６个．Ｌ＾－１，均低于南海西沙永兴岛的结果。（２）浓度谱是典型的准单调下降型幂函数递减谱，其谱型参数与永贪的结果甚为接近；质量谱在单对数坐标中为较为平直的分布，表明各谱段粒子对含盐量均有贡献。（２）     

辐射通量密度和加热率的计算结果对垂直分层的敏感性

本文利用一个一维辐射传输模式，分析了模式垂直分层对辐射通量密度和加热率计算结果的影响，以示在辐计算方案的应用中选择合理的垂直分层的必要性，结果表明：长波辐射通量和加热率对垂直分层的改变反映敏感；辐射通量最大偏差出现在对流层中层，以中纬度模式大气为例，其值为１４Ｋ／ｍ＾２（相对偏差６％）；长波冷却率的偏差在低层比较明显，最大可达１．０℃／ｄａｙ；在高原地区，垂直分层对近地层加热率的影响更为明显，偏差     

1991年江淮暴雨期地气通量与混合层结构的研究

本文用１９９１年５—７月江淮及其北部地区的地面与高空资料根据３种不同的整体公式对地表通量（动量、感热和潜热通量）进行了估算，并对混合层结构进行了研究，揭示出这次持续性特大暴雨中陆面过程的一些特征，主要结果如下：１．地表通量依赖于大气稳定度，稳定度越强，地表通量越小。不稳定状况下平均地表动量通量为０．０１５４Ｎ／ｍ２，向上的感热和潜热平均值分别为２５．７Ｗ／ｍ２和１３２．３Ｗ／ｍ２；稳定状况下，地表动量通量为０．００６Ｎ／ｍ２，感热和潜热通量平均是向下输送的，分别为－１．５Ｗ／ｍ２和２．５Ｗ／ｍ２。２．地表通量与降水过程密切有关。雨期的动量通量略小于非雨期，而雨期的感热与潜热通量明显小于非雨期，雨量越大，这两种通量愈小。３．地表通量具有明显日变化。动量、感热和潜热通量的最大值出现在下午２时左右，最小值出现在凌晨２时左右。４．混合层与雨期关系密切，雨期的混合层高度较非雨期低，这时地表感热和潜热通量小；而非雨期情况相反     

一类对称空间中元素的标准化

给出典型域ＨＱ中元素的一种标准化表示，ＨＱ＝｛Ｗ１，Ｗ２｝∈Ｃ＾２ｐ×ｅｑ│１／２（Ｗ１，Ｗ１＾－‘）－Ｗ２Ｗ＾－２’〉０，Ｋ＾（２ｐ）０（Ｗ１，Ｗ２）＝（Ｗ２１，Ｗ２）ｋ＾（２ｐ）０｝，其中Ｗ１是一２ｐ阶方阵，Ｗ２是一２ｐ×２（ｐ－ｑ）矩阵，这里ｑ≥ｐ。     

地面电晕离子对空中引雷始发过程的影响

利用已建立的“地面电晕离子的演化模式”对甘肃省平凉地区一次雷暴过程的空中电荷密度和环境电场的演化情况进行了模拟,发现地面尖端产生的电晕离子如果不被俘获便可在１ｍｉｎ左右内到达５００ｍ的高度上。对空中引雷火箭发射前的空中电场分析表明,引雷成功的关键除有足够长的导线以使导线两端的电场产生畸变外,另一个重要的条件是火箭－导线系统顶端能处于强的环境电场中以满足顶部流光的产生和持续传输。另外,低空较强的环境电场对火箭－导线系统下端下行流光的发展和空气间隙的击穿有重要的促进作用。一次空中引雷触发高度上的电场大于５０．０ｋＶ／ｍ,火箭－导线系统下行正流光持续传输的电场值为１９．０ｋＶ／ｍ,放电过程首先起始于火箭－导线系统下端正流光的产生。根据多年的实验资料,建议实际引雷试验时,以５００ｍ高度上的电场为参考来决定火箭的发射时刻,北方雷暴大于５０ｋＶ／ｍ,南方雷暴大于２５ｋＶ／ｍ。     

雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论

利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。     

Modification of atmospheric DC fields by space charge from high-voltage power lines

Corona ion discharge is responsible for a flux of small ions emanating from an overhead power line capable of modifying the ambient electrical environment. The ensuing space charge can be detected as a change in magnitude of the earth's natural DC electric field at ground level. DC field mill meters were used to measure the vertical component of electric fields upwind and downwind of 132 and 400 kV power lines. Evidence of space charge blowing downwind of power lines was observed in 21 out of 22 cases. Time series measurements recorded in the downwind direction were highly variable with fields of higher magnitude compared to those recorded upwind. Model DC field profiles were used to estimate a lower limit to the space charge density at body height arising from power lines. The average lower limit was 3000 cm⁻³ excess unipolar charges. The result suggests that between 10% and 60% of outdoor aerosols gain excess charge by the attachment of corona ions. Downwind of a 400 kV line in Somerset that was prone to excessive corona discharge, the estimated mean lower limit excess unipolar space charge density was 6000 cm⁻³, suggesting that up to 100% of aerosols gain excess charge by the attachment of corona ions. Investigations into the time variation of DC electric fields around motorways and the natural diurnal variation of the earth's DC field were also undertaken and compared to the power line data. The results show that the power line time series are clearly distinguishable from typical examples of both types of field variation, demonstrating the relatively highly charged atmospheres that generally exist around high-voltage power lines. The results are of potential public health concern, because they suggest a degree of aerosol charging that may result in a non-trivial increase in lung deposition of inhaled pollutant aerosols.     

消雷器电晕电流的测量和理论分析

迄今为止,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流及其“消雷”机理尚有争论。本文利用一种“消雷器”实测电晕电流和电场强度,并根据一次闪电后地面电场恢复特征,从理论上估算了恢复时段内电晕电流密度。结果表明,即使在电场恢复到较为稳定的时刻,测量值仍比理论值约大一个量级,而理论值和地面自然尖端产生的电晕电流在量级上相当,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流不会高于自然尖端的作用。此外,“消雷器”结构（强局地表面电场、较大电晕有效面     

空中触发闪电的下行先导及其接地行为

１９９６年夏季在江西南昌附进行的人工触发闪电野外实验中,用新开发的不接地的火箭－导线技术成功地在雷暴云下的负环境电场中触发了云对地产偿电。我们用一套成像率为１０００幅／秒的高速数字化摄像系统对下行负先导进行了观测。     

Corona processes and lightning attachment: The effect of wind during thunderstorms

A simple model of a glow corona occurring near the tip of a grounded electrode in a thundercloud electric field that can be enhanced by an approaching downward leader has been studied analytically and numerically with regard to the effect of wind. We obtained an approximate expression for corona current taking into account the (i) removal of space charge from the coronating point due to ion drift and wind and (ii) image of the charge in the ground. As the wind velocity decreases to zero, the expression tends to that obtained previously in the absence of wind. It was shown analytically and numerically that, in a thundercloud electric field, even moderate wind velocities lead to hundreds of percent increase in the corona current. This current decreases with time only slightly in a steady thundercloud electric field, as opposed to the current behavior in the absence of wind. However, even strong wind is not sufficient to affect the properties of a corona intensified in the electric field of an approaching downward leader. The occurrence of wind does not affect the conditions for initiation of an upward connecting leader from grounded objects and consequently the efficiency of lightning rods of ordinary height.     

闪电先导三维自持发展模式的建立

为研究上行先导发生发展的特征及其与地面构筑物间的相互作用,该文建立了闪电先导三维自持发展模式。该模式能够在给定雷暴云下空间电场初始分布情况、下行梯级先导始发位置及地面构筑物几何形状等参量时,进行自持发展模拟,计算出上行正先导随时间在三维空间内的头部位置、速度、电流强度、线电荷密度等物理特征量的变化。模拟发现上行正先导始发及发展过程中,其速度呈逐渐增加趋势,临近最后一跳发生前,上行正先导速度增加明显,整个过程中先导速度的变化范围为104~106 m·s-1量级,电流强度随时间也具有逐渐增加趋势,该变化趋势与光学观测得到的先导头部亮度的变化趋势相一致。该闪电先导三维自持模拟模型能够为进一步研究雷击地面构筑物特点提供参考。     

孤立金属尖端的电晕触发阈值

为了得到金属尖端在发生电晕放电时尖端处的电场强度,该文首先采用实验室实验得到不同高度、不同形状、不同材质的金属尖端发生电晕放电时的环境电场阈值;再采用有限元法计算二维泊松方程,得到尖端处电晕触发阈值,由此得出以下结论:环境电场阈值随金属尖端高度的增大基本呈线性减小趋势,随着尖端越来越尖,环境电场阈值呈先减小后增大的变化趋势;高度、形状对金属物尖端处电晕触发阈值无影响,尖端处电晕阈值为定值;给出尖端处电晕触发阈值为158.75 kV·m-1与空间分辨率的拟合公式,可为今后电晕放电数值模拟中判断电晕放电的起始时刻提供参考。     

雷暴云下空间电荷层形成的数值研究

利用一个引入了地面尖端电晕放电物理过程的二维轴对称积云起电模式，讨论了雷暴云下空间电荷层的空间分布和随时间的演化规律。在模式计算上采用了"时步分离法"，即在小时步上计算电导及各种反极性离子的复合作用，在大时步上计算平流、对流和湍流扩散项，对于不同的时间步长垂直方向采用不同的格距。通过模拟分析，得到了一些较为合理的结果。最后简单地讨论了本工作在以后需改进的地方。     

Contribution of the ground corona ions to the convective charging mechanism

The convective charging mechanism of thunderclouds is based on the vertical transport of space charge generated by corona from ground irregularities under the influence of the surface electric field. The present work estimates the amount of charge which is expected to reach cloud base by conduction and convection processes during the lifetime of a thunderstorm. This estimate is made using the numerical model PICASSO, previously designed to characterize the evolution of this corona space charge between ground level and cloud base. Experimentally determined values of surface electric field are introduced into the model in order to initiate the computation. These values are based on six events documented during four different field experiments carried out in Florida and in France. As an upper limit, the convective transport is uniformly applied as a linearly increasing vertical air speed profile and competes with the conductive transport. The fraction of the positive charge generated at the surface by corona which finally reaches the upper limit of the layer varies between 26 and 86%, essentially depending on the electric field evolution at altitude. Assuming that the vertical transport conditions remain the same over an area of 10 km×10 km, the overall charge amount can be roughly estimated. It ranges between about 63 and over 300 C. Because the present assumptions probably lead to an overestimate of these amounts, such a range suggests that the convective charging mechanism is unlikely to be able to account for the major electrification process of the thundercloud. However, it could be considered as a relevant mechanism contributing to the lower positive charge center of the thundercloud, often observed close to cloud base.