基于GIS和水质水温的矿井突水水源快速判别

针对淮南潘谢矿区新生界下含松散孔隙水与石炭系太原组石灰岩岩溶裂隙水水质接近的特殊情况,提出了基于GIS和水质水温的矿井突水水源快速判别方法。该法是利用测温钻孔的温度-深度拟合结果,构建基于GIS的利用水温识别突水水源的模型,并将其判别结果与基于水质的模糊综合评判计算的结果相结合,综合判别矿井突水水源。本法应用于潘一煤矿86-1号突水判别,实例结果显示,该法可以较好地适用于水质判别效果不佳,而含水层之间存在较大的地温差(埋深差)情况下的突水水源识别。      

煤层底板突水突变模型

本文建立了煤层底板突水的一个尖点突变 (cusp)模型 ,并分析了煤层底板失稳破坏发生突水的机制。基于定态曲面方程 ,可求得煤层底板水压应力比 Ip。当 Ip 1时 ,发生突水 ;当 Ip 1时 ,不会发生突水。基于分支曲线方程 ,可求得煤层底板突水临界采动导水裂隙带深度 h1l,当 h1 h1l 时 ,发生突水 ;当 h1 h1l 时 ,不会发生突水。     

Onset of Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Monitored by Acoustic Emission and Volumetric Deformation Measurements

In this paper, the results of laboratory studies of fracture initiation, early propagation and breakdown are reported. Three experiments were conducted on a low permeability sandstone block, loaded in a polyaxial test frame, to representative effective in situ stress conditions. The blocks were instrumented with acoustic emission (AE) and volumetric deformation sensors. In two experiments, fluids of different viscosity were injected into the wellbore, fluid injection was interrupted soon after the breakdown pressure had been reached. This allowed us to investigate hydraulic fracture initiation. In the third test, fracture initiation criteria were applied to stop hydraulic fracture propagation significantly earlier, prior to breakdown, and as it propagated a short distance from the wellbore. The analysis of AE results shows an increase in AE activity and a change in the AE spatial correlation, during the fracture initiation. This early stage of fracturing correlates strongly with the onset of rock volumetric deformation, and is confirmed by the analysis of ultrasonic transmission monitoring. The rock microstructure, after the test, was investigated by analysis of scanning electron microscope images. These indicated the development of leak-off zone near the wellbore and a dry hydraulic fracture at the farther distance from the wellbore.     

贵州赫章县珠市铁矿山矿井突水机制研究

贵州地区岩溶普遍发育,岩溶区矿产资源丰富。由于含矿层及上下部地层含水性强至极强,矿产开采过程中水害问题突出。大型地下堰塞水体是形成矿井突水的主要水体之一,因其隐蔽性高,防范难度极大。阐明大型地下堰塞水体成因及其形成矿井突水的特点,对矿山生产防水治水有重要意义。以赫章县珠市铁矿山2015年“11·22”突水事故为例,在对突水矿井开展技术调查的基础上,结合矿山水文地质条件,通过对断层构造部位的岩溶发育特点、地下水径流、赋存状态以及形成矿井突水的水源类型、各类水体形成突水特征等分析,揭示了岩溶区大型地下堰塞水体的形成机制; 阐明了该类水体形成矿井突水的一般特征及突水征兆; 明确了造成赫章县珠市铁矿山矿井突水的水源为大型地下堰塞水体,事故系矿井爆破掘进过程中揭穿大型地下堰塞水体下部岩溶管道所致。大型地下堰塞水体形成矿井突水有其独特性,针对性地开展矿井防治水工作,及时采取合理、有效的防治水措施意义重大。     

矿井水情监测与水害风险预警平台设计与实现

任何矿井水害事故均会显现不同的预兆,为夯实水害智能预警基础,明晰了感知、辨识、评估、预测及相互逻辑关系的系统建设内涵,针对不同水害类型,根据其突水机理不同,设计三大类多模式水害典型场景,建立相应突水判据,提出了确定性理论精确预测与包括大数据及深度学习在内的非确定性趋势推测两类预测方法,为智能预警系统的预测预报、预警准则及阈值设置奠定理论基础。以陕西省彬长矿区亭南矿为例,建立了动态信息、静态信息及关联信息的指标体系,将地面水文动态监测单元、井下水情环境监测单元以及采掘工作面采动动态监测单元集成,构建原位采集和突水要素预兆感知系统,实施基于关键层电性参数动态监测、关键部位单点或多点多参数监测联合布置的突水前兆信息精准获取方案,采用确定性模拟模型和非确定性智能模型,实现水害预测预警功能,基于多源数据融合和空间联动分析技术,预警系统实现了井上下全空间水害风险预警“一张图”的可视化展示。实践表明,监测预警平台理论基础扎实,预测预警效果显著。      

基于改进颗粒流声发射片的地下厂房洞室围岩局部损伤细观机制研究

通过改进的PFC-FLAC离散−连续耦合计算方法,提出了一种基于FLAC连续模型耦合区域节点速率双线性插值的PFC颗粒流声发射片模拟方法以及基于声发射强度的围岩破坏区深度细观角度判别方法,并将其应用于地下厂房洞室开挖面、岩锚吊车梁与岩壁接触面等局部围岩损伤细观机制与破化特性研究。研究结果表明：浅层围岩接触力链逐渐稀疏,大量微裂纹发育并汇集成宏观裂隙,最终出现浅层破裂区,呈拉裂破坏;随着距离开挖面的增大,围岩从开挖前期受力较大产生破坏、到开挖后期只有少量微裂纹产生,对应了围岩回弹卸荷区深度。在岩壁围岩劣化和吊车梁超载的情况下,吊车梁与岩壁竖直接触面和倾斜接触面分别发育大量拉裂纹和剪裂纹,宏观表现为拉裂破坏与滑移破坏。上述分析结果与三维有限元方法相一致,并弥补了后者围岩破坏显示方法单一、难以描述围岩损伤程度变化的缺点,为研究地下厂房洞室大变形与应力集中部位的宏细观特性与损伤机制提供参考。     

海底隧道涌水量数值计算的渗透系数确定方法

海底隧道的建设往往伴随着高风险,而水害则是海底隧道建设期间风险最主要的来源之一,隧道涌水对施工安全与建成后的运营成本控制有着重要影响,因此,对海底隧道进行涌水量预测便显得尤为重要。数值计算方法是当前涌水量预测中应用最广的方法之一,而计算涌水量过程中最关键的问题之一是渗透系数的确定。以青岛胶州湾海底隧道工程为背景,通过数值计算、模型试验与现场监测数据分析等手段相结合的方法,对海底隧道建设期涌水量的预测进行了研究。首先进行海底隧道开挖后涌水量现场监测,得到开挖后涌水量变化曲线;再采用数值计算方法对围岩渗透系数的取值进行反分析,对渗透系数进行不断修正,并在数值计算中成功拟合实测涌水量曲线,所得到的渗透系数即为数值计算中应采用的合理渗透系数。在结合试验段地质情况的基础上将合理渗透系数与前期地勘压水试验得到的渗透系数进行比对,得到两者之间的关系。并通过模型试验的手段对以上结论进行验证。将其应用到海底隧道的涌水量预测中,通过正演数值计算预测围岩相似洞段的涌水量,其结果对海底隧道涌水量预测有一定的参考意义。     

岩溶突水治理浆材的试验研究

以深部地下工程的加固和高压突水治理为研究对象,对一种新型化学注浆材料的化学反应封堵机制进行了可行性分析,并针对化学浆液的流动性、渗透性、抗冲刷性以及固结体的强度、水质毒理等因素进行了室内试验研究,详细地分析了浆液的物理化学特征,给出了浆液最佳配比值以及相应的性能指标。结合高压突水工程实例,开展现场注浆封堵试验,检验浆材用于突水封堵治理的可行性,并与超细水泥、水泥-水玻璃、尿醛树脂等常见注浆材料的封堵效果进行对比。试验结果表明：该化学浆液具有反应块、强度高、抗冲刷性强、无毒以及良好的渗透性和遇水膨胀功能,在现场应用中表现出良好的可控性和可泵性以及理想的注浆效果,与水泥类和一些常用化学浆材相比,具有运输快捷、配料方便、工艺简单的优点,所得结论对后续研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

隐晶质玄武岩破裂演化及破坏特征试验研究

隐晶质玄武岩是白鹤滩水电站超大规模地下厂房洞室群中广泛揭露出的主要围岩类别之一,且普遍赋存隐微裂隙,开挖过程中展现出特殊的力学响应特征。综合采用CT扫描、高速摄像、声发射、扫描电镜等手段,分析了隐晶质玄武岩的变形破坏特征、裂纹扩展及声发射演化规律等,并探讨了其细观破坏机制。结果表明:完整试样应力-应变曲线光滑,加载至峰值强度时瞬间爆裂,声发射信号异常集中,碎裂破坏;含隐微裂隙试样应力-应变曲线呈锯齿状,出现多次表面剥落,整个过程声发射信号非常活跃,以劈裂破坏为主;含宏观裂隙试样应力-应变曲线呈双峰或多峰状,峰前原生裂隙局部滑移,第1次峰值时宏观破裂面形成,声发射信号集中于峰值应力跌落瞬间,以剪切破坏为主。隐晶质玄武岩细观破坏机制主要为矿物颗粒沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂。研究成果为准确认识并科学掌握白鹤滩地下厂房洞室群围岩的力学响应及其破裂演化特征奠定了坚实基础,也可为硬脆岩体高应力破坏的认识和灾害控制提供参考和借鉴。     

基于多元监测信息融合分析的突水灾害状态判识方法

突水灾变演化过程中伴随着防突结构内的岩土体的信息变化,通过对潜在突水通道围岩多物理场信息进行深度融合分析,揭示了多元信息的逻辑共生关系,建立了突水演化状态判识的理论方法。从岩体渐进破坏突水与充填结构失稳突水两种典型的突水相似模型试验入手,建立了多元监测信息与量化表征函数的关联性。基于主成分分析理论揭示了多参量间的逻辑共生关系,确定了围岩多物理场信息对突水灾害的影响权重,这为突水灾害监测设计与预警提供了理论依据。结合函数拟合曲线中表征函数变化趋势发生转变的极值点与驻点,建立了突水灾害演化状态综合判识方法,最终将两种突水类型的演化阶段划分为：平静期、发展期、突变期和灾后期,并提出了任意时刻下突水灾害发生概率的能量判别方法,该理论方法为隧道及地下工程突水灾害监测预警提供了参考。     

Study of a roof water inrush prediction model in shallow seam mining based on an analytic hierarchy process using a grey relational analysis method

Mining-induced water inrush is a sudden and destructive underground disaster caused by a mining disturbance. This disaster occurs frequently in the northern region of Shaanxi province in China due to overburden fractures in shallow seam mining, which pose a great threat to residents’ safety. It is therefore essential to construct an accurate prediction model. This study first applies selection hierarchy analysis to the main controlling factors of roof water inrush to study their weights using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) including five factors: surface water catchment features, wateriness of the aquifer, water-resistant characteristics of aquiclude, combined influence of overburden, and mining disturbance characteristics. The grey relational analysis (GRA) method is used to calculate the correlation degree of each water inrush. The AHP-GRA method presents a comprehensive evaluative model combining the advantages of both approaches to analyze mining safety. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of the roof water inrush prediction model in shallow seam mining are established. Secondly, risk prediction of roof water inrush points and comprehensive water inrush is determined using engineering examples from the Hanjiawan coal mine. Results indicate that during safety mining, water inflow data are consistent with our prediction, thereby substantiating the model’s accuracy and providing a new method for predicting roof water inrush in shallow seam mining.     

Using random forest for the risk assessment of coal-floor water inrush in Panjiayao Coal Mine,northern China

Coal-floor water-inrush incidents account for a large proportion of coal mine disasters in northern China, and accurate risk assessment is crucial for safe coal production. A novel and promising assessment model for water inrush is proposed based on random forest (RF), which is a powerful intelligent machine-learning algorithm. RF has considerable advantages, including high classification accuracy and the capability to evaluate the importance of variables; in particularly, it is robust in dealing with the complicated and non-linear problems inherent in risk assessment. In this study, the proposed model is applied to Panjiayao Coal Mine, northern China. Eight factors were selected as evaluation indices according to systematic analysis of the geological conditions and a field survey of the study area. Risk assessment maps were generated based on RF, and the probabilistic neural network (PNN) model was also used for risk assessment as a comparison. The results demonstrate that the two methods are consistent in the risk assessment of water inrush at the mine, and RF shows a better performance compared to PNN with an overall accuracy higher by 6.67%. It is concluded that RF is more practicable to assess the water-inrush risk than PNN. The presented method will be helpful in avoiding water inrush and also can be extended to various engineering applications.     

断层破碎带隧道突水突泥灾变演化模型试验研究

为研究断层破碎带隧道开挖扰动作用下突水、突泥灾变演化过程,建立了三维地质模型试验系统,以江西永莲隧道F2断层突水、突泥灾害为例,通过大量的材料配比及物理力学性能参数测试,研制出适用于流-固耦合模型试验的新型断层及正常围岩相似材料,对隧道突水、突泥灾害进行研究。试验结果有效地揭示了无支护条件下断层破碎带隧道的洞周位移、渗流压力、应力-应变以及突出物质量等特征参数对时效性的响应规律。随着时间的增长,渗流压力整体呈上升趋势,越靠近开挖面其波动范围及幅度越大;突出物质量在发生突水、突泥灾害前出现短时减小后迅速增加;洞周围岩拱顶以竖向位移为主,而拱腰以水平位移为主;在相同相应力状态下,拱腰位置应变比拱顶位置大。将试验灾变特征与现场实际演化过程进行对比分析,两者结果较为吻合。该系统可广泛应用于其他地下工程的模型试验研究,其研究方法及结果对类似工程研究具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

不同类型储层岩石三轴压缩变形破裂与声发射特征研究

随着页岩气开采、废水回注和CO₂地质封存工程活动的进行,储层应力环境改变诱发地震的问题得到广泛关注,研究储层岩石变形破裂和声发射规律对于理解诱发地震活动具有重要意义。本文选取了页岩、致密砂岩和白云岩开展三轴压缩声发射试验,获取了空间裂缝形态,揭示了不同类型储层岩石的变形破裂过程和声发射特征。结果表明:(1)页岩的扩容应力与峰值应力比最高,其次为白云岩和致密砂岩,表明页岩主要发生脆性破坏。(2)岩石结构对裂缝扩展和强度具有明显影响,页岩层理发育,抗压强度和裂缝形态各向异性显著。当层理角度为0°时,试样发生剪切-拉张复合型破坏。当层理角度为30°和60°时,试样主要发生剪切破坏。当层理角度增大至90°时,试样主要发生拉张破坏。致密砂岩破裂形成剪切主裂缝,白云岩形成两条剪切主裂缝和微裂缝。(3)不同类型储层岩石破裂过程声发射特征差异显著。页岩在扩容应力点附近有少量声发射活动,达到峰值应力时,声发射活动迅速增强。致密砂岩仅在破裂瞬间有少量声发射活动。相比之下,白云岩在裂缝非稳定扩展阶段和峰后阶段声发射活动显著。因此,在工程实践中需要根据微震监测调整施工措施,避免页岩作为储盖层发生脆性破坏和白云岩储层改造诱发地震。     

可变倾角单裂隙动水注浆模型试验研究

突涌水灾害对地下工程危害严重,实践表明,注浆是治理突涌水灾害的有效方法。近年来,裂隙岩体注浆理论的研究成为热点,但裂隙动水注浆理论发展缓慢,不能有效指导工程实践。在水平裂隙动水注浆U型扩散理论基础上,研发可变倾角小比例裂隙动水注浆模型试验系统,开展多组室内模型试验,研究倾角对裂隙动水注浆扩散规律的影响机制,同时,利用COMSOL软件对一定倾角的裂隙动水注浆扩散进行数值模拟。研究表明：当裂隙水平时,满足U型扩散形态;当裂隙存在倾角时,在动水水头差和浆液自身重力因素作用下,浆液呈现彗星状扩散形态;相同扩散效果下,注浆速率随裂隙倾角的增加呈抛物线型增长规律,增加注浆速率可以保持注浆孔附近相对于其周边区域的浓度梯度优势。该研究结论对于目前裂隙动水注浆理论是一种重要补充,对指导突涌水灾害治理有一定的实践意义。     

断层破碎带突水突泥演化特征试验研究

为了研究富水断层破碎带隧道突水突泥灾害演化机制,自行研制了一套可考虑质量迁移及地应力状态的大型室内突水突泥试验系统。利用该装置开展了不同水压加载方式、不同破碎带介质参数等条件的断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化过程模拟试验。结果表明：（1）断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化是渗流?侵蚀强耦合过程,在水压作用下,破碎带介质中的细颗粒首先发生迁移,导致充填介质孔隙结构增加,进而加速细颗粒流失,促使涌水率不断增长,随着细颗粒不断迁移流失,水流流态由层流转换为紊流,最终诱发突水突泥灾害;（2）破碎带介质初始孔隙率和施加水压越大越易诱发突水突泥,介质渗流演化特征越明显,渗流场参量如渗透率、孔隙率、雷诺数增加越快,且渗流场参量演化曲线出现突增现象;（3）梯度水压加载模式下断层破碎带介质较恒定水压加载条件下突水突泥演化特征更明显,介质发生突水突泥的临界水压更小。在此基础上,基于涌水率?时间（Q-t）、水力梯度?涌水率（i-Q）关系的流态转换分析和基于渗透率?水力梯度（k-i）关系的渗透性演化特征,建立了断层破碎带渗透演化特征概化模型。该研究结果对于断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化机制与防治措施具有一定的理论指导价值。     

不同倾角节理组和锚固效应对岩体特性的影响

首先采用DDARF(discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure)分析方法对双裂隙岩块进行单轴和双轴压缩模拟试验,研究了裂隙角度和侧向应力大小对岩块特性的影响,得到了裂隙岩块在这两种加载试验中的破坏过程、应力-应变曲线以及岩块中裂隙的起裂应力和岩块的峰值强度。在双轴压缩模拟试验中绘制了裂隙角度为45°的岩块在不同侧向压力下的强度包络线。其次,采用DDARF分析方法模拟劈裂试验中含裂隙试块的锚固效果,得到了4种不同锚固角度试块的轴向荷载–位移变化曲线和裂隙扩展规律。模拟结果与前人的类似条件下的试验结果相符良好。随后又将双裂隙试块双轴压缩模拟试验中得到的参数运用到一个地下洞室的工程实例中,用等效力学特性的方法分析对比了完整岩体和节理岩体洞室开挖完成后的破损状态的差异。最后运用DDARF分析方法研究了随机生成4组节理岩体的地下洞室的稳定性,得到了洞室节理围岩的裂隙扩展过程。同时通过对关键点位移的监测分析了锚杆的锚固效应。     

Application of an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model to the Criticality Assessment of Water Inrush in a Mine: a Case Study

This paper presents a case study of water inrush on a mine working face from roof strata. The flow-rock failure process analysis (F-RFPA^2D) code with an improved flow-stress-damage (FSD) model was adopted to perform the failure and coupling analysis. The improved FSD model was used to represent the permeability variation at the four stages (elastic, damaged, cracked, and crack closure) of the rock failure process. The fracture initiation, propagation, and coalescence in the stressed strata and the seepage field evolution in the stress field are represented visually during the whole process of water inrush. The failure zone with high permeability induced by mining disturbance becomes the water-conducting zone after full excavation of the coal seam. The height of the water-conducting zone obtained in this study is in reasonable accordance with that predicted by an empirical formula. It is definitely clarified that the water inrush from the roof strata is induced by the failure zone full of vertical coalesced mine fractures. It is unlikely that roof accidents resulting in water inrush would occur if the water-conducting zone does not grow upwards into the aquifer. The main task for mine extraction under a confined aquifer is to locate the aquifer and find the maximum height of the water-conducting zone, which is very important for mine construction and support design.     

Application and evaluation of ground surface pre-grouting reinforcement for 800-m-deep underground opening through large fault zones

Faults are complex geological conditions that are commonly encountered during underground excavation. Many support schemes, such as using a single pilot heading method and 30-m-long borehole pre-grouting, have been implemented during the pilot excavation of an 800-m-deep underground opening that passes through large fault zones in East China. However, various geo-hazards, including groundwater inrush, debris flow, and roof collapse, are still occurring, which seriously threaten tunneling safety. To eliminate the geo-hazards and ensure tunneling safety, ground surface pre-grouting (GSPG) was proposed and implemented for the first time to reinforce the regional engineering rock mass for this proposed 800-m-deep underground opening passing through large fault zones. The minimum grouting pressure of GSPG at a depth of 800 m below the surface is put forward based on hydraulic fracturing theory, providing valuable guidance for GSPG engineering practice. Engineering practice demonstrates that GSPG eliminates geo-hazards, improves the objective rock mass stability, and ensures tunneling safety. Field measurements indicate that the displacement velocity of the surrounding rock shows an obvious fluctuation response under the influence of GSPG, and the impact of GSPG on the stability of the 800-m-deep underground opening that has been excavated dramatically decreases as the distance from the grouting borehole increases. Moreover, there is a strong negative exponential correlation between the maximum velocity of deformations and the distance from the grouting borehole. In addition, the safe distance underground during GSPG is greater than 137 m.     

水平薄层岩体中大跨度地下洞室工程地质研究

山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩为水平薄层岩层,工程竣工发电已多年,施工及运行期安全,但工程开工前,还没有在水平薄层岩体中开挖大跨度高边墙地下洞室的成功范例,鉴于此,以山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程为依托,从工程地质角度,对水平薄层围岩岩性特征、岩体结构特征、岩体力学特性、大跨度高边墙地下洞室围岩分类、围岩变形特征等方面进行了研究,依据研究成果,对洞室开挖支护施工、围岩变形监测等进行了分析,依据围岩变形监测成果对围岩力学参数进行了反演,验证了前期勘察成果,取得了在水平薄层状地质环境中开挖大型地下洞室的宝贵经验,进而为在水平薄层状地质体中修建大跨度、高边墙地下洞室提供了更多的技术支持,对此类不良地质条件下大型地下洞室群建设具有重要的指导意义。