大型地下洞室围岩分类相关性分析及应用

大型地下洞室岩体质量受诸多因素影响,围岩分类相对复杂,综合运用几种围岩分类方法有利于准确确定围岩的综合类别。在试验资料和长期现场地质工作的基础上,利用RMR、Q、HC、BQ及RMi分类方法,对大岗山水电站代表性洞室主厂房围岩进行分类,并通过对分类结果的回归分析,得出Q值与RMR值、HC值,RMi值与HC值、RMi值与RMR值呈指数关系,相关系数依次为0.91、0.82、0.87、0.94; Q值与RMi值呈乘幂关系,RMR值与HC值呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0.90、0.85;[BQ]值与HC值、RMR值呈线性关系,而与Q值、RMi值分别呈指数、对数关系,相关系数依次为0.49、0.38、0.38、0.40。研究结果表明,RMR、Q、HC及RMi分类方法相关性好,可互相补充、验证,有效应用于工程实践中; BQ分类与另4种分类相关性较差,在该水电站及类似工程中适用性相对较小。     

基于岩体精细化描述的围岩分类及力学参数概率分布特征分析

针对目前水电站地下厂房工程中不同围岩分类方法存在评价结果不一致、围岩力学参数存在室内试验值与实际情况不吻合的现象,现推荐采用岩体精细化描述体系对围岩岩体结构进行定量化评价。将常用围岩分类方法(RMR、Q、RMi、GSI、BQ、HC)评价指标予以归纳分组,并通过各组内不同指标对比分析获得围岩分类方法中的基础评价指标。以大岗山水电站主厂房某区段为分析对象,采取现场岩体精细化地质素描与后期数据挖掘、拟合相结合方法,并依据评价指标间的关联关系,获得了基础、非基础评价指标的分布概型及对应参数,实现对该段围岩岩体精细化描述认知;基于精细化描述结果,应用Monte Carlo法生成符合各评价指标分布概型的大量随机数,而后参照各分类方法评价思路与评分流程,得到评价指标在各分类方法对应的大量随机评分值,通过归纳统计获得不同围岩分类方法评价结果的分布概型;基于各围岩分类方法评价结果与力学参数值之间的关联关系实现对力学参数概率特征分析。该分析方法与思路可为类似工程围岩质量及力学参数的精确确定提供一定借鉴,并可为实现围岩支护极限状态设计提供必要的原始参数支持。     

应用RMi法估算岩体变形模量

RMR法与Q法是国内外八、九十年代岩体质量和参数估算的常用方法,然而RMR法和Q法对质量较差的岩体不太实用,而RMi法是一种既适用于软岩又适用于硬岩的岩体质量评价和参数估算方法。本文在介绍RMi法基本原理的基础上,对贵州省鱼简河水库坝基岩体变形模量进行确定。     

The application of rock mass classification systems to underground excavation in weak limestone, Atatürk dam, Turkey

The Atatürk dam was built across the Firat River on clayey limestone. A grout curtain, providing impermeability in the left and right abutments, was done in grouting galleries. The well known rock mass classification systems for tunneling purposes [rock structure rating (RSR), rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q)] were used to classify the rock mass along these galleries. Based on RSR, RMR and Q values, the rock masses in the galleries have been classified into three different classes. Correlation between the three classification systems is discussed and suggestions are made for using rockbolt, shotcrete with wiremesh and steel ribs for supporting the rock mass.     

Analysis of support requirements for a shallow diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, Turkey

Engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, which was located at the North of Ankara, Turkey were studied in this article. The main purpose of the construction of the planned tunnel is to regulate, drainage and to provide water for irrigation purposes. The diversion tunnel runs mainly through formations of limestone, sandstone and diabase. Rock masses at the site were characterized using Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q), Rock Mass Index (RMi) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). RMR, Q, RMi and GSI were determined by using field data and mechanical properties of intact rock samples, measured in the laboratory. Support requirements for the planned diversion tunnel were determined accordingly in terms of the rock mass classification systems. Recommended support systems by empirical methods were also analyzed using 2D Finite Element method. Calculated parameters based on empirical methods were used as input parameters in the finite element models. The results from both methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that more reliable support design could be achieved by using the finite element method together with the empirical methods.     

某水电站地下厂房岩体质量分级研究

根据某水电站地下厂房各勘探平硐现场统计的基础数据,采用RMR分类、Q系统法、水电系统分类法(HC法)、BQ法对地下厂区围岩岩体质量进行了分析评价,然后综合4种方法的评价结果,得到了各硐段的综合岩体质量类别,使这4种分类法相互补充、相互验证,达到综合确定围岩类别的目的,以此作为围岩稳定性分类的基础.此外,还对不同方法所得的评价结果进行了相关性分析.     

Rock Mass Characterization and Support Assessment along Power Tunnel of Hydropower in Kohistan Area,KPK, Pakistan

This paper encompasses the engineering geological properties of rock mass along the power tunnel of hydropower in Kohistan, Khayber Pakhtun Khawa (KPK), Pakistan. The major geological units of the study area are Chilas complex (CC) and Gilgit complex (GC) that consists mostly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Discontinuity surveys were conducted to classify the rock mass by utilizing rock mass rating (RMR) and tunneling quality index (Q) classification systems. RMR system involves collection of data for parameters of rock strength, RQD, spacing of discontinuities, condition of discontinuities, groundwater condition and Q system involves rock quality designation (RQD), joint roughness (J_r), joint sets (J_s), joint alteration (J_a), stress reduction factor (SRF) and joint water reduction (J_w). RMR values ranges from 46 to 66 (fair to good) for rock unit of Chilas complex (CC) and 50 to 58 (fair) for rock unit of Gilgit complex (GC). The evaluated values of tunnel quality by Q-system are 1.55 to 6.4 (poor to fair) for Chilas complex (CC) and 1.35 to 1.84 (poor) for Gilgit complex (GC). The required support along the tunnel route is also estimated by both classification systems. Unwedge program is used to analyze the unstable zones due to the intersection of different joint sets. Total 14 cases are analyzed in Unwedge from which 3 cases have failure potential with FOS less than 1. These failure potential blocks can become stable by applying further support of rock bolting and shotcrete layer.     

Visualization of rock mass classification systems

A rock mass classification system is intended to classify and characterize the rock masses, provide a basis for estimating deformation and strength properties, supply quantitative data for mine support estimation, and present a platform for communication between exploration, design and construction groups. In most widely used rock mass classification systems, such as RMR and Q systems, up to six parameters are employed to classify the rock mass. Visualization of rock mass classification systems in multi-dimensional spaces is explored to assist engineers in identifying major controlling parameters in these rock mass classification systems. Different visualization methods are used to visualize the most widely used rock mass classification systems. The study reveals that all major rock mass classification systems tackle essentially two dominant factors in their scheme, i.e., block size and joint surface condition. Other sub-parameters, such as joint set number, joint space, joint surface roughness, alteration, etc., control these two dominant factors. A series two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and multi-dimensional visualizations are created for RMR, Q, Rock Mass index RMi and Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems using different techniques. In this manner, valuable insight into these rock mass classification systems is gained.     

Rock mass characterization by fractal dimension

Fractal theory is used in the present study to develop a more reliable method for rock mass characterization. Field studies have been carried out in opencast mines of dolomite, limestone, fluorite; sandstone and shale in coalmines. Fractal dimension of blasted fragments (D_frag) and in situ rock blocks (D_{in situ}) is calculated using size distribution curves according to Schumann's model. Based on the co-relation between Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and D_frag, it is observed that change in fractal dimension is nominal beyond the UCS value of 20. From the co-relation between Bieniawaski's Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and D_{in situ}, it is found that there is a sharp increase in fractal dimension for RMR greater than 40. Co-relation between RMR and D_frag/D_{in situ} shows that as RMR increases, D_frag/D_{in situ} ratio decreases. Rock mass classification based on fractal geometry is suggested.     

隧洞围岩分类与洞径和超欠挖之间的关系研究

岩体的地质结构特征是影响隧洞围岩超欠挖的主要因素,正确评价岩体的质量,对岩体进行分类,并研究岩体质量与隧洞超欠挖之间的关系对分析和预测隧洞超欠挖具有重要的意义。对隧洞围岩的RMR分类和Q分类与超欠挖之间的关系进行了详细研究,研究了在同类岩体条件下不同开挖洞径与隧洞超欠挖之间的关系,并由此建立了RMR分类和Q分类之间的关系,得出围岩的RMR分类和Q分类与隧洞超欠挖呈线性关系和对数线性关系,根据超欠挖建立起来的RMR分类和Q分类之间的关系比较符合工程实际。最后研究了超欠挖与围岩分类及洞径之间的复相关关系。     

隧道层状岩体质量评价的BQ分级改进

国标BQ分级方法是一种多因素、多变量、定性与定量结合的分级方法,该方法选取岩石饱和单轴抗压强度和岩体完整性指数计算出岩体基本指标,再考虑到工程岩体现场工况对其修正,既保证了分级的客观性,又降低了现场分级的难度。但在一些复杂地质条件下,如层状岩体等,BQ分级存在修正系数定性评价的局限性。由于现场工程人员的主观判断不同,导致两种岩体分级交界处往往会出现分级交错的现象。基于室内力学试验,本文阐述了层理倾角与围压对层状岩体力学参数的影响规律。采用Jaeger-Donath与Mogi-Coulomb强度准则提出针对层状岩体的结构面产状修正系数K₂以及初始地应力状态修正系数K₃的计算公式,并通过木寨岭铁路隧道围岩分级计算进行了验证。     

Parameter Study on Prediction Methods for TBM Penetration Rate

Penetration rate prediction of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) is the first step to advance prediction process of mechanized tunnelling. In this research, influence of effective parameters on TBM penetration rate is investigated by sensitivity analysis of three main TBM performance prediction methods; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), rock mass index (RMi) and Q_TBM. Based on these analyses, it is shown that applied thrust per disc and joint spacing in NTNU and RMi models have more influence on penetration rate. In Q_TBM model, Q value, applied thrust per disc and induced biaxial stress are more effective.     

高地应力条件下围岩质量分类方法研究

围岩质量分类是隧道及地下工程领域重要的技术工作之一。限于经验,目前常用的围岩质量分类方法主要适用于中低应力、低应力环境,而在高地应力地区的适宜性较差。文章结合某水电工程实例,先后采用BQ分类、HC分类、RMR分类以及Q系统分类方法,分别就4种方法分类结果的相关性、吻合率和一致性等方面开展了系列对比研究和初步的成因分析。发现无论是上述4种方法各自的分类依据和指标,还是各指标权重的大小均有较大差异。故针对高地应力环境,以及研究区高地应力条件下的岩爆问题,分别对现行Q系统分类、HC分类和RMR分类方法逐一进行了修正。如Q系统重点修正了地应力折减系数、节理粗糙度系数Jr和节理风化蚀变系数Ja;HC分类提出了考虑高地应力和岩爆烈度的地应力折减系数,而取消了强度应力比S;RMR方法主要修正了R6,并增加了地应力折减系数K等。修正后的Q、HC、RMR方法所得结果更接近实际情况。最后,基于概率统计方法,建立了采用多种方法的围岩综合分类方案。     

某电站地下厂房围岩质量综合分级

在大量现场调查、统计资料基础上，利用国际上通用的RMR分类、Q系统分类及我国的水电围岩分类方案，对某电站地下厂房围岩进行了岩体质量分级。三种围岩分类结果具有良好的一致性，围岩质量较好。     

工程岩体分类方法在小浪底工程中的应用

利用国内外常用的RMR(Rock Mass Ruting)和Q工程岩体分类体系,对小浪底工程中的地下工程进行了岩体的分类研究,并根据分类结果提出了地下工程的支护措施,估计了岩体的抗剪强度和变形模量。工程实践结果表明,分类结果是合适的,依据分类结果制定的支护方案是合适的。运行结果表明工程处于稳定状态。     

Application of Rock Mass Characterization for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass: a Comparative Study

The results of geotechnical explorations, engineering geological investigation (including laboratory and in situ tests) and field observations have been used, along with borehole logging charts, to obtain the rock mass geotechnical data. Based on the data, the rock mass along the Sabzkuh water conveyance tunnel route was classified by rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q), rock mass index (RMi) and geological strength index (GSI) (3 methods). A new series of correlations were established between the systems based on the data collected from the study area. These relationships were then compared with those reported in the literature, and two new relations were recommended. The classifications were utilized to calculate mechanical properties (rock mass strength and deformation modulus) of the rock mass along the tunnel according to available empirical relations, and to distinguish the upper-bound and lower-bound relations.     

Application of rock mass classifications: a case study from Ituango hydroelectric diversion tunnel,Colombia

ABSTRACT

The local site experience is a valuable component for the success of rock mass classification systems as tunnel design methods. The Ituango hydroelectric project is a very important source of information in order to evaluate the usefulness of the main rock mass classification systems. The objective of this research is to improve understanding of some important features of excavated rock mass, such as discontinuities, block size, shear strength and joint alteration, by analyzing some hundreds of data obtained during excavation cycle.

The field study included a survey of exposures after drilling and blasting rounds. Rock mass classification and support measures for each type of terrain along 1400 m tunnel were performed. The rock mass classes could be better explained if shear strength, alteration or block size is calculated. The assessment of these data allows evaluating the block fall risk, improving support and liner. A local correlation between the RMR and Q system was also obtained.     

隧道岩体质量智能动态分级KNN方法

施工期隧道岩体质量动态分级,是评价隧道工作面围岩质量最直接的方法,也是预防隧道施工地质灾害,决定施工开挖工法与支护措施的重要依据。由于传统的Q值法和国标BQ岩体质量分级评价方法需要进行现场和室内试验及分析,岩体质量评价时间滞后,常常降低施工效率,或错过预防突发性施工地质灾害的窗口时间,快速准确地对隧道工作面进行岩体质量分级,成为施工期公路隧道岩体质量动态分级需要解决的重要问题。人工智能算法为解决隧道岩体质量实时快速准确评价提供了方法和手段。以北京冬奥会延庆—崇礼高速公路为例,提出了工作面采用隧道掌子面图片人工智能岩体结构参数辨识,建立7个指标参数体系,采用KNN智能算法对隧道岩体质量进行评价,选取8条隧道40个工作面150个样本进行训练学习,另外选取50个样本进行岩体质量评价校验,与BQ岩体质量评价结果相比,准确率达到了90%,得出如下结论:(1)公路隧道岩体质量智能动态分级KNN方法—一种利用人工智能技术快速高效进行岩体质量动态分级的方法,能够在现场实时获得岩体质量评价结果;(2)KNN分级方法中选用了7个判定指标,综合考虑了隧道围岩体的赋存环境、岩体构造、地质结构等特性,并体现了这些指标在实际工程评判中的可操作性和适用性;(3)KNN分级方法误判率很低,在判别分类中排除了评分时人为因素的干扰,具有较强的判别能力,为TBM围岩实时分级做方法储备。     

Estimation of the performance of the tunnel boring machine (TBM) using uniaxial compressive strength and rock mass rating classification (RMR)–A case study from the Deccan traps,India

The competency of any TBM in any geological condition is determined by a rock or rock mass breakage process. A 12.24 km long tunnel between Maroshi and Ruparel College was excavated by Brihanmumbai municipal corporation (BMC) to improve water supply system of greater Mumbai, India, using open-type hard rock tunnel boring machines (TBMs). In this paper an attempt has been made to establish the relationship between rock mass characteristics i.e. RMR and UCS of the Deccan trap rocks and TBMs performance characteristics for 5.83 km long Maroshi–Vakola tunnel section of the Maroshi–Ruparel college tunnel project. To analyze the effect of variable rock mass conditions on the TBM performance, the operating parameters i.e. thrust force, torque and RPM of the machine, were recorded and intact rock strength was determined. The effect of rock mass properties on machine penetration rate (PR) and the relation with other operational parameters were analyzed. The rock strength affects the rock behaviour under compression. When the rolling cutters indent the rock, the stress exerted must be higher than the rock strength i.e.; the rock strength is directly relevant to the performance of TBM. Studies show that the penetration rate decreases with increase in uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The comparison of measured penetration rate with empirical model developed by Graham, in which, the penetration rate is computed using UCS and average thrust per cutter, showed good agreement with coefficient of determination (R²), i.e. 0.97. The study shows that the TBM performance was maximum in rock mass rating (RMR) range from 40 to 75, while slower penetration was recorded both in very poor and very good rock masses.     

某抽水蓄能电站地下洞室围岩岩体质量特征分析

采用BQ和Q两种岩体质量分级系统对某抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩岩体质量进行分级,并指明了岩体质量较差部位,结果表明,该地下洞室围岩岩体质量等级以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级为主。根据勘探平洞洞壁波速测试结果发现:Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级围岩岩体波速为4200~5300 ms-1,相应平洞岩体自稳性好,Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级围岩波速一般小于4000 ms-1,特别是Ⅴ级围岩波速一般小于2200ms-1。根据对不同分级法得到的岩体质量指标相关性分析结果表明,两种分级法得到的岩体质量指标之间呈指数关系,波速-呈线性关系。对同一工程,岩体质量评价的两种分级方法所得的分级结果不同,但是它们的分级基础是相似的,即都以地质因素为主导,因此各种分级方法之间是可以换算和对比的。