泥石流冲击弧形拦挡坝动力响应研究

Dam foundation is subjected to a larger impact force when debris flow runs up, causing stress concentration and local impact failure. To address this problem, in this study the vertical structures are optimized into arc-shaped dams. Based on the principle of momentum and energy conservation, the theoretical calculations of the impact process of debris flow and arc-shaped dam are carried out, and the formulas of impact force and maximum run-up height of debris flow are deduced. The theoretical formulas are verified through a series of physical model tests of debris flow impact arc-shaped dam. The results show that the results of the physical model are highly consistent with those of the theoretical calculations, indicating that the proposed theoretical formulas are applicable in the calculation of the impact of debris flow on arc-shaped dam. The debris velocity, impact force and the maximum run-up height are proportional to the flume slope of debris flow. The impact force and the maximum run-up height are mainly controlled by Froude number(Fr), flume slope(?), and arc-shaped radius(R). Both the impact force and the maximum run-up height have quadratic relationships with the Froude number, and are inversely proportional to the cosine of the flume slope. Compared with the rigid vertical structures, the arc-shaped dams have no signicicant influence on the maximum run-up height, but it can reduce the normal impact force on the dam considerably, and the structure strength can also be enhanced by the strengthening of local structure. This study provides a theoretical and technical support for the dam structure design.     

泥石流防治工程损毁度评价

泥石流岩土防治工程被广泛应用于泥石流灾害的治理,而工程的损毁程度会对工程的功能性产生一定的影响,并影响效益的持续发挥。文章以汶川为研究区域,选取18条泥石流沟的岩土防治工程作为研究对象,结合现场考察,对防治工程的损毁程度进行评价。评价指标体系总体上分为拦挡工程因子和排导工程因子2项,细化二级评价指标包括坝基损毁度、坝肩损毁度、坝体损毁度、基础冲刷度、结构冲击度、斜坡推力度等6项。运用模糊综合评价方法构建判断矩阵和隶属度函数,将损毁度等级划分为优、良、中、差四个等级。评价结果显示,除板子沟和登溪沟的防治工程损毁等级为差和中以外,其余泥石流沟内防治工程损毁等级均为良或优,且评价结果与现场考察一致。     

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流治理中的关键技术研究

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流灾后治理中的关键技术研究是治理工程首先需要解决的问题,包括3个关系,即泥石流流量与排导沟断面关系、泥石流冲击力与拦挡坝强度关系、泥石流物源级配与柔性防护拦疏关系。提出了长流水小排水槽、一般山洪泥石流中排导槽、特大山洪泥石流生态景观休闲大缓冲区的设计理念,解决了百年一遇泥石流对排导沟流量与断面的设计要求。提出用钢混结构重力式拦挡墙替代原有浆砌块石重力式拦挡墙,满足了坝体对冲击力与强度的关系。建议在流通区设置SNS柔性防护网,采用钢丝绳环形网在发挥拦挡的同时达到泄水的要求。研究成果对于舟曲泥石流灾后治理设计方案具有科学价值。     

Formation conditions of outburst debris flow triggered by overtopped natural dam failure

Natural dams formed by landslides may produce disastrous debris flows after dam outburst. However, studies on the critical conditions required for the formation of outburst debris flow resulting from natural dam failure are still at an early stage. In this paper, we present the results of a series of laboratory tests that assessed three different materials, five different flume bed slope angles (2°, 7°, 9°, 10°, and 13°), two in-flow rates, and four types of dam geometric shapes. The results showed that the unit weight of downstream fluid increased with increasing bed channel slope. Additionally, a critical flume bed angle was found for debris flow formation. Furthermore, the combination of lake volume and flume bed angle was found to influence the formation of debris flow. A nonlinear trend was observed between the unit weights of debris flow and the uniformity coefficients of solid material. Based on the theory of stream power, a critical condition for debris flow formation from natural dam failure was established. Based on two case studies, the results indicate that the condition that was established for debris flow formation following natural dam failure agrees well with reality.     

Initiation process of debris flows on different slopes due to surface flow and trigger-specific strategies for mitigating post-earthquake in old Beichuan County, China

The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) in China, produced an estimated volume of 28 × 10⁸ m³ loosened material, which led to debris flows after the earthquake. Debris flows are the dominant mountain hazards, and serious threat to lives, properties, buildings, traffic, and post-earthquake reconstruction in the earthquake-hit areas. It is very important to understand the debris flow initiation processes and characteristics, for designing debris flow mitigation. The main objective of this article is to examine the different debris flow initiation processes in order to identify suitable mitigation strategies. Three types of debris flow initiation processes were identified (designated as Types A, B, and C) by field survey and experiments. In “A” type initiation, the debris flow forms as a result of dam failure in the process of rill erosion, slope failure, landslide dam, or dam failure. This type of debris flow occurs at the slope of 10 ± 2°, with a high bulk density, and several surges following dam failure. “B” type initiation is the result of a gradual increase in headward down cutting, bank and lateral erosion, and then large amount of loose material interfusion into water flow, which increases the bulk density, and forms the debris flow. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 15 ± 3° without surges. “C” type debris flow results from slope failures by surface flow, infiltration, loose material crack, slope failure, and fluidization. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 21 ± 4°, and has several surges of debris flow following slope failure, and a high bulk density. To minimize the hazards from debris flows in areas affected by the Wenchuan earthquake, the erosion control measures, such as the construction of grid dams, slope failure control measures, the construction of storage sediment dams, and the drainage measures, such as construction of drainage ditches are proposed. Based on our results, it is recommend that the control measures should be chosen based on the debris flow initiation type, which affects the peak discharge, bulk density and the discharge process. The mitigation strategies discussed in this paper are based on experimental simulations of the debris flows in the Weijia, Huashiban, and Xijia gullies of old Beichuan city. The results are useful for post-disaster reconstruction and recovery, as well as for preventing similar geohazards in the future.     

基于EDEM的碎屑流运动规律及冲击性能研究

泥石流运动规律及其冲击性能对于泥石流灾害的影响范围及严重程度具有重要决定意义。出于泥石流这类多相介质的复杂性,本文采用离散元仿真软件EDEM 2018对碎屑流冲击流槽试验进行了数值模拟研究,考虑流槽坡度、底部拦挡结构角度以及颗粒级配的影响,在已有研究成果的基础上对固体颗粒运动过程及冲击性能展开了系统研究。本文将数值模拟结果与现存试验数据进行了对比分析,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性,在此基础上得出了以下结论:(1)在拦挡结构角度与颗粒级配相同的情况下,流槽坡度越大,对应的碎屑流运动速度与冲击力的峰值也越大;(2)在流槽坡度与级配相同的情况下,拦挡结构越陡,与其相互作用的固体颗粒数量越多,碎屑流越快达到速度和冲击力峰值,且对应的速度与冲击力峰值也越大;(3)在运动过程中,各颗粒级配的碎屑流均出现反序现象,且细颗粒含量的提升可提高碎屑流运动速度,但同时冲击力降低,而粗颗粒含量的提升可增大碎屑流对拦挡结构的冲击力,对于运动速度的影响较小。     

Susceptibility analysis of large-scale debris flows based on combination weighting and extension methods

Susceptibility is an important issue in debris flow analysis. In this paper, 26 large-scale debris flow catchments located in the Wudongde Dam site were investigated. Seven major factors, namely, loose material volume per square kilometer, loose material supply length ratio, average gradient of the main channel, average hill slope, drainage density, curvature of the main channel, and poor vegetation area ratio, were selected for debris flow susceptibility analysis. Geographic information system, global positioning system, and remote sensing, collectively known as 3S technologies, were used to determine major factors. Weights of major factors affecting debris flow susceptibility were determined. This paper applied the combination weighting method, which considers both the preference of the engineers for major factors and the objective major factor information by using analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. Combination weights of major factors for the investigated 26 debris flow catchments are 0.20, 0.12, 0.20, 0.10, 0.08, 0.19, and 0.11, respectively. Combination weights follow the order of loose material volume per square kilometer = average gradient of the main channel > curvature of the main channel > loose material supply length ratio > poor vegetation area ratio > average hill slope > drainage density. This paper applied extension theory, which is used to solve incompatibility and contradiction problems, to determine susceptibility. Susceptibility results show that the susceptibility of 4 debris flow catchments are very low, 13 are low, 8 are moderate, and 1 is high. Assessment results exhibit consistency with the activity analysis.     

浅层滑坡诱发沟谷泥石流的地形和降雨条件

2011年贵州省望谟县打易镇的大范围浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流提供了研究这类泥石流地形和降雨条件的机会。在地质条件一致和小区域内的降雨条件基本一致的情况下,地形条件就是这些泥石流暴发与否的唯一决定因素。对比一些重要的地形因素与泥石流暴发的关系,得出了由流域面积、沟床纵比降和25°~45°山坡坡度面积比组成的泥石流综合地形因子T。在地形因子T的基础上,研究获得了由前期降雨量、1 h降雨强度、年平均降雨量等组成的降雨因子R。由地形因子T和降雨因子R获得的临界条件P可以判断该区域的泥石流暴发。由于研究工作部分基于泥石流的形成机理,研究成果还可用于其他区域的泥石流形成预测,为泥石流的预测预报提供了一个较好的方法。     

某水电站某泥石流沟综合治理概述

某水电站某泥石流沟内常年流水,属季节性排洪沟谷,水动力类型为暴雨,沟内松散物源丰富,具有泥石流发生条件。在上游区以拦挡泥石流为主,通过修建拦挡措施,减少形成泥石流的固体物质,在下游区以防水、边坡防护及引流等措施,通过修建溢流坝截断上游水流对沟内堆渣体渗流影响;通过修建排洪渠及排洪洞引流;通过削坡、修坡进行边坡维护加固。确保了导流洞出口及上下行交通洞进出口的施工期安全及运行安全。     

Mapping debris flow susceptibility using analytical network process in Kodaikkanal Hills,Tamil Nadu (India)

Rapid debris flows, a mixture of unconsolidated sediments and water travelling at speeds > 10 m/s are the most destructive water related mass movements that affect hill and mountain regions. The predisposing factors setting the stage for the event are the availability of materials, type of materials, stream power, slope gradient, aspect and curvature, lithology, land use and land cover, lineament density, and drainage. Rainfall is the most common triggering factor that causes debris flow in the Palar subwatershed and seismicity is not considered as it is a stable continental region and moderate seismic zone. Also, there are no records of major seismic activities in the past. In this study, one of the less explored heuristic methods known as the analytical network process (ANP) is used to map the spatial propensity of debris flow. This method is based on top-down decision model and is a multi-criteria, decision-making tool that translates subjective assessment of relative importance to weights or scores and is implemented in the Palar subwatershed which is part of the Western Ghats in southern India. The results suggest that the factors influencing debris flow susceptibility in this region are the availability of material on the slope, peak flow, gradient of the slope, land use and land cover, and proximity to streams. Among all, peak discharge is identified as the chief factor causing debris flow. The use of micro-scale watersheds demonstrated in this study to develop the susceptibility map can be very effective for local level planning and land management.     

地形因素对白龙江流域甘肃段泥石流灾害的影响及权重分析

白龙江流域甘肃段是我国四大泥石流灾害多发地区之一,其中地形条件是形成泥石流的关键因素。文章在实地调查研究区内发育的1 008条泥石流沟的基础上,通过统计分析沟床比降、沟坡坡度、流域面积和相对高差4个主要地形因素数据与泥石流灾害的类型及易发程度的关系,研究其对泥石流灾害形成的影响。通过熵权法计算4个因素的权重,由权重大小排序分析了它们对泥石流灾害形成的贡献程度。结果表明:在200‰~400‰区间内的沟床比降、坡度大于30°的沟坡、相对高差大于300 m的山体、小于10 km2的流域面积对泥石流的形成和运动最为有利;对泥石流灾害形成贡献程度最大的为沟床比降,其次为相对高差和流域面积,最小的为沟坡坡度。该研究结果对此区域内泥石流灾害的监测预警及防治有一定指导意义。     

An experimental study on controlling post-earthquake debris flows using slit dams

Post-earthquake debris flows often break out in groups frequently, which are usually caused by the abundant loose solid materials that produced by earthquake. Slit dams represent a practical and effective kind of countermeasure for controlling the post-earthquake debris flow. Flume experiments were carried out to study the interaction mechanism and the effect of slit dams on the post-earthquake debris flows. The results showed that affected by the slit dams, some certain types of deposits formed on the upstream. The steeper the flume slope, as well as the greater the width and the density of slits, the easier the lateral deposit became “V” shaped. Otherwise, the lateral deposit was more likely to be “–?” shaped. When the flume slopes were 12°, 16° and 20°, the profiles of the deposits would be long-shallow type, short-thick type and short-shallow type, respectively. The slope of the deposition first decreases and then increases with the flume slope increasing within a certain range. The slit dam can trap the coarse sand and discharge the fine sand. The maximum attenuation rate can reach 44.4%. The effect of this capacity gradually weakens as the flume slope is increased. When the width or the density of slits is smaller, the greater the rate of decrease in peak sand discharge and the greater the effect of peak cutting will be. The reduction in the sediment storage rate is likely due to the increase in the width and the density of the slits. With the increase in flume slope, the sediment storage rate first increases, then decreases, which reaches a maximum value when the flume slope is 16°.     

泥石流防治措施与冲击力研究进展

泥石流是一种世界范围内各个历史时期均普遍发生的地质灾害现象,尤其频发于地震多发的山地地区,每年均给人民的生命财产造成重大损失.为了应对这种暴发突然,来势凶猛,破坏力强的泥石流灾害,一系列防治措施应运而生.系统总结泥石流的防治措施.泥石流的防治措施可分为结构化措施和非结构化措施.其中结构化措施包括拦挡坝、拦挡网、导流渠、沉淀池和植被防护措施等,其设计依据可通过泥石流冲击力模型获取.泥石流冲击力模型可分为静力模型、动力模型.非结构化措施即建立泥石流预警和预报系统体系.      

The formation and failure of debris flow-dams,background, key factors and model tests: case studies from China

Temporary dams can be formed by the sudden injection of debris flow into main streams by some favorable geomorphologic and hydraulic conditions, resulting in extensive inundations upstream and catastrophic floods downstream due to dam breaches and consequently dramatic changes of channels and valleys. Expeditious means of assessing dam-forming potential are necessary, particularly in geologically active regions. Complete blockages or dam formations are significantly related to the discharge ratio and velocity ratio between the tributary and the main stream, the bulk density of the debris flow, confluent angles and the degree of unevenness of grain sizes. In order to set up a critical index/C for dam formation, 19 groups of flume tests were conducted. The results showed that there were three types of blockage in the intersections, and dam-forming processes were mainly controlled by the product of the dimensionless momentum ratio and the degree of unevenness of grain sizes in the debris flow. Complete blockages or dam formations occurred when C > 83.4, whereas semi-blockages were formed or no dams were formed when C < 71.5, which had been judged to be feasible by historical instances of dam formation in China. Dam failures commonly resulted from overtopping. No piping was observed in the course of dam failure, and the time elapsed between dams can be denoted by a linear relation with the momentum ratio.     

泥石流拦挡坝优化设计

拦挡坝设防高度决定着库容,因此确定合理的设防高度在拦挡坝的设计中极为重要。在坝址确定的情况下提高拦挡坝的设防高度可以加大库容,增强防治工程的抗灾能力,但其泄洪能力会受到影响,因此拦挡坝的库容与其泄洪能力是矛盾的。既有设计理论中泥石流峰值流量按照全流域面积汇水输沙总量计算,该理论认为每个拦挡坝的设计洪峰流量是相同的,而实质上对于流域面积大的泥石流沟,设置在上游、中游及下游的拦挡坝由于汇水面积的差异而导致泥石流峰值流量相差较大,本文作者提出了按有效汇流面积计算泥石流峰值流量的优化设计方法,用该方法设计的拦挡坝的溢流断面面积较小,从而达到提高设防高度,增大库容,提高拦挡坝的容灾能力。     

Regional debris flow susceptibility analysis based on principal component analysis and self-organizing map: a case study in Southwest China

A method was developed to analyze the susceptibilities of 541 regional basins affected by debris flows at the Wudongde Dam site in southwest China. Determining susceptibility requires information on source material quantity and occurrence frequency. However, the large number of debris flows can hinder the individual field investigation in a each small basin. Factors that may trigger debris flows can be identified using remotely sensed interpretation information. Susceptibility analysis can then be conducted based on these factors. In this study, SPOT5 satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEM), a lithology distribution map, and rainfall monitoring data were used to identify 12 debris flow trigger factors: basin relief ratio, slope gradient in the initiation zone, drainage density, downslope curvature of the main channel, vegetation coverage, main channel aspect, topographic wetness index, Melton’s ruggedness number, lithology, annual rainfall, form factor, and cross-slope curvature of the transportation zone. Principal component analysis was used to obtain the eight principal components of these factors that contribute to susceptibility results. Then, a self-organizing map method was adopted to analyze the principal components, which resulted in a debris flow susceptibility classification. Field validation of 26 debris flow basins was used to evaluate the errors of the susceptibility classification, as well as assess the causes of such errors. The study found that principle component analysis and self-organizing map methodologies are good predictors of basin susceptibility to debris flows.     

地形地貌条件对兰州市泥石流灾害形成影响分析

通过对兰州市地质灾害详细调查确定的各类泥石流灾害点148处的统计,统计分析了地形地貌主要表现在沟床比降、沟坡坡度、流域面积、相对高差、流域形态和沟壑密度对泥石流控制影响分析,并对泥石流有主要控制影响的沟床比降、沟坡坡度、流域面积、相对高差4项进行了相关性分析,对该区域泥石流灾害的预警预报有一定的指导意义。     

An analysis of the supply process of loose materials to mountainous rivers and gullies as a result of dry debris avalanches

A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake.     

推移质翻越低坝输移特性的试验研究

对于山区河流低坝而言，平时淤积在坝前的推移质粗沙可能会在洪水期集中翻越坝顶，形成高强度输沙。本文开展水槽试验，研究推移质粗沙自上游起动、推进、再翻越坝顶后向下游输移的过程，分析了输沙参数的变化特性及数理规律，描述了翻坝输沙模式及运动特征，揭示了输沙规律与河床形态之间的自然联系。取得如下认识：①输沙量随时间大致以幂函数规律增长。②低坝附近区域河床形态终将趋于稳定，上游和下游均形成相对稳定的曲面斜坡淤积体。③在不同的水流强度下推移质翻坝输移模式存在差异。对于一般水流强度工况，上游淤积体曲面斜坡表面泥沙颗粒以滚动或滑动模式起动，推移至接近坝顶位置时再跃移翻坝，后向下游输移；对于更高水流强度工况，后期的翻坝输沙模式可能发生显著转变，周期性边壁漩涡成为翻坝输沙的主要动力来源。     

Effect assessment of debris flow mitigation works based on numerical simulation by using Kanako 2D

Mitigation works are very essential for mitigation of debris-flow hazards in mountainous areas. Usually, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of existing mitigation works in a catchment. This paper presented a method for quantitative assessment of debris flow mitigation measures by using Kanako system, a user-friendly GUI-equipped debris flow simulator that allows good visualization and easy interpretation. Kanako 2D (Ver. 2.04) was applied to a case study at Caijia Gully, Sichuan Province, China. Mitigation works including check dams, drainage channel, and deposition basin were constructed in the gully in 2001 and 2006. Kanako 2D can simulate debris flow from steep area to alluvial fan. 1D simulation was applied for assessing the effect of the check dams at the lower part of the gully, and 2D simulation was applied for the effect of the drainage channel and deposition basin on the alluvial fan. The simulation results indicate that debris flow will cause great damage to residential area on the alluvial fan if mitigation measures were not implemented in the gully. For old dams which have been filled up with deposits of previous debris flows, the results show that they still have the function for controlling debris flow due to the gradient reduction of the channel bed in front of the dams by the trapped debris flow deposition. After the comprehensive control of debris flow including trapping, drainage, and deposition in the gully, the simulation results indicate that the risk on the alluvial fan can be reduced to an acceptable level.