空间关系及其应用

GIS中的空间关系主要描述空间对象之间的各种关系,为GIS的分析提供基本的理论和方法支持。空间关系主要包括距离关系、方向关系、拓扑关系及空间关系相似性等。从空间关系的内涵来讲,空间关系模型应该能够反映目标尺度、人类认知、目标层次、现象的不确定以及随时间变化等特性对空间关系的影响;从数学角度来看,空间关系模型必须是可形式化和可推理的,以方便操作和实现;空间关系从人们认知的角度对空间现象和目标间的关系进行建模,因而在空间数据查询、检索、空间数据挖掘、空间场景相似性评价以及图像理解等应用领域得到了广泛应用。现有GIS模型主要针对二维平面的简单对象、确定的现象进行建模,因而大多数空间关系模型只描述和推理二维平面对象和确定现象的空间关系,三维空间关系、不确定空间关系、复杂目标间的多层次空间关系推理、遥感图像空间关系的抽取、描述与推理将是未来空间关系研究和发展的重要方向。     

Models of astrophysical decretion-accretion diffusional disks

The formation of gaseous diffusional accretion-decretion disks is an important stage in the evolution of numerous astronomical objects. Matter is accreted onto the object in the accretion part of these disks, while the angular momentum of the accreted matter is transported from the central region to the periphery in the decretion part. Here, we consider general questions connected with the formation and evolution of diffusive accretion-decretion disks in various astrophysical objects. Such disks can be described using nonstationary diffusion models. The phenomenological parameters of these models are the coefficients in the relations for the characteristic turbulent velocity and mean free path of diffusion elements in the disk. We have developed a numerical technique to compute the disk evolution for a number of models (a massive disk, a disk with continuous accretion, a purely decretion disk). Analytical expressions estimating the basic parameters of accretion-decretion disks are presented. We discuss the relationship between the models considered and the classical α model of an accretion disk.     

Service-oriented approach for geospatial feature discovery

Rapid increases in remote sensing capability have made remotely sensed images an importance source for intelligence analysts to discover geospatial features. The overwhelming volume of routine image acquisition has greatly outpaced the increase in the capacity of manual image interpretation by intelligence analysts, and prompted automated methods for geospatial feature extraction from high spatial resolution images. Nevertheless, existing methods focus on automatic extraction of isolated or elementary features, such as buildings and roads. A compound geospatial feature, such as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) proliferation facility, is spatially composed of elementary features (e.g., containment buildings, cooling ponds, and fences). The spatial relations among elementary features can assist the detection of compound features from images. This paper proposes a service-oriented approach for discovering compound geospatial features. The approach includes both a chaining strategy and an architecture. The chaining strategy is to discover sites of facilities by orchestrating services that compute spatial relations among elementary features. The architecture is a service-oriented framework to support the chaining for feature discovery. The approach not only takes advantages of spatial characteristics of complex features, but also enjoys the openness and flexibility of the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). A prototypical implementation is provided to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

1:25万赤布张错幅区域地质图空间数据库建设方法与意义

1:25万赤布张错幅区域地质图空间数据库建设是依据《数字地质图空间数据库标准》,将传统填图方法完成的1:25万区调图幅在当前空间数据库模型的典型代表地理数据库模型上建立的。该模型以研究实体为对象,把对象分为基本要素类、综合要素类和对象类,通过组成地质图基本要素类和对象类出发,处理和把握存储与组织的关系,采用关联、依赖、组合和继承来描述对象之间的关系规则来构成新的关联集合的技术,增强了数据库服务能力。     

Extensible, not relational: finding bodies in the landscape of electronic information with wireless body area networks

This article examines a medical biotechnology known as a wireless body area network (WBAN) as a way to discuss how electronic information infrastructure is spatially extending human bodies into physical landscapes. The term extensible body is introduced, framed by the object-oriented philosophy of Graham Harman. WBANs are sensors placed on or inside of the human body to measure, record, and transmit data about the biological processes of a medical patient. I argue that these body-data should be considered components of bodies themselves, not representations of them. Further, I argue that the geographical discourse on relationality should be less about object relations and more about object extensions. Harman’s explication of the “quadruple object,” and specifically his use of real and sensual objects makes this possible. This questions the spatial beginnings and ends of categorical objects such as bodies and information, the implications of which could have profound impacts on how policies are framed in sectors such as public health, environment, planning, and medicine. The notion of extensibility is crucial in theorizing how, and where, the Geoweb exists as a spatial-technical assemblage of objects and information. The case of WBANs shows that a theorization of the Geoweb must include the built infrastructure of data storage as a spatial extension of being human.     

面向实体的空间数据模型

空间数据模型是地理信息系统(GIS) 研究的基础内容.为适应新一代大型GIS的数据量大, 拓扑关系复杂, 数据种类多等特点, 提出了一种新型GIS数据模型---面向地理实体的空间数据模型.它以实体为基本表达对象, 具有较强的空间和语义表现力, 支持语义表达和转换, 便于实现等优点.从空间数据管理, 概念数据模型等方面详细地介绍了该种数据模型.实践表明, 采用该数据模型, 系统对真实世界的实体表现力将大大增强, 数据组织更加合理.      

基于组件体系结构的地质GIS应用系统开发研究

组件技术和面向对象技术是现代GIS软件的发展趋势之一。提出应用基于COM的组件技术开发地质领域GIS应用系统。该系统建立在组件式GIS通用平台上，用构造COM对象的方法建立扩展的地质空间数据模型，各种处理、分析和解释的地质研究模型和可视化系统均以组件形式集成到系统中，并直接处理各种地质对象，以突破传统的以地图为处理基础的空间处理方式，提高地质空间分析和处理能力。     

A virtual globe-based integration and visualization framework for aboveground and underground 3D spatial objects

The construction of a large-scale integrated information system has been a hot issue in the field of geoinformatics. It aims to integrate aboveground and underground spatial information and objects in a unified visual environment. Virtual globe, as the most commonly used technology in the construction of Digital Earth, can provide a platform and framework for the integration and visualization of worldwide spatial objects and models. However, the existing works mainly focused on terrains and aboveground spatial entities, and there is still little research on the integration and visualization of large-scale underground geological models and entities in a virtual globe. In this work, the data organizations of aboveground and underground 3D spatial objects were analyzed in detail according to the technical characteristics of the virtual globe. Improved strategies were proposed to achieve the integrated visualization of aboveground and underground 3D spatial objects in a virtual globe-based spherical coordinate. In this process, the terrain surface based on Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) was used as an intermediate layer to unify the spatial coordinate system. An improved scene cutting approach was used to overcome the challenge that underground geological structures cannot be integrated and visualized with aboveground spatial entities, terrains and landforms. Finally, we developed a virtual globe-based prototype system using OpenSceneGraph (OSG) and osgEarth as the 3D visualization engine. The aboveground and underground spatial models of Fuzhou, a coastal city of eastern China, were applied in this system to verify the validity of the strategies proposed in this paper. In addition, the efficiency of this system in terms of scheduling and visualizing was tested by using the massive models of Fuzhou.     

Hybrid spatial data mining methods for site selection of emergency response centers

Traditional methods for site selection fail to give reasonable weight to the potential risk grade of different locations. Consequently, site selection does not highlight locations with higher risk grades. Thus, a hybrid analytical method for the site selection of emergency response centers is proposed. First, spatial predicates are incorporated into emergency event analysis. These spatial predicates describe the spatial relationships between emergency locations and surrounding objects. A spatial data association mining method is then developed to identify the correlation rules that contain emergency information and geographical factors. Such rules act as the weight adding mechanism on different urban buildings, such that every spatial object is assigned a risk grade based on these rules. Furthermore, a simulated annealing algorithm is developed by incorporating the weight adding method to locate the optimal sites for emergency centers. A series of experiments is conducted, and the results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid method.     

Multifractal modeling and spatial statistics

In general, the multifractal model provides more information about measurements on spatial objects than a fractal model. It also results in mathematical equations for the covariance function and semivariogram in spatial statistics which are determined primarily by the second-order mass exponent. However, these equations can be approximated by power-law relations which are comparable directly to equations based on fractal modeling. The multifractal approach is used to describe the underlying spatial structure of De Wijs 's example of zinc values from a sphalerite-bearing quartz vein near Pulacayo, Bolivia. It is shown that these data are multifractal instead of fractal, and that the second-order mass exponent (=0.979±0.011 for the example) can be used in spatial statistical analysis.     

Women/chickens vs. men/cattle: Insights on gender–species intersectionality

This paper is conceptually grounded in feminist–posthumanist intersectionality, offering an empirical case study that is geographic in scope, balances discursive and material elements, focuses on gender–species relations, and details dynamics of othering and privileging. It is empirically situated in a case study featuring women and chickens, men and cattle in the southern African nation of Botswana. It considers their symbolic associations with certain social realms, their spatial placements into and within particular locales, and the resulting context-specific dynamics that occur and shape their daily lives and interrelations with one another. Such socio-spatial practices are the means through which men, women, chickens and cattle become privileged and/or othered within dominant gender–species hierarchical arrangements. The paper also explores emerging urban and commercial agriculture spaces in contemporary Botswana, which empower women and chickens through increased access to land and productive activities, and increased visibility, status and value. Such empowerment remains bounded, however, given significant material, discursive and ethical implications of re-positioning within dominant structures.     

利用高分辨率影像建立三维虚拟校园——以"数字成都理工大学"为例

以数字化校园工程———“数字成都理工大学”为例,探讨利用航空影像和数字摄影测量技术,获取基础空间地理信息的方法及途径。并采用三维建模软件Cyber C ity对建筑物进行三维建模。而对于复杂地物,采用三维地理信息系统IMAGIS软件建立单个模型,从而实现了成都理工大学校区的三维可视化虚拟重建和漫游。实践证明,利用数字摄影测量技术和遥感影像,能够有效地获取大范围区域地表地物的三维信息,并快速地建立地面模型和三维景观。     

Structural geology practice and learning,from the perspective of cognitive science

Spatial ability is required by practitioners and students of structural geology and so, considering spatial skills in the context of cognitive science has the potential to improve structural geology teaching and practice. Spatial thinking skills may be organized using three dichotomies, which can be linked to structural geology practice. First, a distinction is made between separating (attending to part of a whole) and combining (linking together aspects of the whole). While everyone has a basic ability to separate and combine, experts attend to differences guided by experiences of rock properties in context. Second, a distinction is made between seeing the relations among multiple objects as separate items or the relations within a single object with multiple parts. Experts can flexibly consider relations among or between objects to optimally reason about different types of spatial problems. Third, a distinction is made between reasoning about stationary and moving objects. Experts recognize static configurations that encode a movement history, and create mental models of the processes that led to the static state. The observations and inferences made by a geologist leading a field trip are compared with the corresponding observations and inferences made by a cognitive psychologist interested in spatial learning. The presented framework provides a vocabulary for discussing spatial skills both within and between the fields of structural geology and cognitive psychology.     

Fundamental problems associated with “eigenshape analysis” and similar “factor” analysis procedures

Recent advances in image analysis techniques have allowed rapid generation of peripheral points of two-dimensional objects. Such points, defining overall shape of an object, have been analyzed using several techniques including geometric shape analysis, Fourier analysis, and, more recently, by “eigenshape” analysis. The latter technique purports to represent a general, optimal, and universally best technique to analyze shapes of fossils. Such a technique was devised allegedly due to failure of exisiting techniques. We seriously question the validity of the eigenshape technique and discuss limitations of such an approach. Objections presented in this paper are applicable to a variety of other multivariable data reduction techniques as well.     

一种基于似三棱柱体元的地质三维建模方法研究

三堆空间建模方法是三堆地劫工程GIS研究的核心问题之一。提出一种基于似三棱柱体元的三堆数据模型，模型包含顶点、线段(棱边、三角形边)、三角形、侧面四边形、三棱柱体元5个基本元素。和点对象、线对象、面对象、体对象、复杂对象、空间对象等6个对象。设计了5个基本元素和3种地质对象的数据结构和它们之间的拓扑关系。以岩体和巷道为例。给出了似三棱柱体建模思路和算法。利用内蒙古某矿区实际钻孔资料和模拟巷道数据对所开发的系统原型进行验证。研究表明。基于似三棱柱体元的数据模型的优势在于可以表示空间对象的表面和内部结构。便于建模和节省存储空间，同时便于不规劓的自然地质体和规则勘探工程建模。     

New possibilities of increasing the informativeness of quantitative interpretation of gravity anomalies

An effective method for structuring a spatial region studied with respect to the probability of filling its individual components with disturbing masses is proposed. The use of new mathematical forms for representing the results of interpretation of an anomalous gravity field that are fundamentally different from those known is a typical feature of the method.     

基于图像描述的煤岩裂隙CT图像多尺度特征

基于煤岩孔隙系统多尺度结构特征对深入认识多尺度流体运移机制的重要性,提出了基于图像描述的煤岩CT图像孔隙结构的多尺度精细描述方法。采用了图像的多策略分割技术提取目标,利用Freeman链码对目标的边界进行表达,研究了由形态学、统计矩、链码、计盒维数构造目标之间的关系、目标占有区域与边界的图像描绘子、以及分形描绘子;综合运用上述方法对煤岩CT图像中的大尺度宏观裂纹目标、小尺度细观裂隙目标进行了识别。结果表明,宏观裂纹可由灰度阈值法实现目标提取;小尺度细观裂隙需采用较复杂的分割策略,如基于索贝尔梯度算子的分水岭变换;进一步应用链码表达、图像描绘子和分形描绘子,实现了煤岩孔隙结构在欧氏空间与分形空间的多尺度精确描述。     

The preventive destruction of a hazardous asteroid

One means of countering a hazardous asteroid is discussed: destruction of the object using a nuclear charge. Explosion of such an asteroid shortly before its predicted collision would have catastrophic consequences, with numerous highly radioactive fragments falling onto the Earth. The possibility of exploding the asteroid several years before its impact is also considered. Such an approach is made feasible because the vast majority of hazardous objects pass by the Earth several times before colliding with it. Computations show that, in the 10 years following the explosion, only a negligible number of fragments fall onto the Earth, whose radioactivity has substantially reduced during this time. In most cases, none of these fragments collides with the Earth. Thus, this proposed method for eliminating a threat from space is reasonable in at least two cases: when it is not possible to undergo a soft removal of the object from the collisional path, and to destroy objects that are continually returning to near-Earth space and require multiple removals from hazardous orbits.     

基于规则库的三维空间数据模型

三维空间对象的形式复杂多样,对象之间的空间关系尚未形成共识.三维空间数据模型的空间及非空间关系的表达更是难以统一.典型的三维空间数据模型包括面向实体型、面向关系型和混合型3种数据模型,但这些模型存在诸如拓扑操作困难、对象语义描述不完整、关系表达欠缺等一系列不足.通过分析、综合3种模型的优缺点,以顾及拓扑面向实体的三维矢量数据模型为基础,设计了基于规则库的三维空间数据模型.这是一个将关系与对象相统一的新型数据模型.通过对对象关系的分析研究,引入规则的概念,进而构建出规则库,提出对空间对象间关系和结构统一的,完整的表达和管理方式.结合地质、矿山等应用将该三维空间数据模型在多个城市的三维地质应用中进行成功验证.通过应用,说明该模型实现了空间对象的自身结构和对象之间关系的统一表达,具备自定义、可扩展的空间对象关系表达能力,能够适应复杂应用要求,具有良好的应用前景.      

层状地质体的三维模拟与可视化

文中探讨了层状地质体的三维模拟与可视化方法和技术。地质数据通常是有限的、空间上分布不均匀的点数据 ,需要大量使用插值技术来形成合理的模型。简单层状实体可在二维插值的基础上 ,按照这些面的空间位置叠加 ,形成三维体模型。复杂的层状体包括沉积相以及一些物性参数的空间变化 ,断层等形成的不连续以及复杂的褶皱等。这些实体的模拟与可视化 ,需要进行三维插值 ,并根据不同现象的特点选择合适的方法。合理的专家知识或地质解释的交互加入 ,是形成合理的三维模型的关键。