南京市近地层湍流结构及输送特征研究

本文利用"城市生物气溶胶研究”中的超声风温仪观测资料,对南京市近地层大气的湍流强度、相关系数、速度谱及通量输送等进行研究,得到南京市近地层湍流结构及输送特征的一些结论.     

层结大气中近地层湍流

本文对稳定层结大气中近地层湍流的层结订正函数导出了新的形式.据此而对的湍流普遍函数作出了新的规定.根据该方案对近地层湍流特徵作了若干讨论.最后并绘制了计算近地层湍流特性量的图表,藉此可以很方便而准确地由梯度观测直接估各市地近地层湍流状况.     

不同下垫面的大气边界层湍流扩散特征

利用海洋、戈壁、城郊和城市4种不同下垫面上的湍流观测资料,运用多尺度湍流概念和方法计算分析了风速谱和扩散参数等湍流特征量。结果表明:下垫面的粗糙度对大气边界层湍流特征影响很大,随着粗糙度的增大,速度谱的峰值频率向高频方向移动,扩散参数增大。     

北极斯瓦尔巴德地区近地层大气观测研究Ⅱ.湍流场特征

利用"中国科学探险协会2002年北极科学探险考察"期间在北极朗伊尔宾地区获得的大气风温微气象脉动资料,讨论了该地区近地层湍流能谱、湍流方差、感热通量、动量通量、温度结构参数以及动量整体输送系数等的分布规律,给出了这一极端环境区夏季近地层微气象场的基本结构,分析了北极地区极昼期间陆地下垫面地-气之间能量交换,丰富了人们对该地区近地层湍流输送过程的深入理解.     

广州近地层风的垂直分布及动力特性

本文讨论了广州近地层风的垂直分布特征,并在此基础上求取与大气扩散有关的一些湍流参量及风向脉动功率谱和方差,最后分析了近地层中尺度辐合随时间的演变及对大气污染的可能影响.      

沙漠地区近地层能量交换特征研究初步评述

总结了沙漠地区近地层能量交换特征研究的主要进展概况和热点问题.介绍了沙漠地区特有的结构复杂、水汽含量低、沙尘含量高等特征,并分析了其形成原因.对于沙漠近低层的辐射和能量收支特性、湍流通量特征等进行了总结.指出国内外在未来沙漠地区近地层湍流研究方面面临的一些主要科学问题,以及对未来沙漠地区近地层湍流能量特征研究的发展方向提出若干建议.     

北极斯瓦尔巴德地区近地层大气观测研究II.湍流场特征

利用“中国科学探险协会2002年北极科学探险考察”期间在北极朗伊尔宾地区获得的大气风温微气象脉动资料,讨论了该地区近地层湍流能谱、湍流方差、感热通量、动量通量、温度结构参数以及动量整体输送系数等的分布规律,给出了这一极端环境区夏季近地层微气象场的基本结构,分析了北极地区极昼期间陆地下垫面地-气之间能量交换,丰富了人们对该地区近地层湍流输送过程的深入理解。     

南京地区大气边界层晴空回波研究

以2005年6月23日南京多普勒雷达探测的晴空回波演变为例,分析了回波反射率与径向速度从夜间至上午的演变规律,利用实际的气象观测资料,对比了折射指数、地面温度、露点温度、水汽压和气压与回波强度的相关性,进一步探讨了边界层晴空回波与湍流混合特性之间的关系.研究表明:夜间大气的温、压、湿梯度使湍流出现,但湍流未充分混合使梯度维持,并导致折射指数的梯度增加,出现晴空回波;白天升温后湍流的增强使近地层大气充分混合,温、压、湿梯度减弱导致折射指数梯度减小,回波减弱消失.     

应用涡旋相关方法对戈壁地区湍流输送特征的初步研究

利用微机技术建立了一个较为廉价的近地层大气湍流数据实时采集处理系统,在1988年黑河预实验中工作良好,取得了一套较为完整的数据。对戈壁沙滩点的风、温、湿湍流脉动数据进行统计分析和涡旋相关方法处理,结果表明近地层大气的湍强特征符合一般规律。通量分析指出,戈壁地区的水汽通量在白天的绝大多数小时都呈负值(向下),而夜间为正。文中对湍流谱的特征也进行了初步分析。     

两次台风过程近地层湍流度和阵风因子分析

利用2005年台风"麦莎"和"卡努"期间青岛海岸实测三维风观测资料,挑选6个10 min平均风速≥8 m/s的强风时段,使用矢量分析方法研究台风影响华东地区时近地层的平均风速风向变化、湍流度和阵风因子变化等湍流特性,结果表明台风影响期间,近地层湍流脉动风速不稳定,水平方向、垂直方向风速风向快速变化;虽然台风"麦莎"、"卡努"入海地点不同,不同强风时段近地层湍流度差异也较大,但湍流强度都表现为Iu(横向)＞Iv(纵向)＞Iw(垂直向).两次台风影响过程不同强风时段近地层阵风因子的变化与湍流度的变化是一致的,在风速增大风向转变的时段,湍流度和阵风因子明显增大.     

重庆市区冬季小风条件下近地面层某些湍流特征量的分析

利用１９８９年１２月１６日－１９９０年１月１４日在重庆市用三轴风速仪所测得的风速资料，计算了小风条件下重庆近地面层的湍流参数，欧拉时间自相关系数，湍流时间积分尺度，湍流强度，摩擦速度，湍流应力等湍流特征量，以了解重庆地区小风条件下的近地面层的湍流场特征。     

A spectral and lag-correlation analysis of turbulence in a deciduous forest canopy

The processes influencing turbulence in a deciduous forest and the relevant length and time scales are investigated with spectral and cross-correlation analysis. Wind velocity power spectra were computed from three-dimensional wind velocity measurements made at six levels inside the plant canopy and at one level above the canopy. Velocity spectra measured within the plant canopy differ from those measured in the surface boundary layer. Noted features associated with the within-canopy turbulence spectra are: (a) power spectra measured in the canopy crown peak at higher wavenumbers than do those measured in the subcanopy trunkspace and above the canopy; (b) peak spectral values collapse to a relatively universal value when scaled according to a non-dimensional frequency comprised of the product of the natural frequency and the Eulerian time scale for vertical velocity; (c) at wavenumbers exceeding the spectral peak, the slopes of the power spectra are more negative than those observed in the surface boundary layer; (d) Eulerian length scales decrease with depth into the canopy crown, then increase with further depth into the canopy; (e) turbulent events below crown closure are more correlated with turbulent events above the canopy than are those occurring in the canopy crown; and (f) Taylor's frozen eddy hypothesis is not valid in a plant canopy. Interactions between plant elements and the mean wind and turbulence alter the processes that produce, transport and remove turbulent kinetic energy and account for the noted observations.     

Modification of blending procedure in a proposed new PBL Resistance Law

Walmsley's (1992) proposal for a new PBL Resistance Law required blending between surface- and matched-layer logarithmic velocity profiles. Here it is suggested that blending should be restricted to the matched layer, in contrast to Walmsley's original formulation in which blending was done in the surface layer. This modification does not have any noticeable effect on the wind speed profile and only minimal impact on the wind shear, but it yields more realistic profiles of wind direction. In particular, all the adjustment of wind direction takes place above the surface layer.     

An analysis of wind velocity fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer using an orthonormal wavelet transform

A wavelet analysis can supply information of both the location (time) and the scale of fluctuations. This method is applied to the fluctuations of the natural wind and the turbulent transport of momentum in the atmospheric surface layer. The shapes of both the wavelet spectra and the Fourier spectra of the three components of the wind velocity fluctuations are similar to each other. The quadrant representation of momentum transport shows the scale difference of the transport. The large-scale fluctuations mainly contribute to the downward transport of momentum.     

Prediction of wind properties in urban environments using artificial neural network

Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling has been performed to predict turbulent boundary layer characteristics for rough terrain based on experimental tests conducted in a boundary-layer wind tunnel to simulate atmospheric boundary layer using passive roughness devices such as spires, barriers, roughness elements on the floor, and slots in the extended test section. Different configurations of passive devices assisted to simulate urban terrains. A part of the wind tunnel test results are used as training sets for the ANN, and the other part of the test results are used to compare the prediction results of the ANN. Two ANN models have been developed in this study. The first one has been used to predict mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and model length scale factor. Results show that ANN is an efficient, accurate, and robust modeling procedure to predict turbulent characteristics of wind. In particular, it was found that the ANN-predicted wind mean velocities are within 4.7%, turbulence intensities are within 6.2%, and model length scale factors are within 3.8% of the actual measured values. In addition, another ANN model has been developed to predict instantaneous velocities that enables calculating the power spectral density of longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Results show that the predicted power spectra are in a good agreement with the power spectra obtained from measured instantaneous velocities.     

A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving wheat: Single-point velocity statistics

We analyse single-point velocity statistics obtained in a wind tunnel within and above a model of a waving wheat crop, consisting of nylon stalks 47 mm high and 0.25 mm wide in a square array with frontal area index 0.47. The variability of turbulence measurements in the wind tunnel is illustrated by using a set of 71 vertical traverses made in different locations, all in the horizontally-homogeneous (above-canopy) part of the boundary layer. Ensemble-averaged profiles of the statistical moments up to the fourth order and profiles of Eulerian length scales are presented and discussed. They are consistent with other similar experiments and reveal the existence of large-scale turbulent coherent structures in the flow. The drag coefficient in this canopy as well as in other reported experiments is shown to exhibit a characteristic height-dependency, for which we propose an interpretation. The velocity spectra are analysed in detail; within and just above the canopy, a scaling based on fixed length and velocity scales (canopy height and mean horizontal wind speed at canopy top) is proposed. Examination of the turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress budgets confirms the role of turbulent transport in the region around the canopy top, and indicates that pressure transport may be significant in both cases. The results obtained here show that near the top of the canopy, the turbulence properties are more reminiscent of a plane mixing layer than a wall boundary layer.     

Effects of turbulent dispersion of atmospheric balance motions of planetary boundary layer

New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.     

北京冬季大风过程大气边界层特征分析

利用北京中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象观测塔的气象梯度资料和湍流资料,分析了2014年11月29日至12月5日北京两次大风过程中气象要素和湍流输送特征的变化。第一次大风过程的强度和持续时间均高于第二次大风过程。强烈的风速垂直切变主要集中在距地面100 m高度范围内,最强风速垂直切变达到0.31 s~(-1)。大风过程中,阵风系数呈现随高度减小的趋势,越接近地面,阵风系数愈大。阵风强度的变化与阵风系数相似,100 m以下高度时,阵风强度随高度增大而减小。大风过程自上而下改变边界层结构,平均动能、湍流动能和摩擦速度最先从上层(280 m)发生变化且迅速增加。近地层由于风速垂直梯度的显著差异,近地层垂直方向的湍流强度最大。大风时各功率谱在低频区(0.01 s~(-1))达到峰值,大风过后各高度的能量都有所下降。     

Wind-Tunnel Experiments for Gas Dispersion in an Atmospheric Boundary Layer with Large-Scale Turbulent Motion

Large-scale turbulent motions enhancing horizontal gas spread in an atmospheric boundary layer are simulated in a wind-tunnel experiment. The large-scale turbulent motions can be generated using an active grid installed at the front of the test section in the wind tunnel, when appropriate parameters for the angular deflection and the rotation speed are chosen. The power spectra of vertical velocity fluctuations are unchanged with and without the active grid because they are strongly affected by the surface. The power spectra of both streamwise and lateral velocity fluctuations with the active grid increase in the low frequency region, and are closer to the empirical relations inferred from field observations. The large-scale turbulent motions do not affect the Reynolds shear stress, but change the balance of the processes involved. The relative contributions of ejections to sweeps are suppressed by large-scale turbulent motions, indicating that the motions behave as sweep events. The lateral gas spread is enhanced by the lateral large-scale turbulent motions generated by the active grid. The large-scale motions, however, do not affect the vertical velocity fluctuations near the surface, resulting in their having a minimal effect on the vertical gas spread. The peak concentration normalized using the root-mean-squared value of concentration fluctuation is remarkably constant over most regions of the plume irrespective of the operation of the active grid.