扩散系数和源函数的同时反演

本文讨论了线性扩散方程：Ｕｔ（ｘ，ｔ）＝ａ（ｔ）Ｕｘｘ（ｘ，ｔ）＋ｆ（ｔ）ｇ（ｘ）在区域０≤ｘ≤１，０≤ｔ＜Ｔ上确定未知国数组｛ｕ（ｘ，ｔ），ａ（ｔ），ｆ（ｔ）｝的反问题，证明了反问题解的存在性和唯一性。     

黄海,渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究：Ⅱ.准三维数值预报模式

本文根据黄渤海海区水温资料建立了无维深度η和无维温度θＴ以及相应的水温垂直剖面的相似函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，设：上均匀层厚度ｈ＝ｈ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ），表层水温Ｔｓ＝Ｔｓ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ），上均匀层以下的温度Ｔｚ＝Ｔｚ（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ，ｔ），底层温度ＴＨ＝ＴＨ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ０，流速分量ｕ＝ｕ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）和ｖ＝ｖ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）及海面起伏．ζ＝ζ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ），提出了水温垂直结构的准三维数值预测模式。     

用QSAR法研究有机磷农药对海洋扁藻的构效关系

１９９７年３月,利用ＱＳＡＲ构效关系分析方法和计算模拟手段,对中国洞海地区常用的１１种有机磷农药对海洋五心形扁藻拦数抑制浓度进行研究。建立有机磷农药对海洋扁藻致毒效应的ＱＳＡＲ模型;ｌｇ（１／ＥＣ５０）＝０．１９３ｌｇＰ－０．０８（ｌｇＰ）＾２＋１．１０σ３＋０．２９２＾１Ｘ－０．１６４（ｎ＝１１,Ｓ＝２０,Ｒ＝０．９６９６）;ｌｇ（１／ＥＣ５０＿＝０．１９１ｌｇＰ－０．０９（ｌｇＰ）＾２＋１．０     

珠江口东岸池养鲻鱼的年龄与生长

研究池养条件下鲻鱼ＭｕｇｉｌｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ的年龄和生长特性，结果表明，鳞片新年轮主要在１０—１月出现；鳞长与体长关系式为：Ｒ—０．００９０７Ｌ（０．７７６４）；Ｉ—Ｖ龄鱼体长和体重相对生长率和生长指标随着年龄增长而逐渐下降；体长与体重关系式为：Ｗ＝１．２７１６×１０（－５）Ｌ（３．０６９５），体长与全长关系式为：ＬＴ＝１０．３７１１＋１．１８０６ＬＢ，当年鱼体长和体重生长与月龄的关系分别为：ＬＢ＝８．６６６９＋２５．５７６９ｔ，Ｗ＝０．１１７０ｔ（３．５５３０），ｖｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌｌａｎｆｆｙ生长参数Ｌ∞＝６１３．２５ｍｍ，Ｋ＝０．３４１２，ｔ０＝－０．８２５，体重生长拐点值为２．４６ａ。     

多棘海盘车幽门盲囊极性脂和脂肪酸组分的研究

对多棘海盘车（Ａｓｔｅｒｉａｓ ａｍｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ）幽门盲囊中总脂、极性脂及脂仿酸组分进行了研究。结果表明，总脂含量占湿重的７．８５％。磷脂中ＰＣ、ＰＥ、ＰＳ含量较高，ＰＩ和ＤＰＧ含量较低。主要的脂肪酸是１６：０，１８：０，１８：１（ｎ＝９），２０：１（ｎ＝９）。２０：１（ｎ＝７），２０：４（ｎ＝６），２０：５（ｎ＝３），２２：６（ｎ＝３），占总脂肪酸的７４％以上。其中以２０：１（ｎ＝９）最为丰富     

珠江口红拟石首鱼的池养生长与饲养

对新引进的红拟石首鱼Ｓｃｉａｅｎｏｐｓ ｏｃｅｌｌａｔｕｓ进行咸水池养生长特性与饲养技术研究,结果表明,其生长旺盛期在２龄。应用ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ方程求得人工饲养条件下其体长、体重生长方程分别为Ｌ１＝６５６．２７２２〗１－ｅ＾－０．５９９８ｔ＋０．０８２３）【和Ｗｔ＝４１９３．９０２１〖１－ｅ＾－０．５９９８（ｔ＋０．０８２３）〗＾２．８８３４。体重生长拐点于１．７龄处。面积为６．５ｈ     

夏季台湾海峡海流计算Ⅱ

本文在σ坐标下建立了一个半诊断计算及预报计算的数值模式，应用于台湾海峡夏季时三维海流计算。计算结果表明，当ｔ＝２．５ｄ时，密度场和速度场得到调整，即得到半诊断解，当ｔ＝４０ｄ以后，解已达到准稳定态；半诊断及预报计算的结果在定性上是与诊断计算结果一致。但它们在定量上有些变化，如表层台湾岛西岸附近的最大水平流速，在ｔ＝０时（诊断）为５９．１ｃｍ／ｓ，ｔ＝２．５ｄ时（半诊断）为６２．１ｃｍ／ｓ，ｔ＝３００ｄ时（预报）为６２．０ｃｍ／ｓ．此外，在半诊断及预报计算中，上升流也主嵰⑸诟＝ń兜龋魉偌忧浚段б灿兴┐蟆     

关于鱼的生长方程的研究──Ⅱ.估计参数的一种新方法

目前描述鱼的体重生长的方程主要有（１）ｗ＝ｗ∞［１－ｅ＾－ｋ（ｔ－ｔ０）］＾３，和作者对该方程推广而导出的方程（２）ｗ＝ｗ∞［１－ｅ＾－ｋ（ｔ－ｔ０）］＾ｒ，本文对基于这两个方程的４种参数估计法，指出了其不足之处，并提出了一种估计参数的新方法－搜寻逼近法。该方法比前４种方法具有更好的拟合优度，通过实例计算得到进一步的证实。此外，还外鱼的样本资料的处理作了论述。这对更好的掌握鱼的生长规律，进而合理利     

水质对虾池附着性纤毛虫数量变动的影响

研究了中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ育苗池和养成池１１项水质参数（温度、盐度、ｐＨ、溶解氧和化学需氧量、硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度）对虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表附着性纤毛虫附着量变动的影响。相关分析结果表明，虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）与虾池化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）之间存在着直线正相关关系：在育苗池内，Ｒ１＝０．００２＋０．２６０ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．７１１，ｐ＜０．０５），在养成池，Ｒ２＝０．５５３＋０．０９８ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．６６８，ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｒ与水质其他因子之间未发现有明显的相关关系。对虾体表纤毛虫的附着量（Ｍ）与虾池纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）之间存在着指数正相关关系：在育苗池，Ｍ＝０．５１２ｅ４．０１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６９２，ｐ＜０．０５）；在养成池，Ｍ＝０．４０９ｅ８．２１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６７１，ｐ＜０．０５）。说明虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表纤毛虫附着量的变动主要取决于虾池ＣＯＤ含量的变化。     

黄海、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究 Ⅱ．准三维数值预报模式

本文根据黄渤海海区水温资料建立了无维深度η和无维温度θＴ以及相应的水温垂直剖面的相似函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，设：上均匀层厚度ｈ＝ｈ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）、表层水温ＴＳ＝ＴＳ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）、上均匀层以下的温度ＴＺ＝ＹＺ（ＹＺ（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ，）、底层温度ＴＨ＝（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）、流速分量ｕ＝ｕ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）和ｖ＝ｖ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ）及海面起伏ξ＝ξ（ｘ，ｙ，ｔ），提出了水温垂直结构的准三维数值预报模式。模式的求解是用“ＡＤＩ”和“ＨＮ”法进行。文中引列了预报时效为４ｄ的试报结果，效果是令人满意的。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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