宽频带地震学与中强地震破裂过程的研究

宽频带地震学是近年来地球物理学科的重要进展之一，现代的观测技术实现了仪器在很宽的频带范围内记录数字地震信号，宽频带资料含有更真实和更全面的震源和地下介质的信息，利用宽频带资料可以对广泛的地球物理问题进行研究，中强地震的破裂过程是一个非常重要的研究课题。利用宽频带地震学的分析手段，可以得到更加精细的破裂图象，未来的十年里，宽频地震学将会是地震学发展的一个主要方向。     

把握世界物探技术发展现状,促进地震资料处理、解释技术进步

第82届SEG年会成果表明:计算机技术和地震装备技术的发展,引领了国际地球物理勘探技术的快速发展;宽方位、宽频带、高密度等采集技术,各向异性逆时偏移、弹性波的全波形反演等处理技术,多波处理与解释、4D地震等技术,很快将成为物探的主导技术.为了更好地把握技术的发展,需要在地震资料处理、解释领域重点开展如下研究:发展宽频带、各向异性、最小二乘、弹性波的逆时偏移技术;层析、逆时偏移角度域道集速度分析、全波形反演的速度估计方法、是进一步提高成像精度重点发展方向.岩石物理是地震解释、储层反演、裂缝检测的基础,重点深化在实验室测量、弹性各向异性的测量、油藏描述和监测方向的研究.全波形反演技术是高精度成像建立速度模型和油藏描述重要手段,在理论上、在应用上仍是下一步发展的重要方向.     

沈阳地震台超宽频带地震计垂直向LP通道固体潮特征分析

将沈阳台JCZ-1超宽频带地震计垂直向(UD)传感器LP通道2009年11月至2010年10月记录资料通过相应的手段和处理方法,进行固体潮分析研究,得到沈阳台超宽频带地震计2009年度数据不存在明显固体潮特征,与仪器本身及环境因素影响有关。     

宽频带地震计零位状态的实时监控与发布

为了提高地震台站运行质量,减少零漂超范围对宽频带地震计正常运行的影响,对宽频带地震计零位状态实现了实时监视,并通过微信发送给运维工作人员.     

短周期与宽频带数字地震计记录波形相关分析

为了研究短周期与宽频带数字地震观测系统的一致性,分别对山东地震台网青岛、济南、荣成、五莲、烟台的5个同一摆墩上安装的两套观测系统记录的同一地震事件波形资料进行了相关性分析。先将宽频带记录通过等波纹带通滤波器进行频带为1~20 Hz的滤波处理,再将短周期记录进行过采样处理,实现与宽频带记录的采样率一致。分析表明,宽频带和短周期地震计记录近震、地方震和非天然近距离地震波形在形态上一致,地震波形的振幅和相位存在较好相似性,震中距越近地震波形振幅和相位的相似度越高,宽频带和短周期地震计得到速度震级间差别不大,一致性较好。     

电容位移传感器的研制

电容式位移传感器具有灵敏度高、分辨力强、能检测10mμ甚至更小的位移,特别适合于宽频带、长周期地震仪的应用。本文是作者为 BSO 井下地震计系统研制的变间隙式电容位移传感器。文中分析了电容传感器的基本原理及其分布参数的影响,介绍提高电容传感器性能的一些措施以及达到的技术指标。     

宽频带地震计的安装

简要介绍了地震噪声的一些特点、环境因素影响宽频带地震计产生噪声的机制,并针对这些特点介绍了安装宽频带地震计的一些隔热保护方法和需要注意的事项,最后从检验系统安装与运行状况的角度,介绍了地震计的标定和台站噪声检测问题,列举了作者在宽频带测震台站建设中的工作实例.     

山西数字台网震级测定方法研究

震级是表示地震本身大小的一个量度,也是地震的基本参数之一。利用山西数字测震台网2009-2016年ML≥3.5以上宽频带数字地震资料,对近震震级ML、面波震级MS、宽频带面波震级Ms(BB)和矩震级Mw的震级测定方法进行讨论研究和对比,认为新震级标度能发挥宽频带数字地震资料的优越性,有利于资料的交换利用及对外发布。     

宽频带地震计数字反馈技术

反馈式地震计的出现在地震计发展历史上具有划时代意义,大动态、宽频带已经成为当代地震观测的主流技术,数字技术应用是地震计的发展方向。采用模拟反馈技术的宽频带地震计存在低频段自噪声高及系统受环境影响大等问题。实验结果显示,通过引入数字反馈技术,可以优化地震计的长周期噪声,提高系统稳定性,首次实现程控配置地震计的周期。     

宽频带地震计零位状态的实时监控与发布

为了提高地震台站运行质量,减少零漂超范围对宽频带地震计正常运行的影响,对宽频带地震计零位状态实现了实时监视,并通过微信发送给运维工作人员。     

Experience in seismic signal recording using broadband electrochemical seismic sensors

Development and application of broadband seismic sensors, namely velocimeters of electrochemical type (chemotrons), are considered. The principle of operation and design of modern electrochemical (molecular-electronic) converters of seismic signals for linear and rotary motions are described. The data on metrological certification and prolonged trials of these seismic sensors on test benches are presented. Their advantages as compared to stationary broadband seismic sensors of electrodynamic type lie in impact immunity, high power supply efficiency, operability at large inclinations and in a wide temperature range. Comparative analysis of records of the Sichuan Earthquake (China, May 12, 2008) obtained in Moscow on a test bench at the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences with help of an electrodynamic seismic sensor and on a test bench at the Design Bureau of Oceanological Equipment of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the help of an electrochemical sensor is presented in conclusion.     

The ADSS-3 broadband stand-alone digital seismic station

The SSD-3 three-channel seismic recorder and the ADSS-3 three-component broadband standalone digital seismic station based on the SSD-3 together with SM-3E seismic sensors were developed. The main advantage of this equipment in comparison with foreign and domestic analogs is simplicity and convenience while maintaining high technical characteristics. The structure and operation of the seismic sensor and seismic recorder are considered, and their main technical characteristics are given. Laboratory, bench, and comparative tests of the seismic recorder and station demonstrated their working capacity and compliance with the development goal. Based on the test results, the ADSS-3 seismic station was commissioned as a three-component broadband observation point of the Mikhnevo small-aperture seismic array. The data obtained using the ADSS-3 made is possible to study the structure of the crust and upper mantle of this region using the receiver function method.     

宽频数据在致密砂岩储层预测中的应用

西湖凹陷深层致密砂岩储层具有良好的勘探开发前景,受埋深影响,目的层地震资料品质较差.A构造通过斜缆宽频采集和处理获取宽频地震数据,提升了资料品质,然而应用常规子波提取方法对宽频数据进行子波提取并反演计算纵波阻抗,结果与井上实测数值差异较大,影响储层的定量解释.针对这一问题,提出统计性子波和确定性子波相结合的长短子波合并宽频子波提取方法,提取的宽频子波比常规子波低频丰富、旁瓣小,能更真实地反映地震信息,约束稀疏脉冲反演的纵波阻抗结果与测井曲线吻合度更高.基于宽频数据和常规数据分别进行约束稀疏脉冲弹性波阻抗反演,预测A构造优质储层分布,经已钻井证实,宽频数据比常规数据储层预测精度高,预测的储层展布特征与研究区地质沉积认识一致.结果表明:这种基于宽频子波提取的宽频资料应用方法有效降低了致密砂岩储层预测的多解性.     

从20年国际地学计划中看地震观测台网与现代数字地震仪的发展

本文简要介绍现今国际地球科学观测的现状和最新动向．最近20多年来由于地震台网、台阵理论的发展以及数字宽频带地震观测技术在一系列国际地学计划的广泛使用,使人类对地球的了解在深度、广度和精度上都取得巨大进步．并用大量统计数据说明了现代地震观测中数字地震仪器的使用情况、国际上主流地震检波器及采集器的性能及其相关问题,以期对我国未来各类地震台网的设计以及台网在观测能力和数据质量上与国际接轨提供有用的线索。     

井下甚宽频带地震仪总体设计研究进展

针对2000 m深井观测的国家需求,应用 “解构与重构” 设计思路,共性赋能技术与地震技术深度融合的设计方法,对井下甚宽频带地震仪进行创新性总体设计;电磁兼容性、环境适应性与可靠性设计等定型技术设计;结构、功能与外壳的设计。测试和试运行结果表明,新研制的井下甚宽频带地震仪完全达到设计指标。      

宽频带流动地震台站中地震计浅井式安装研究

在井下地震观测中,各种地表背景噪声具有显著衰减作用,针对中国地震科学台阵现有大量非专用浅井式设计的Guralp CMG系列地震计,以及目前多个新获批项目在高背景噪声区域的观测需求,设计一种野外实用浅井观测方式,在北京国家地球观象台进行不同深度、不同井壁材质的观测对比实验,分析研究观测数据的背景噪声功率谱密度,结果表明,随着浅井深度的增加,地震背景噪声在垂直、水平向得到改善,改善程度随频率变化有所不同。分析认为,在华北现有地质环境下,6 m浅井是较为经济的观测方式,性价比高、占地小、施工简便,可用于后续多个项目的宽频带流动地震台阵观测。     

Seismic noise array measurements using broadband stations and vertical geophones: preliminary outcomes for the suitability on f-k analysis

In recent years, seismic noise array measurements have emerged as a promising way for estimating Vs profiles and characterizing the corresponding soil structure. Although methods based on analysis of seismic noise are simpler, cheaper and faster than conventional soil penetrating techniques, array deployment requires the use of several stations which are not always available for all the research groups. Broadband stations are expensive, but even short-period sensors can require a significant economical effort as it is necessary to use several. In this paper, the results from broadband stations and vertical geophones using the f-k method have been compared. Circular arrays with both types of instruments were installed north and south of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) also known as Mohand Thrust, with different soil characteristics. The comparison carried out in terms of dispersion curves shows an excellent agreement between broadband stations and geophones recordings in the frequency range of applicability of the arrays used. These results indicate the possibility of using seismic refraction equipments for the f-k analysis in the frequency band of geotechnical engineering interest. This has potentially great importance since the same equipment is indicated to be applicable for both seismic noise measurements as well as for active reflection seismic surveys.     

井下甚宽频带地震仪研制内容与创新

井下甚宽频带地震观测能获取来自地球内部微弱的、丰富的、准确的宽频带地壳活动信息,包括地层微破裂、慢地震等,对地震学、地震预报和相关学科均有重要的科学研究意义和实际应用价值。研制具有我国自主知识产权的井下甚宽频带地震仪,并推进其工程化、产业化是地震观测仪器发展的重要方向之一。本文介绍了国家重点研发项目重大科学仪器设备开发专项 “井下甚宽频带地震仪的研制与应用开发” 的研究目标、研究内容及主要创新点。项目首次在国内外成功研制了可应用于2000 m深井观测的、完全自主知识产权的甚宽频带地震仪,并将在国家级重大项目中示范应用,打破了国外在井下甚宽频带地震观测的领先地位,促进了国内地震观测科学技术的发展。项目的主要进展将在项目专题中的4篇文章中分别进行介绍。      

Seismic response of sliding equipment and contents in base‐isolated buildings subjected to broadband ground motions

Base isolation has been established as the seismic design approach of choice when it comes to protecting nonstructural contents. However, while this protection technology has been widely shown to reduce seismic demands on attached oscillatory equipment and contents (EC), its effectiveness in controlling the response of freestanding EC that are prone to sliding has not been investigated. This study examines the seismic behavior of sliding EC inside base‐isolated buildings subjected to broadband ground motions. The effect of isolation system properties on the response of sliding EC with various friction coefficients is examined. Two widely used isolation models are considered: viscously damped linear elastic and bilinear. The study finds isolation to be generally effective in reducing seismic demands on sliding EC, but it also exposes certain situations where isolation in fact increases demands on EC, most notably for low friction coefficients and high earthquake intensities. Damping at the isolation level is effective in controlling the EC sliding displacements, although damping over about 20% is found to be superfluous. The study identifies a physically motivated dimensionless intensity measure and engineering demand parameter for sliding equipment in base‐isolated buildings subjected to broadband ground motions. Finally, the paper presents easy‐to‐use design fragility curves and an example that illustrates how to use them. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宽频带海底地震仪的研制

为填补我国海洋地震监测和海洋地震研究的空白,获得对海洋地震多发区域的监测能力,特此进行宽频带海底地震仪的研制.本文详细介绍了宽频带海底地震仪的设计目标、基本工作原理、组成结构及性能技术指标和研制过程.此外,还介绍了宽频带海底地震仪在中国南海东北部海域应用实例的实验结果,展示了宽频带海底地震仪在3000m海底所记录到的数据资料.