中国地磁台观测的2014年地磁急变

地磁急变（jerk）是起源于地球外核并在导电地幔过滤效应后在地球表面观测到的一种地磁现象,其反映了地核内部某些动力学过程.Jerks在空间范围上既可以是区域性的,也可以是全球性的.中国地区地磁台能否检测到2014年jerk？针对这一问题,利用中国大陆10个地磁台的磁静日月均值和CHAOS-6全球磁场模型,分析了X、Y和Z分量2008—2018年期间的长期变化,估算了2014年前、后的长期加速度值,确定了2014年地磁jerk的时间和强度.研究表明中国地磁台Y分量的长期变化为"Λ"型,Z分量存在明显的"V"型,具有典型的jerk特点.Y分量jerk出现的时间大约在2014年6月,比非洲大陆的Algeria TAM台和南美洲French Guiana KOU台时间滞后大约4个月.这暗示着产生jerks的地核流体波动的时序特点.中国西部和东北部地磁台的长期变化形态有明显的差别,主要由非偶极磁场引起.CHAOS-6模型与地面台站的长期变化形态并非始终一致.本文结果有助于更好地理解和解释长期变化的时间演变和地理分布,并为深入探讨jerks的地核起源和驱动机制提供新的观测约束.     

Sq电流系午前午后不对称性现象的来源

太阳静日变化Sq是地球变化磁场的基本组成部分,Sq的特征反映电离层的电性质和高层大气的潮汐特性.研究Sq的变化特性,能够加深对电离层\|热层耦合的认识.准确分离出Sq,为计算地磁指数（如Dst、Kp和AE等）以及空间天气的准确预报提供必要信息.本文利用地磁观测数据,重点分析了北半球Sq形态及其午前午后不对称现象、Sq日变幅的变化特征、不同纬度地区日变幅与太阳天顶角的相关性的差异.研究表明低纬电流系和高纬电流系是引起Sq形态变化的重要来源,也是各种不对称性的主要起因.     

Gabriel graph of geomagnetic Sq variations

This paper describes the pattern of geomagnetic solar quiet day, Sq, variations recorded at the Indian geomagnetic observatories. The extent to which the high and low latitude ionosphere is interlinked electromagnetically during periods of quiet geomagnetic conditions is a point of debate. The concept of Gabriel graph is applied to derive the boundaries for the variations of horizontal, vertical, and declination components of the earth’s magnetic field during geomagnetically quiet periods. Data of the six Indian geomagnetic observatories (Alibag, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Pondicherry, Visakapatnam, and Trivandrum) are considered for this analysis. This graph theoretical model is complementary to the classical data analysis techniques. Analytical method and the results of the analysis are presented in the paper.     

地磁活动对气候要素影响的研究进展

地磁活动是太阳爆发现象引起地球近地空间磁场扰动的重要空间天气过程之一.地球磁场的变化具有多种时间尺度,其中从数十年到数世纪的长时间地磁场变化主要是由地核磁场引起的,而从数秒到数年的短时间地磁变化与太阳活动有关.近年来,越来越多的统计研究表明,地磁活动与太阳活动和地球气候变化之间存在着显著的相关性.地球磁场和地球大气系统的耦合现象驱动着人们探索地磁活动对地球天气和气候系统影响的研究.本文的目的就是综述国内外地磁变化对气候影响的研究进展,介绍我们最新的研究成果,探索地磁活动对气候要素的影响特征和可能机理过程,为深入研究地磁活动对地球天气和气候的影响提供基础和依据,以期对地磁活动和气候要素关系有进一步的认识.     

南海西南次海盆深海地磁观测潜标的数据分析

地磁场磁力线切割海水和电磁感应两种方式的共同作用影响着海水介质中变化地磁场的时空特征.虽然近些年的野外实践、数值模拟和理论研究都表明,海面和深海海底的变化磁场存在差异,但极少有实测数据揭示在海水介质不同深度位置地磁场的时空特征.本文主要介绍在南海西南次海盆4366 m深度处布放和回收了一个4000 m长深海地磁观测潜标的科学实验;重点分析垂直方向不同水深位置上地磁场观测记录中总强度的变化幅度及相位的时空特征.并通过建立地磁场太阳静日变化模型,将观测结果与南海周缘的三个地磁台站观测记录进行对比分析.研究结果表明,地磁场总强度在深海水体的不同深度存在着显著差别.在地磁扰动较小或平静期间,深海潜标处的日变形态与同纬度邻近台站的观测结果较为一致;而在地磁扰动期间,由于所处位置处地下电性介质的差异会对感应磁场产生不同的影响,观测到的总强度在幅度和相位变化中也出现相应的不同.本文的分析结果不仅为海水介质不同深度地磁场时空特征的研究提供了科学实验依据,也为海洋磁测中地磁日变观测站的布设提供建议.     

中国地区地磁长期变化研究

采用2000~2004年中国地区34个台站的地磁日均值数据, 计算了通日和静日的平均年变率,以及静日的拟合年变率.应用上述年变率, 建立了2000.0~2005.0年代中国地区地磁场长期变化泰勒多项式模型和曲面样条模型.分析讨论了该泰勒多项式模型和曲面样条模型与国际地磁参考场长期变化模型(IGRF-SV)的异同, 结果表明,中国地区地磁长期变化的泰勒多项式模型与曲面样条模型的形态与数值是一致的,而且与IGRF-SV长期变化的趋势也是一致的,但中国地区地磁长期变化具有区域特征.     

Polar regionSq

Geomagnetically quiet day variations in the polar region are reviewed with respect to geomagnetic field variation, ionospheric plasma convection, electric field and current. Persistently existing field-aligned currents are the main source of the polar regionSq. Consequently, the morphology and variability of the polar regionSq largely depend upon both field-aligned currents and ionospheric conductivity. Since field-aligned currents are the major linkage between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, the latter is controlled by solar wind state, in particular, the interplanetary magnetic field, the polar regionSq exhibits remarkable IMF dependence.     

高纬日侧电离层离子上行的地磁活动依赖性研究

本文对比分析了太阳活动高、低年期间高纬日侧顶部电离层离子上行随地磁活动水平的变化特征.按地磁活动水平,将DMSP卫星在太阳活动高年（2000-2002年,F13和F15）及太阳活动低年（2007-2009年,F13;2007-2010年,F15）期间的SSIES离子漂移速度观测数据分为三组：地磁平静期（Kp<3）,中等地磁扰动期（3 ≤ Kp < 5）和强地磁活动期（Kp ≥ 5）,分别统计分析了高纬日侧顶部电离层离子上行特征的时空分布.对比分析发现：（1）太阳活动低年期间,高纬日侧电离层离子上行发生率以及上行速度峰值均是太阳活动高年的2倍多,而离子上行通量峰值只有高年的1/6-1/4;（2）在相同太阳活动条件下,地磁活动水平对日侧电离层离子上行发生率峰值的影响并不明显,但对离子上行发生率的空间分布有着显著的控制作用：电离层离子上行高发区随地磁活动向低纬度扩展,并在强地磁活动期间呈现饱和的趋势;（3）日侧顶部电离层等离子体似乎存在两个效率相当的上行区域,一个位于极尖/极隙区纬度附近,离子可沿开放磁力线上行进入磁尾;另一个位于晨侧亚极光区附近,离子沿闭合磁力线上行,有可能进入日侧等离子体层边界层.     

Determination of the running quiet daily geomagnetic variation

A new automatic running method for derivation of the quiet daily geomagnetic variation—“quiet day curve” (QDC) is described. The method consists in the automatic distinction of the quietest periods using the geomagnetic variations parameterization, calculation of the proper quiet daily variation for certain days, reconstruction of QDC for each day of the elapsed period and extrapolation of QDC for the subsequent period. The method ensures statistically reliable QDCs during the epoch of the solar activity maximum if the time interval used for derivation of QDC is not less than 30 days. The method of the running QDC calculation implies the uninterrupted calculation of the QDC resulting from the continuous 1-day forward shift of the 30-day interval. The method makes it possible to derive automatically and on-line the quiet daily variation in the polar caps, where northward interplanetary magnetic field can generate large magnetic disturbances during periods of planetary magnetic quiescence. This is the main advantage of the running QDC method over other known methods. It is shown that along with the seasonal (from month to month) and the solar cycle (from year to year) changes, the QDC amplitude is modified on a time scale less then a month following solar activity flashes.     

基于地磁台站数据对磁暴期间环电流和场向电流的分布特征研究

磁暴的发生与环电流的变化密切相关.除了对称环电流外,部分环电流在磁暴的发展过程中也起到了重要的作用,同时部分环电流通过场向电流与极区电离层中的电流形成回路.本文应用INTERMAGNET地磁台网北半球中低纬区域地磁台站数据,对不同强度4个磁暴事件主相和恢复相期间部分环电流和场向电流的磁地方时分布进行了分析和讨论.对于每一个磁暴事件,在低纬地区（地磁纬度约0°—40°N）选用地磁经度上大致均匀的8个台站,通过坐标转换计算平行于磁偶极轴的地磁场水平分量H来分析磁暴期间环电流所引起的磁场扰动;在低纬地区8个台站的基础上增加中纬地区（地磁纬度约40°N—60°N）地磁经度上大致均匀的6个台站,计算地磁坐标系下地磁场东西分量Y来分析磁暴期间场向电流在中低纬地区引起的磁场扰动.结果表明,磁暴主相期间的部分环电流主要作用于磁地方时昏侧和夜侧扇区,并且主相和恢复相期间部分环电流引起的磁场变化随着磁暴级别的增大而增大;磁暴主相期间向下的场向电流多出现在夜侧至晨侧扇区,向上的场向电流多出现在昏侧至午后扇区,且中纬地区向下和向上场向电流的展布范围明显大于低纬地区;恢复相期间弱、中磁暴事件的场向电流呈现与部分环电流相同的减弱趋势,而强、大磁暴事件在恢复相末期场向电流引起的磁场变化明显不同于恢复相的其他时刻,这可能与高纬较强的亚暴活动有关.     

地磁倒转与生物灭绝因果关系研究五十年

地磁场源于地球内部的地核发电机,经由近3000 km厚的地幔和地壳到达地面,穿过生物圈、大气层和电离层后延展至太空形成磁层.地磁场对生物圈有双重保护作用:阻挡了高能粒子向内入侵,也避免了氧和水等挥发性物质向外逃逸.尽管地磁场在几十亿年的时间里帮助维持了地球的宜居性,人们仍认为地磁倒转所导致的保护作用削弱会给生物圈带来深刻的负面影响,甚至是生物灭绝.本文梳理地磁倒转与生物灭绝因果关系研究的五十年发展历程,结合历史背景评介早期"一对一"假说的得与失,并着重阐述空间环境变化在最新提出的"多对一"假说中的重要作用.这些研究成果已经清晰地说明,从地核到磁层的地球各圈层是一个耦合的复杂系统,地球演化中的重大事件应当从地球系统科学的角度来看待,并借助比较行星学来研究和理解.     

格尔木地磁Z分量静日变化特征与前兆异常分析

研究了格尔木地震台1996-2006年地磁模拟资料和2008-2011年的数字化资料,通过对台站磁静日低点时间、日变幅度、日变形态的分析,确认地磁z分量磁静日低点时间在地方时12时左右;日变幅月均值呈现明显的波浪式起伏变化,其年均值与太阳黑子数保持一致;地磁日变形态较为规则,有1个低点和2个高点;在前兆异常分析中,认为低点时间异常和日变形态双低点异常与周边强震具有一定的对应关系。     

A new time-dependent ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling model: Comparison of field-aligned currents against ST5 observations

By using Tsyganenko's model for the magnetosphere's magnetic field, which links two hemispheres of the ionosphere, and adopting a practical boundary condition for the electric potential around the polar cap, we developed a new ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling model based on prairie view dynamo code (PVDC). The new model takes the variations in solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, as well as the geomagnetic activity, into account. Rather than the previous version of PVDC that is useful only for quiet conditions, the new model enables to calculate the electric potential and currents in the ionosphere and the field-aligned current (FAC) off the ionosphere in quiet and disturbed times. Comparison of the calculated FAC with the measurements of Space Technology 5 (ST5) mission shows a good agreement.     

Climate changes associated with high-amplitude <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sq</Emphasis> geomagnetic variations

When the solar irradiance propagates between the outer magnetospheric regions and the ionosphere, dynamic processes of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system are affected at the lower end of their paths by the interaction of radiation with the neutral troposphere. The main target of this work is to investigate the relationship between the diurnal magnetic field variations resulting from solar activities and the variation in the troposphere temperature. Meteorological and geomagnetic data acquired from different observatories located in Egypt, Portugal and Slovakia in a long-term and daily-term scales were analyzed.     

电离层中纬槽极小的位置变化及其控制因素研究

本文利用2000年至2009年CHAMP卫星朗缪尔探针实地测量的电子密度数据,分析了电离层中纬槽的位置变化及其控制因素.研究结果表明:(1)地磁平静期电离层中纬槽的位置随磁地方时和经度变化;(2)电离层中纬槽的位置对地理经度的依赖表现为西半球槽的位置高于东半球;(3)AE指数和SYM-H指数与槽的位置变化显著相关,表明极光电集流和环电流是中纬槽位置变化的重要控制因素;(4)太阳风电场晨-昏分量的量值变化显著影响中纬槽位置,而其极性变化的影响相对较弱.研究结果对中纬槽建模有一定的参考价值.     

Modelling the effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field from 1957 to 1997 on the ionospheric hmF2 and foF2 parameters

We have modelled the effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field on the ionosphere as have occurred from 1957 to 1997 using the NCAR Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. Previous studies that attempted to quantify these effects used a constant wind field, so that any electro-dynamical coupling processes could not be accounted for. Using TIE-GCM we can account for these processes. We find substantial changes in the F2 layer peak height hmF2 (up to ±20 km) and critical frequency foF2 (up to ±0.5 MHz) over the Atlantic Ocean and South America, purely due to changes in the Earth's magnetic field (i.e. unrelated to greenhouse gas cooling effects, which are often held responsible for long-term trends in hmf2 and fof2). These would make up a significant contribution to observed long-term trends in these areas and therefore must be taken into account in their interpretation. Modelled trends of hmF2 and foF2 exhibit a strong seasonal and diurnal variation, highlighting the importance of separating data with respect to season and local time. Most of the modelled changes in hmF2 and foF2 can be related to changes in plasma transport up or down magnetic field lines driven by neutral winds, changes, which are mostly caused by changes in the inclination of the field, though changes in declination and neutral wind also play a role. Changes in the vertical component of the E×B drift seem to have little effect on hmF2 and foF2.     

An introduction to quiet daily geomagnetic fields

On days that are quiet with respect to solar-terrestrial activity phenomena, the geomagnetic field has variations, tens of gamma in size, with major spectral components at about 24, 12, 8, and 6 hr in period. These quiet daily field variations are primarily due to the dynamo currents flowing in theE region of the earth's ionosphere, are driven by the global thermotidal wind systems, and are dependent upon the local tensor conductivity and main geomagnetic field vector. The highlights of the behavior and interpretation of these quiet field changes, from their discovery in 1634 until the present, are discussed as an introduction to the special journal issue on Quiet Daily Geomagnetic Fields.     

Solar flare effect on the geomagnetic field and ionosphere

This paper studies the ionospheric and geomagnetic response to an X6.2 solar flare recorded at 14:30 UT on December 13, 2001, in quiet geomagnetic conditions which allow the variations in the geomagnetic field and ionosphere measurements to be easily related to the solar flare radiation.By using measurements from the global positioning system (GPS) and geomagnetic observatories, the temporal evolution of ionospheric total electron content variation, vTEC_V, and geomagnetic field variations, δB, as well as their rates of variation, were obtained around the subsolar point at different solar zenith angles. The enhancement of both parameters was recorded one to three minutes later than the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) programme recording; such delay tends to depend on the latitude, longitude, and solar zenith angle of the observatory's observations.The vTEC_V is related to the local time and the δB to the intensity and position of the ionospheric currents.The vTEC_V′s maximum value is always recorded later than the maximum values reached by δB and the X-ray intensity. The maximum δB is larger in the local morning than in the afternoon.The rates of vTEC_V and δB have two maximum values at the same time as the maximum values recorded by Hα (for each ribbon).This work shows the quantitative and qualitative relations between a solar flare and the ionospheric and geomagnetic variations that it produces.     

On the 60-year signal from the core

The decadal variation in the length of day and in the Earth's magnetic field is analyzed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The existence of a periodicity of about 60-years in the Earth's angular velocity has often been inferred and is confirmed here, with a new estimate of approximately 62 years. The existence of a similar periodicity in the geomagnetic field has been controversial. From the time series analyses presented here of the magnetic declination at 10 observatories, it is concluded that a geomagnetic periodicity of about 62?±?3 years does exist. A similar analysis of the magnetic inclination at five observatories gives a period of 58?±?5 years. The declination data from four observatories is found to correlate with the length of day signal, with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.6.     

V_r:A new index to represent the variation rate of geomagnetic activity

By calculating the hourly standard deviation of the first-order differences of the horizontal geomagnetic component minute data,a new index Vr to represent the variation rate of the geomagnetic field was introduced.Vr-indices show similar trends in the temporal change at different observatories and have simultaneous peak values at the observatories covering a large span geographically,which reveals that the source of geomagnetic disturbances represented by Vr is in the magnetosphere.Based on the comparison among Vr,Kp and ap,it is found that generally Vr changes linearly with Kp and ap,which means that the rapid changes of magnetic field usually exist together with magnetic disturbances.But there are exceptions.As Vr can be easily produced by individual observatory in quasi real time and is more sensitive to the variation rate of geomagnetic field rather than the field itself,it can be expected to serve for monitoring or predicting the geomagnetic-induced event in a quick and intuitive way.