不同GPS-OEM芯片跨平台混合使用方案

GPS-OEM芯片因其自身优势而得到广泛应用.不同厂商生产的芯片输出的数据包格式不同,很难混合使用,虽有公共数据格式,但无法输出GPS原始观测数据.针对一种芯片编写的GPS数据处理程序,一旦更换GPS-OEM芯片便无用武之地.文中提出一种数据处理转换方案,编写服务程序,使得用户程序无论运行于什么平台、采用何种通讯方式,只要能连接到Internet,便可以按照统一的格式获取GPS原始观测数据.     

Using mobile laser scanning data for automated extraction of road markings

A mobile laser scanning (MLS) system allows direct collection of accurate 3D point information in unprecedented detail at highway speeds and at less than traditional survey costs, which serves the fast growing demands of transportation-related road surveying including road surface geometry and road environment. As one type of road feature in traffic management systems, road markings on paved roadways have important functions in providing guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. This paper presents a stepwise procedure to recognize road markings from MLS point clouds. To improve computational efficiency, we first propose a curb-based method for road surface extraction. This method first partitions the raw MLS data into a set of profiles according to vehicle trajectory data, and then extracts small height jumps caused by curbs in the profiles via slope and elevation-difference thresholds. Next, points belonging to the extracted road surface are interpolated into a geo-referenced intensity image using an extended inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) approach. Finally, we dynamically segment the geo-referenced intensity image into road-marking candidates with multiple thresholds that correspond to different ranges determined by point-density appropriate normality. A morphological closing operation with a linear structuring element is finally used to refine the road-marking candidates by removing noise and improving completeness. This road-marking extraction algorithm is comprehensively discussed in the analysis of parameter sensitivity and overall performance. An experimental study performed on a set of road markings with ground-truth shows that the proposed algorithm provides a promising solution to the road-marking extraction from MLS data.     

Urban DEM generation,analysis and enhancements using TanDEM-X

This paper analyzes the potential of the TanDEM-X mission for the generation of urban Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The high resolution of the sensors and the absence of temporal decorrelation are exploited. The interferometric chain and the problems encountered for correct mapping of urban areas are analyzed first. The operational Integrated TanDEM-X Processor (ITP) algorithms are taken as reference. The ITP main product is called the raw DEM. Whereas the ITP coregistration stage is demonstrated to be robust enough, large improvements in the raw DEM such as fewer percentages of phase unwrapping errors, can be obtained by using adaptive fringe filters instead of the conventional ones in the interferogram generation stage. The shape of the raw DEM in the layover area is also shown and determined to be regular for buildings with vertical walls. Generally, in the presence of layover, the raw DEM exhibits a height ramp, resulting in a height underestimation for the affected structure. Examples provided confirm the theoretical background. The focus is centered on high resolution DEMs produced using spotlight acquisitions. In particular, a raw DEM over Berlin (Germany) with a 2.5 m raster is generated and validated. For this purpose, ITP is modified in its interferogram generation stage by adopting the Intensity Driven Adaptive Neighbourhood (IDAN) algorithm. The height Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the raw DEM and a reference is about 8 m for the two classes defining the urban DEM: structures and non-structures. The result can be further improved for the structure class using a DEM generated with Persistent Scatterer Interferometry. A DEM fusion is thus proposed and a drop of about 20% in the RMSE is reported.     

提高GPS高程拟合模型精度的有效方法

在调兵山地区,选择76大地高和正常高都已知的点作为原始数据,采用多项式拟合加权平均法建立该地区大地水准面,包括泰勒二次多项式加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法。通过实例发现,泰勒二多项式曲面加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法对高程异常的短波项有很好的改进效果,拟合残差值比较大的点采用泰勒二次多项式曲面加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法残差值变小,大大提高了拟合模型的精度,改善了拟合模型。     

GPS大地水准面拟合模型研究

在调兵山地区，选择已用GPS定位技术求得大地高的76个已知点作为原始数据的基础上，采用两种数学模型建立大地水准面，模型包括二次曲面法和最小二乘配置法，这两种模型是在不分区拟合和分区拟合两种情况下进行的。通过实例发现，拟合点的选取及位置对拟合模型有很大影响，在平坦地区，采用不分区拟合时，二次曲面法和最小二乘配置法的模型所求的检验点高程异常的精度要好于分区拟合时的情况，二次曲面法比最小二乘配置法在求高程异常时精度要高，而在分区拟合和不分区拟合时都能满足精度要求。     

An Automatic Registration Method for Adjustment of Relative Elevation Discrepancies between Lidar Data Strips

Despite the recent development in light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems, discrepancies between strips in overlapping areas persist because of systematic errors. During the past decade, several methods have been developed for compensating for errors, such as checking the coincidence of conjugate features extracted from overlapping LIDAR strips or comparing interpolated range and intensity images. However, these approaches rely upon the ability to detect and extract suitable conjugate features within the overlap area and/or during the preprocessing of raw LIDAR data in, for example, interpolation or segmentation. Such procedures make the overall process complex and may impose limitations on the development of an automated method. Furthermore, some of the preprocessing techniques, such as raster interpolation, may induce errors in raw LIDAR data when dealing with large-scale coverage over an urban area. This paper therefore presents an automated approach, working with raw LIDAR data without the restrictions associated with using conjugate features and without any preprocessing. We present an approach using changes in local height variations that occur within the overlap area between two neighboring strips. In this case, local height variations of the LIDAR data in the overlap area increase if there are discrepancies. This scheme can be helpful in determining an appropriate transformation for the adjustment of discrepancies between neighboring LIDAR strips in a way that minimizes the local height variation. A contour tree (CT) was used to represent the local height variations and to find an appropriate initial transformaunction. The iterative closest point (ICP) procedure was then applied to refine the function parameters. Following transformation, LIDAR strips were registered with each other, and the discrepancies were measured again to determine whether they had been resolved. The statistical evaluation of the results revealed that the discrepancies were significantly reduced.     

基于小波多分辨率方向高程限差的LiDAR数据滤波

本文在研究了小波多分辨率分析原理的基础上,将小波变换引入到机载LIDAR数据滤波中,利用金字塔分层理论实现原始DSM数据的快速组织,加快计算速度,提高滤波效率。同时在滤波阈值选择中顾及整个区域的方向高程差,使判断条件更加符合地形特点,提高滤波的准确度。本文最后利用实际的LIDAR数据进行了实验和精度分析。     

Drainage skeletonization from flow-accumulated area without the use of threshold

This study presents a method of automatic drainage skeletonization from flow-accumulated area without the use of threshold which conserves drainage geometry at chosen digital elevation model (DEM) scale. To get all possible drainage at the chosen scale, stream order raster is generated by incorporating flow accumulation and flow direction raster derived from corresponding DEM. This allows generation of drainage network without the use of threshold. Resultant stream order raster, termed as raw stream order raster (RSOR), is tested against threshold defined stream order raster to evaluate its efficiency. Use of RSOR allows extraction of stream heads to greater stream head extent. Again, DEM downscaling takes care of overestimation in number of streams. So, the proposed technique is effective in controlling two basic aspects of drainage characteristics – stream number and extent. In our case, drainage estimated from re-sampled medium-scale DEM has the closest matching with that of the reference topographical map.     

基于Kalman滤波的InSAR基线估计方法

针对目前SAR干涉测量中基线估计现存的问题,提出了利用Kalman滤波和配准参数进行基线估计的方法.所提出的方法具有不需地面控制点、不受地形限制和不依赖于轨道参数等优点,并可以估计时变的基线参数.利用南京地区的ERS-1/2 tandem数据进行了试验研究,并对提出的方法进行了验证.结果表明,在精确的卫星轨道数据和地面控制点不能获取时,所提出的方法仍能有效地估计InSAR基线.这在一定程度上补偿了轨道偏移带来的误差,为获取高精度的DEM奠定了基础.     

用神经网络方法转换GPS高程

本文提出用神经网络方法转换ＧＰＳ高程为正高或正常高,给出一种改进了的ＢＰ神经网络拓扑结构和算法,并用ＧＰＳ的实际定位资料构成４３个样本集作了在计算分析,估算的精度达到厘米级、最后用网络方法与二次多项式曲面拟合大地水准面转换ＧＰＳ高程的方法作了比较,神经网络方法的精度优于二次多项式曲面拟合法,而且精度比较稳定,对已知样本点的数量要求较少。     

Height datum unification between Shenzhen and Hong Kong using the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem

The paper proposes a new algorithm to unify height datums in different regions, which is based on the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem. Compared with traditional methods, this method uses GPS ellipsoidal height and gravity disturbances on the surface of the earth to obtain a quasigeoid, which is not related to any local vertical datums. As an example, we calculate the height datum difference between Shenzhen and Hong Kong by applying this new method. The result shows that the height difference obtained by this new method is consistent with the ground leveling result to a few centimeters.     

A method to generalize stream flowlines in small-scale maps by a variable flow-based pruning threshold

The aim of this paper is to explore and describe a method of automated generalization designed to produce a map which strikes a balance between cartographic and hydrologic representations. Following a discussion of scholarly literature on generalization, we describe a novel method for automated generalization of hydrographic stream data, using the National Hydrography Data Set (NHDPlus) as an example.

Traditional hydrography shows a fairly uniform density of stream flowlines over space. While this is pleasing to the eye, traditional methods tend to under-represent rivers in humid areas and over-represent them in arid areas. We address this problem through a method in automated generalization to produce a high-quality presentation of hydrographic data, suitable for display as a wall map or in an atlas. Streams are pruned based on a variable flow threshold, derived from the local mean annual precipitation by a regression equation.

After running the model using different parameters, we produce a more satisfactory portrayal of stream networks in the United States that communicates the flow of water through rivers and reflects the regional climate. Specific advantages in generalizing with variable flow threshold include (1) the method allows for fine gradations in output scale; (2) the output maps tend to minimize density variations in the raw data; (3) the subjective criteria are easily derived; and (4) the method can be performed rapidly on large data sets, as long as the stream data has been enriched with reliable flow rates.     

多项式拟合模型在GPS水准测量中的应用

围绕高程异常的求算,对GPS水准相关问题进行探讨,研究多项式拟合高程异常函数模型.采用实际数据,对研究区域进行原始坐标直接处理和坐标中心化处理,分析法方程系数矩阵的病态性对拟合参数稳定性的影响;并探究公共点与检核点之间的位置关系对精度的影响规律.最后,将多种拟合模型的精度进行比较,找出适合测区拟合的最优模型.     

典型地形SAR回波模拟与SAR图像仿真

SAR成像算法的验证需要相应的回波数据, 同时SAR图像目标识别算法的检验需要大量的SAR图像, 针对这一要求, 提出了一种典型地形SAR回波模拟与图像仿真的方法。首先分析了分形布朗曲面及其水平集的特征。在此基础上, 运用中点位移法生成了描述山脉地形的数字高程数据, 提出了生成海岸地形(“归零法”)及河流沟壑地形(“归零取反法”)的新方法。引入电磁散射模型, 计算了每个分辨单元的后向散射系数。给出了基于二维快速傅立叶变换的SAR回波模拟算法的推导过程及相应的仿真结果, 并对结果进行了分析和讨论, 证明了该方法的正确性。     

GPS水准采用移去恢复技术拟合大地水准面方法的研究

精化大地水准面是现代重力场和大地测量学工作的重要任务之一。探讨了利用已知水准点上的高程异常拟合区域大地水准面模型时,首先移去EGM96模型计算得到的部分,然后基于移动曲面和多面函数方法分别对剩余高程异常进行拟合,在内插点上再利用EGM96模型把移去的部分恢复,得到该点的高程异常。通过对某局部地区水准点的计算表明,引入EGM96模型的拟合高程异常的精度有所改进,对于大范围地区,这种方法有望能更好地提高大地水准面的拟合精度。     

基于EGM96模型的GPS水准拟合方法

用GPS测量的方法来获得一点的正高或正常高，需要知识一点的大地水准面差距或高程异常。采用的大地水准面差距或高程异常的精度，决定了GPS水准的精度。本文利用EGM96模型计算高程异常。在利用巳知水准点上的高程异常拟合区域大地水准面模型时，首先移去用EGM96模型计算得到的部分，然后对剩余的高程异常进行拟合和内插，在内插点上再利用EGM96模型把移去的部分恢复，得到该点的高程异常。通过对某线路GPS水准的计算表明，引入EGM96模型拟合高程的精度改进不大。但对于大范围测量，这种方法有望能改进GPS水准的拟合精度。     

基于坐标转换法的GPS-RTK高程测量及成果检核

GPS-RTK高程测量的主要方法是坐标转换和高程拟合。本文主要结合某线路介绍了坐标转换方法以及如何对其测量成果进行检核。常规的高程检核方法是比较联测水准点高程和GPS-RTK测量高程,而本文结合线路作业的特点提出了利用直线或平面拟合方法对线路基于坐标转换法获得的GPS-RTK高程测量成果进行检核,结果表明本文的方法是可行的。     

Can regional aerial images from orthophoto surveys produce high quality photogrammetric Canopy Height Model? A single tree approach in Western Europe

Forest monitoring tools are needed to promote effective and data driven forest management and forest policies. Remote sensing techniques can increase the speed and the cost-efficiency of the forest monitoring as well as large scale mapping of forest attribute (wall-to-wall approach). Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) is a common cost-effective alternative to airborne laser scanning (ALS) which can be based on aerial photos routinely acquired for general base maps. DAP based on such pre-existing dataset can be a cost effective source of large scale 3D data. In the context of forest characterization, when a quality Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is available, DAP can produce photogrammetric Canopy Height Model (pCHM) which describes the tree canopy height. While this potential seems pretty obvious, few studies have investigated the quality of regional pCHM based on aerial stereo images acquired by standard official aerial surveys. Our study proposes to evaluate the quality of pCHM individual tree height estimates based on raw images acquired following such protocol using a reference filed-measured tree height database. To further ensure the replicability of the approach, the pCHM tree height estimates benchmarking only relied on public forest inventory (FI) information and the photogrammetric protocol was based on low-cost and widely used photogrammetric software. Moreover, our study investigates the relationship between the pCHM tree height estimates based on the neighboring forest parameter provided by the FI program.Our results highlight the good agreement of tree height estimates provided by pCHM using DAP with both field measured and ALS tree height data. In terms of tree height modeling, our pCHM approach reached similar results than the same modeling strategy applied to ALS tree height estimates. Our study also identified some of the drivers of the pCHM tree height estimate error and found forest parameters like tree size (diameter at breast height) and tree type (evergreenness/deciduousness) as well as the terrain topography (slope) to be of higher importance than image survey parameters like the variation of the overlap or the sunlight condition in our dataset. In combination with the pCHM tree height estimate, the terrain slope, the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and the evergreenness factor were used to fit a multivariate model predicting the field measured tree height. This model presented better performance than the model linking the pCHM estimates to the field tree height estimates in terms of r² (0.90 VS 0.87) and root mean square error (RMSE, 1.78 VS 2.01 m). Such aspects are poorly addressed in literature and further research should focus on how pCHM approaches could integrate them to improve forest characterization using DAP and pCHM. Our promising results can be used to encourage the use of regional aerial orthophoto surveys archive to produce large scale quality tree height data at very low additional costs, notably in the context of updating national forest inventory programs.     

A new technique to determine geoid and orthometric heights from satellite positioning and geopotential numbers

This paper takes advantage of space-technique-derived positions on the Earth’s surface and the known normal gravity field to determine the height anomaly from geopotential numbers. A new method is also presented to downward-continue the height anomaly to the geoid height. The orthometric height is determined as the difference between the geodetic (ellipsoidal) height derived by space-geodetic techniques and the geoid height. It is shown that, due to the very high correlation between the geodetic height and the computed geoid height, the error of the orthometric height determined by this method is usually much smaller than that provided by standard GPS/levelling. Also included is a practical formula to correct the Helmert orthometric height by adding two correction terms: a topographic roughness term and a correction term for lateral topographic mass–density variations.     

格尔木市高精度数字高程基准模型研究

大地水准面（数字高程基准）为国家高程基准的建立与维持提供了全新的思路。然而，受限于地形、重力数据等原因，高原地区高精度数字高程基准模型的建立一直是大地测量领域的难题。本文以格尔木地区为例，探讨了高原地区高精度数字高程基准模型的建立方法。首先，基于重力和地形数据，由第二类Helmert凝集法计算了格尔木重力似大地水准面。在计算中，考虑到高原地形对大地水准面模型的影响，采用了7.5″×7.5″分辨率和高精度的地形数据来恢复大地水准面短波部分的方法，以提高似大地水准面的精度。然后，利用球冠谐调和分析方法将GNSS水准与重力似大地水准面联合，建立了格尔木高精度数字高程基准模型。与实测的67个高精度GNSS水准资料比较，重力似大地水准面的外符合精度为3.0 cm，数字高程基准模型的内符合精度为2.0 cm。