Geological Evolution of Selected Granitic Pegmatites in Myanmar (Burma): Constraints from Regional Setting,Lithology, and Fluid-Inclusion Studies

Pegmatite deposits commonly occur in the 1500 km long, N-S-trending, tungstentin-bearing granitoid belt in Myanmar. Pegmatites are emplaced as veins and dikes that cut granitoid, migmatite, granitoid gneiss, gneiss, and schist. The pegmatite veins and dikes are mostly 2 to 5 meters wide and 30 to 150 meters long, and some are traceable over a distance of 300 meters.

The pegmatites are composed of quartz, orthoclase, albite, microcline microperthite, and muscovite, with minor biotite, tourmaline, beryl, garnet, topaz, lepidolite, magnetite, wolframite, cassiterite, and rare columbite. They are commonly zoned, feldspars and muscovite being more abundant in the center and quartz more common at the margin. The zoning pattern is rather distinct in the pegmatite body, where tourmaline is present. The light-colored felsic minerals are confined to the core zone and the dark-colored tourmaline crystals to the outer zone.

Numerous fluid inclusions have been found in quartz, topaz, and beryl. Most of the inclusions are rounded to elliptical, with a variable degree of liquid filling. All inclusions are aqueous, two-phase (liquid and vapor) inclusions with no daughter minerals. Homogenization temperatures of 173 fluid inclusions were measured in this study.

Geothermometric studies indicate that the pegmatites were formed over a homogeniza-tion temperature range of 230° to 410°C. Salinities of fluid inclusions in pegmatite minerals yielded from 1.0 to 10.8 NaCl equiv. wt‰. Topaz and quartz single crystals (several cm across) from the Sakangyi pegmatite provide an opportunity to extract the fluids trapped in these minerals. The Na/K ratios of the fluid inclusions in two topaz samples were 3.0 to 4.9, and those of two quartz samples were 2.9 to 10.5, suggesting the presence of substantial potassium in the pegmatite-forming fluids. In this study, evidence for phase separation of the pegmatite-forming fluids was not observed. The post-magmatic, hydrothermal fluids responsible for the pegmatite veins evidently emanated from cooling S-type granitoids, with which they are spatially associated.     

华南幕阜山花岗伟晶岩的矿物化学特征及指示意义

华南晚中生代幕阜山花岗复式岩基内部及周缘广泛发育花岗伟晶岩脉,部分岩脉富含Li-Nb-Ta等元素,形成大型－超大型稀有金属矿床.本文以幕阜山北缘断峰山地区贫锂伟晶岩类和南缘仁里地区新发现的富锂伟晶岩为主要研究对象,通过详细的岩相学和主要及特征矿物（长石、云母、电气石、石榴子石、绿柱石、铌钽铁矿）的微区原位EPMA和LA-ICP-MS主微量元素地球化学的对比分析,深入探讨了伟晶岩的分类、成因演化及成矿潜力.按照特征矿物组合将伟晶岩划分为断峰山地区电气石伟晶岩、电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩、绿柱石伟晶岩、铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩和仁里地区的锂电气石－锂云母伟晶岩5类.5类岩脉中的长石、云母、电气石和/或石榴子石的化学成分记录了不同程度花岗伟晶岩脉的演化阶段,按岩浆演化程度由低至高依次为电气石伟晶岩→电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩→绿柱石伟晶岩→铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩→锂电气石－锂云母伟晶岩,并分别对应伟晶岩稀有金属富集程度分类中的无矿→（含Be）→富Be→富Be、Nb、Ta→富Li、Be、Nb、Ta阶段.这一结果表明仁里地区伟晶岩已演化至晚期富集多种稀有金属元素阶段,具有Li-Nb-Ta多金属成矿潜力,而断峰山地区的伟晶岩演化程度相对较低.断峰山电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩中的色带电气石晶体发育强烈成分环带,由内向外可明显分为5环,自核部至边部,Li、Zn、Ga、Ge、Nb、Ta、Sn、Pb等不相容元素和金属元素含量逐渐升高,清晰记录了正常岩浆演化序列及稀有金属富集过程.结合前人有关幕阜山花岗岩类的研究资料,本文认为幕阜山伟晶岩为该地区晚中生代巨量花岗质岩浆经历长期结晶分异作用晚期的分异产物.      

Textural characteristics,distribution pattern and provenance of heavy minerals in glacial sediments of Schirmacher Oasis,east Antarctica

Heavy minerals of twenty sediment samples, belonging to polar ice sheet, lake, mainland area and shelf region of Schirmacher Oasis, east Antarctica, have been studied for their textural characteristics, abundance and provenance determination. The heavy crop is represented by zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, hypersthene, hornblende, chlorite, enstatite, lawsonite, kyanite, sillimanite, zoisite, andalusite, spinel, topaz and opaques. The assemblage, in general, is dominated by hornblende-hypersthene-garnet assemblage, followed by kyanite-sillimanite-andalusite and zircontourmaline-rutile. The high concentration of specific minerals of metamorphic origin reveals high-grade metamorphic terrain as the primary source. The ZTR ratio is low showing low mineralogical maturity. An attempt has also been made to compare the trends of heavy minerals of various sub glacial regions with those of the average values of entire area.     

Distribution of rare alkali metals in chamber pegmatites as criterion in prospecting for optical fluorite and piezoquartz

The distribution of rubidium and cesium in microcline-perthite was studied in five topaz- and fluorite-bearing zoned pegmatites. Determinations of mineral paragenesis aided in the interpretation of the results of the rare alkali metal determinations. The study lead to the following conclusions: 1) The Rb content in zoned fluorite and topaz pegmatites increases by a factor of 2.4–3.0 from the contact zone toward the core. Cs in microcline-perthite varies systematically with position in some pegmatites, but not in others. 2) Biotite from fluorite-bearing pegmatites shows a much higher content of F, Rb, Cs and Li than biotite from fluorite-free pegmatites. This criterion (plus a higher Rb content in the block microcline-perthite near the pegmatite core) is considered as exploration aid for fluorite and piezoquartz pegmatites. — R.D. DeRudder.     

Gemstone Mineralization in the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (Karur-Kangayam Belt), Southern India

We summarize here the occurrence of a number of semiprecious stones within a major gemstone belt in the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone system close to the northern margin of the Madurai Granulite Block, southern India. The gem mineralization in this belt includes different varieties of corundum (star ruby, sapphire), cordierite (iolite), feldspar (moonstones and sunstone of various hues), beryl (emerald, aquamarine), chrysoberyl (alexandrite), kornerupine, topaz, spinel, crystal quartz and amethyst, among others. Gem mineralisation has not been directly dated, but is associated with pegmatites that crosscut rocks metamorphosed in late Neoproterozoic/Early Cambrian times. Similar aged gem mineralization occurs south of the Achankovil Shear Zone in southern India, as well as in Sri Lanka and Madagascar and strengthen the view of a broad late Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian gemstone province in central Gondwana. The ruby mineralization within this belt can be correlated with similar occurrences in eastern Madagascar, supporting a correlation between the Malagasy Betsimisaraka suture zone and the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone system in southern India.     

Paragonite eclogites from Dabie Shan,China: re-equilibration during exhumation?

Abstract Paragonite in textural equilibrium with garnet, omphacite and kyanite is found in two eclogites in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terrane in Dabie Shan, China. Equilibrium reactions between paragonite, omphacite and kyanite indicate a pressure of about 19 kbar at c . 700° C. However, one of the paragonite eclogites also contains clear quartz pseudomorphs after coesite as inclusions in garnet, suggesting minimum pressures of 27 kbar at the same temperature. The disparate pressure estimates from the same rock suggest that the matrix minerals in the ultrahigh-pressure eclogites have recrystallized at lower pressures and do not represent the peak ultrahigh-pressure assemblages. This hypothesis is tested by calibrating a garnet + zoisite/clinozoisite + kyanite + quartz/coesite geobarometer and applying it to the appropriate eclogite facies rocks from ultrahigh- and high-pressure terranes. These four minerals coexist from 10 to 60 kbar and in this wide pressure range the grossular content of garnet reflects the equilibrium pressure on the basis of the reaction zoisite/clinozoisite = grossular + kyanite + quartz/coesite + H₂O. The results of the geobarometer agree well with independent pressure estimates from eclogites from other orogenic belts. For the paragonite eclogites in Dabie Shan the geobarometer indicates pressures in the quartz stability field, confirming that the former coesite-bearing paragonite-eclogite has re-equilibrated at lower pressures. On the other hand, garnets from other coesite-bearing but paragonite-free kyanite-zoisite eclogites show a very wide variation in grossular content, corresponding to a pressure variation from coesite into the quartz field. This wide variation, partly due to a rimward decrease in grossular component in garnet, is caused by partial equilibration of the mineral assemblage during the exhumation.     

喜马拉雅东段库曲岩体锂、铍和铌钽稀有金属矿物研究及指示意义

稀有金属矿物记录了花岗伟晶岩成岩成矿的重要信息。喜马拉雅是全球著名的淡色花岗岩带,库曲岩体位于喜马拉雅东段的特提斯喜马拉雅岩系中。本文调查了库曲岩体的二云母花岗岩、白云母花岗岩、电气石花岗岩和花岗伟晶岩,其中,花岗伟晶岩涉及花岗岩的伟晶岩相和独立伟晶岩脉。库曲岩体产出的稀有金属矿物包括锂辉石、锂绿泥石、绿柱石、铌铁矿-钽铁矿、钇铀钽烧绿石和细晶石,它们主要赋存于似文象伟晶岩、石英-钠长石-白云母伟晶岩、块体长石-钠质细晶岩、块体长石-电气石钠质细晶岩、锂辉石-块体长石-细晶岩、白云母花岗岩的伟晶岩相以及电气石花岗岩内。显微镜观察、电子探针和LA-ICP-MS测试结果显示锂辉石具有四种产状,包括粗粒锂辉石自形-半自形晶、细粒锂辉石-石英镶嵌晶、中细粒锂辉石-钾长石-钠长石-云母镶嵌晶以及发育锂绿泥石的粗粒锂辉石,揭示了其形成时复杂的熔流体动荡结晶环境。绿柱石背散射电子图像（BSE）下呈均一结构和不均一结构（蚀变边、不规则分带和补丁分带）,元素替代机制包括通道-八面体替代、通道-四面体替代以及通道中碱金属阳离子间的置换。铌铁矿族矿物包括原生、蚀变边和不规则分带结构,部分被钇铀钽烧绿石和细晶石交代。与原生铌铁矿相比,蚀变边和不规则分带铌铁矿族矿物总体上富钽贫锰,显示了结晶分异、过冷却引起的过饱和以及流体作用。根据稀有金属矿物揭示的成因信息,独立伟晶岩脉（似文象伟晶岩）、白云母花岗岩的伟晶岩相和电气石花岗岩在岩浆分异程度、经历的演化过程、以及流体活动方面存在差异,很可能是不同期次岩浆活动的产物。库曲岩体绿柱石的Rb和Zn含量、以及铌铁矿族矿物的Sc₂O₃、SiO₂和PbO含量,与已有指示标志存在相关性,作为潜在指示标志仍需开展更多的研究工作。综合含锂辉石伟晶岩的产出、岩浆分异演化程度、多期花岗质岩浆活动、复杂的流体作用以及所属锂丰度高值区等因素,库曲岩体是喜马拉雅东段找锂的有利地段。     

The petrology and mineralogy of the pegmatite complex at Bismuth,Torrington, N.S.W.

The pegmatite complex of epi‐Permian age at Bismuth near Torrington, N.S.W., consists of an elongated intrusion of a granitoid quartz‐topaz rock (silexite) together with a series of pegmatites of varying composition. The principal pegmatite consists of orthoclase, biotite, quartz and beryl with concentric zoning passing outwards into fine‐grained biotite‐beryl rock containing a number of ore minerals: arsenides of Co, Fe and Ni, wolframite, bismuth, bismuthinite, molybdenite, joseite, cassiterite, rutile, uraninite and monazite. Small pegmatite veins issuing from this main body contain, in addition to the silicate minerals, high temperature tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. A second group is characterised by quartz, orthoclase and beryl with occasional patches of tourmaline.

Emplacement at no great depth is indicated by breccia veins and stock‐works filled with pegmatite.

The origin of a silica hydromagma is considered in terms of existing experimental work and in terms of field occurrence. Structural evidence suggests that the quartzose intrusion preceded the injection of the pegmatite fluids, both being derived from the parent Mole biotite granite.     

Petrology of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain, Japan: phase equilibria in the highest grade zone of a high-pressure intermediate type of metamorphic belt

The oligoclase-biotite zone of the Bessi area, central Shikoku is characterized by sodic plagioclase (X_Ca= 0.10–0.28)-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists, and represents the highest-grade zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain. Mineral assemblages in pelitic schists of this zone, all with quartz, sodic plagioclase, muscovite and clinozoisite (or zoisite), are garnet + biotite + chlorite + paragonite, garnet + biotite + hornblende + chlorite, and partial assemblages of these two types. Correlations between mineral compositions, mineral assemblages and mineral stability data assuming PH₂O = P_solid suggests that metamorphic conditions of this zone are about 610 ± 25°C and 10 ± 1 kbar.
Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized'upper staurolite zone'as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as:     

Rare metal-bearing pegmatites from the Southeastern Desert of Egypt： Geology, geochemical characteristics, and petrogenesis

The pegmatite province of the Southeastern Desert (SED) is part of a pegmatite district that extends from Egypt (extends to 1200 km2). Rare metal pegmatites are divided into (1) unzoned, Sn-mineralized; (2) zoned Li, Nb, Ta and Be-bearing; and (3) pegmatites and pegmatites containing colored, gem-quality tourmaline. The Rb/Sr data reflect a crustal origin for the rare metal pegmatites and indicate that the original SED magma was generated during the peak of regional metamorphism and predates the intrusion of post-tectonic leucogranites. These bodies developed an early border zone consisting of coarse to very coarse muscovite quartz alkali feldspar, followed by an intermediate zone of dominant quartz feldspar muscovite rock. Garnet, tourmaline, beryl, galena, pyrite, amblygonite, apatite and monazite are rare accessories in both zones. Cassiterite tends to concentrate in replacement zones and along fractures in albite quartz muscovite-rich portions. The highest concentrations of cassiterite occur in irregular greisenized zones which consist dominantly of micaceous aggregates of green Li-rich muscovite, quartz, albite and coarse-grained cassiterite. The different metasomatic post-solidification alterations include sodic and potassic metasomatism, greisenization and tourmalinization. Geochemically, the pegmatite-generating granites have a metaluminous composition, showing a differentiation trend from coarse-grained, unfractionated plagioclase-rich granite towards highly fractionated fine- to medium-grained, local albite-rich rock. Economically important ore minerals introduced by volatile-rich, rare metal-bearing fluids, either primarily or during the breakdown of the primary mineral assemblages, are niobium-tantalum oxides, Sn-oxides (cassiterite), Li-silicates (petalite, spodumene, euctyptite, and pollucite), Li-phosphates (amblygonite, montebrasite and lithopilite) and minor REE-minerals (Hf-zircon, monazite, xenotime, thorian, loparite and yttrio-fluorite). The pollucite is typically associated with spodumene, petalite, amblygonite, quartz and feldspar. The primary pollucite has Si/Al (at) ratios of 2.53-2.65 and CRK of 79.5- 82.2. Thorian loparite is essentially a member of the loparite (NaLREETi2O6)-lueshite (NaNbO3)-ThTi2O6-ThNb4O12 quaternary system with low or negligible contents of other end-member compositions. The mineral compositionally evolved from niobian loparite to niobian thorian and thorian loparite gave rise to ceriobetafite and belyankinite with high ThO2 contents. Thorian loparite is metamict or partly metamict and upon heating regains a structure close to that of synthetic loparite NaLaTi2O6.     

High-pressure ultramafics in the lower crustal rocks of the Pekul’ney complex, central Chukchi Peninsula. 1. Petrography and mineralogy

Dunites, peridotites, olivine and spinel pyroxenites, and metagabbroids have been described in the tectonic blocks of the Pekul’ney complex of the central Chukchi Peninsula together with garnet-hornblende-clinopyroxene and zoisite (clinozoisite)-garnet-hornblende rocks, which are indicative of high-pressure complexes. However, the interpretations of previous researchers on the composition, structure, setting, and processes of formation of this rock association are highly controversial. The petrographic and mineralogical results reported in this paper indicate that the blocks of the complex host bodies of cumulate ultramafics among metamorphic rocks. These relationships were supported by the finding of xenoliths and xenocrysts of metamorphic rocks in the ultramafics. The metamorphic country rocks are lower crustal amphibolites and schists with peak metamorphic parameters corresponding to the high-pressure portion of the epidoteamphibolite facies (610–680°C and 9–14 kbar). All the varieties of ultramafic rocks studied in the blocks of the complex are assigned to a single cumulate series (from dunite to clinozoisite-garnet hornblendite), and the compositions of their primary minerals show regular correlations similar to crystallization differentiation trends. Specific features of the ultramafics of the Pekul’ney complex are the early crystallization of hornblende (which is present already in peridotites), wide range of garnet crystallization (associating with clinopyroxene, ceylonite, and hornblende), presence of magmatic clinozoisite in the most evolved assemblages (with garnet, hornblende, and clinopyroxene), and absence of evidence for plagioclase crystallization. Clinopyroxene from the most evolved ultramafic rocks contains more than 15 wt % Al₂O₃. The classification of the rocks of the complex provides a basis for the interpretation of geological relations between them and the elucidation of the characteristics of the internal structure of the blocks of the complex and bodies of cumulate ultramafic rocks in them.     

Experimental studies on the formation of inclusions in plagioclases from metatonalites,Hohe Tauern,Austria (lower temperature stability limit of the paragenesis anorthite plus potash feldspar)

New experimental data are presented at stability conditions of paragenesis in the system K₂O-CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O. These results are used to estimate the pressure temperature conditions under which minute inclusions, mostly consisting of zoisite/clinozoisite and muscovite, have crystallized in calcic plagioclases from metatonalites and metadiorites (Hohe Tauern, Austria). In the pressure region 1.5–8 kb the following reactions were observed: zoisite+muscovite+quartz=anorthite+potash feldspar+water (1) grossularite+muscovite+quartz=anorthite+potash feldspar+water (2) zoisite+quartz=anorthite+grossularite+water (3) natural plagioclase with its inclusions (zoisite/clinozoisite and muscovite) (4) =more basic plagioclase without inclusions.In order to determine the curves of reaction (1), (2) and (3), runs were made in hydrothermal bombs using synthetic phases crystallized from gels as starting materials. The reaction curves (1), (2) and (3) intersect at an invariant point at 7.25±0.5 kb and 685±20° C. In runs to define the reaction (4), it could be demonstrated that the inclusion minerals zoisite/ clinozoisite and muscovite became instable at slightly lower temperatures than those occurring in reaction (1). These facts illustrate that the reaction curve (1), found in the pure system, gives possible information about the pressure temperature conditions during the formation of the inclusions.     

Characterization and Mineralization Potentials of Granitic Pegmatites of Komu area, Southwestern Nigeria

The geology of the Komu area, south-western Nigeria was investigated in order to determine the nature of occurrence, petrography and chemical composition, and to evaluate the mineral potential of granitic pegmatites. The pegmatites are hosted by para-gneisses, amphibolites and granitic rocks. These host rocks are characterized by low pressure mineral assemblages of upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies grades. The pegmatites consist of four lithological units: alkali feldspar unit, graphic granite unit, quartz-albite-muscovite-tourmaline unit and saccharroidal albite-muscovite-tourmaline-garnet unit.
A K/Rb ratio of below 100 is indicative of a mineralization potential in most pegmatites, except for the saccharroidal albite-muscovite-tourmaline-garnet unit which has exceptionally high ratios. The discrimination diagrams Rb versus K/Rb, Zn versus K/Rb and Th versus K/Rb show a limited range of fractionation, suggesting that the pegmatites belong to the barren muscovite and rare element classes. The rare element class is moderately enriched in beryl, tourmaline and niobium–tantalum minerals. The pegmatite has affinity for beryl columbite sub-type and lithium–cesium–tantalum (LCT) family. The ores plot mainly in the field of mangano-tantalite of tantalite-columbite quadrilateral diagram. These results indicate that the pegmatites are promising hosts for Nb-Ta ores.     

BJKF-1型便携式近红外矿物分析仪在宝玉石鉴定中的应用

将国产便携式近红外矿物分析仪引入宝玉石无损伤鉴定。通过实测图谱比对,就矿物的近红外光漫反射光谱特征,对主要宝玉石品种的可鉴别性进行分析;对翡翠等作为多矿物集合体表现出的近红外光谱特点及翡翠A货、B货、C货的可区分性亦作了初步分析。实测结果表明,利用易于普及的BJKF-1型近红外矿物分析仪在波长1 300~2 500 nm的近红外测量区域内对黄玉、绿柱石、电气石等部分宝石类,透闪石、叶蜡石、蛇纹石、硬玉等大部分玉石类样品开展日常检测工作,有广阔的应用前景。     

Zoisite- and clinozoisite-segregations in metabasites (Tauern Window, Austria) as evidence for high-pressure fluid–rock interaction

High-pressure zoisite- and clinozoisite-bearing segregations are common in garnet- and albite-bearing amphibolites of the Palaeozoic part of the Lower Schieferhülle, south-central Tauern Window, Austria. The zoisite segregations (primary assemblage: Zo+Qtz+Cal) formed during an early to pre-Hercynian high-pressure event (P≫0.6 GPa, T =500–550 °C) by hydrofracturing as a result of protolith dehydration. Zoisite is growth zoned from Fe³⁺-poor cores (Al₂Fe=9 mol%) to Fe³⁺-rich rims (17 mol%), and has high Sr, Pb and Ga contents and LREE-enriched REE patterns, controlling the trace element budget of the segregations. Hercynian deformation at c. 0.7 GPa/600 °C kinked and cracked primary zoisite and enhanced breakdown into secondary zoisite (13 mol% Al₂Fe), clinozoisite (40–55 mol% Al₂Fe), albite (an_<20), calcite and white mica during an Eoalpine high-pressure event at 0.9–1.2 GPa/400–500 °C. The clinozoisite segregations (primary assemblage: Czo+Qtz+Omp+Ttn+Chl+Cal) are mm- to cm-wide, vein-like bodies, cross-cutting fabric elements of the host garnet amphibolite. They formed during the Eoalpine high-pressure event at 0.9–1.2 GPa/400–500 °C. During Alpine exhumation, omphacite was pseudomorphed by amphibole, albite, quartz and clinozoisite. Oxygen isotope data suggest equilibrium between host metabasite and zoisite segregations and indicate an internal fluid source and fluid buffering by the protolith. Mobility of P, Nb and LREE changed the protolith’s trace element composition in the vicinity of the zoisite segregations: Mobilization of LREE is evidenced by decreasing modal amounts of LREE-rich epidote and decreasing LREE contents in LREE-rich epidote towards the segregations, changing the REE patterns of the host metabasite from LREE-enriched to LREE-depleted. Tectonic discrimination diagrams, based on the trace element content of metabasites, should be applied with extreme caution.     

Endogreisen, brecciation and fluid activity at the Mount Bischoff Sn-deposit, north-west Tasmania, Australia

Abstract Endogreisens which replace K-feld-spar-quartz dykes in a Devonian (360 Ma) tin deposit at Mt Bischoff, north-west Tasmania, formed from the interaction of unusual solutions, probably derived from an underlying leucogranite pluton, porphyry dykes and limited quantities of local dolomitic country rock components. The intensity of greisenization and pH of the solutions increase inward to the greisenized dykes'cores and downward. The following types of greisen assemblages indicate increasing degrees of greisenization: 'sericite'muscovite + quartz ± tourmaline ± fluorite, topaz + quartz ± tourmaline ± fluorite, weberite, prosopite, ralstonite, Ca-ralstonite; and quartz ± topaz ± fluorite. Where the solutions interacted with dolomite, exogreisens consisting of topaz- or tourmaline-bearing assemblages were formed. The greisens were subsequently overprinted to varying degrees by siderite, sulphides and hydrous silicates (talc, serpentine, chlorite, micas).
The temperature during greisenization ranged from 180 to 414°C, based on fluid inclusions in topaz, quartz, fluorite, sellaite and cassiterite. The main greisen-forming event occurred at temperatures of 360±20°C. The fluids boiled intermittently. Their salinities ranged from 31.5 to 38.9 wt% total dissolved salts, consisting of Ca–K–Na–Fe–Cl±hydrocarbon species. Fluid inclusion data indicate that only 0.5–1.5 km of cover were present above this deposit at the time of formation.
The greisenized dykes were intruded by and intrude different stages of breccias. The breccias consist mainly of country rock and greisenized dyke fragments, with rock-flour and later tourmaline alteration. The Mt Bischoff greisen system is possibly part of a 'porphyry tin'style deposit formed at near-surface conditions (0.5–1.0 km).     

川西甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中熔体、流体包裹体固相物质研究

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩和伟晶岩内发育大量原生熔体包裹体和富晶体流体包裹体。为了查明甲基卡成矿熔体、流体性质与演化特征,运用激光拉曼光谱和扫描电镜鉴定了甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉不同结构带内的原生熔体、流体包裹体的固相物质。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩石英内熔体包裹体的矿物组合为磷灰石+白云母、白云母+钠长石、白云母+石墨;伟晶岩绿柱石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为刚玉、富铝铁硅酸盐+刚玉+锂辉石、锂辉石+石英+锂绿泥石;伟晶岩锂辉石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为磷灰石、锡石、磁铁矿、石英+钠长石+锂绿泥石、萤石、富钙镁硅酸盐+富铁铝硅酸盐+富铁硅酸盐+石英;花岗岩浆熔体与伟晶岩浆熔体(流体)具有一定的差异,成矿熔体、流体成分总体呈现出碱质元素(Na、Si、Al)、挥发分(F、P、CO_2)含量增高及基性元素(Fe、Mg、Ca)降低的特征;包裹体中子矿物与主矿物的化学成分具有一定的差别,揭示出伟晶岩熔体(流体)存在局部岩浆分异作用,具不混溶性及非均匀性。因此认为,伟晶岩熔浆(流体)为岩浆分异与岩浆不混溶共同作用的产物,挥发分含量的增高(F、P、CO_2)使伟晶岩能够与稀有金属组成各类络合物或化合物,这对于稀有金属成矿起到了至关重要的作用。     

Cathodoluminescence imaging and titanium thermometry in metamorphic quartz

Cathodoluminescence (CL) of quartz from metamorphic rocks representing a range of conditions from the garnet grade to the migmatite grade reveals a variety of textures, that is, a function of metamorphic grade and deformation history. Ti concentrations, determined by electron microprobe and ion microprobe, generally correlate with CL intensity (blue wavelengths), and application of the Ti‐in‐quartz thermometer (TitaniQ) reflects the temperature of quartz growth or recrystallization, and, in some settings, modification by diffusion. Quartz from garnet grade samples is not visibly zoned, records temperatures of 425–475 °C, and is interpreted to have recrystallized during fabric formation. Quartz grains from staurolite grade samples are zoned in CL with markedly darker cores and brighter rims, some of which are interpreted to have been produced by the dominant staurolite‐producing reaction, whereas others are interpreted as having formed by diffusion of Ti into quartz rims. Quartz from the matrix of kyanite and sillimanite grade samples are generally unzoned, although locally displays slightly brighter rims (higher Ti); quartz inclusions within garnet and staurolite have distinctly brighter rims, which are interpreted as having been produced by diffusive exchange with the host mineral. Quartz from migmatite grade samples displays highly variable CL intensity, which is dependent on the location of the grain. Matrix grains in melanosomes are largely unzoned or rarely zoned with darker cores. Leucosome quartz is strongly zoned with bright cores and dark rims and is interpreted as having formed during crystallization of the melt. Locally within the leucosome is observed oscillatory‐zoned quartz, which is interpreted as a subsolidus recrystallization to achieve strain relaxation. Quartz inclusions within garnet or plagioclase crystals often show bright domains separated by zones of dark CL. These enigmatic textures possibly reflect local melting fluxed by fluid inclusions. Temperatures calculated from the Ti–in–quartz thermometer are a function of the metamorphic grade of the sample, the textural setting of the quartz, the reaction history and the deformation history of the rock. The TitaniQ temperatures can be used to constrain the conditions at which various metamorphic processes have occurred.     

K-rich fluid metasomatism at high-pressure metamorphic conditions: Lawsonite decomposition in rodingitized ultramafite of the Maksyutovo Complex, Southern Urals (Russia)

Fine grained rodingite‐like rocks containing epidote, clinozoisite, garnet, chlorite, phengite and titanite occur within antigorite serpentinite boudins from the high‐pressure metamorphic Maksyutovo Complex in the Southern Urals. Pseudomorphs after lawsonite, resorption of garnet by chlorite and phengite and stoichiometry suggest the reaction lawsonite + garnet + K‐bearing fluid → clinozoisite + chlorite + phengite, and define a relic assemblage of lawsonite + garnet + chlorite + titanite ± epidote as well as a later post‐lawsonite assemblage of clinozoisite + phengite + chlorite + titanite. The reaction lawsonite + titanite → clinozoisite + rutile + pyrophyllite + H₂O delimits the maximum stability of former lawsonite + titanite to pressures >13 kbar. P–T conditions of 18–21 kbar/520–540 °C result, if the average chlorite, Mg‐rich garnet rim and average epidote compositions are used as equilibrium compositions of the former lawsonite assemblage. These estimates indicate a similar depth of formation but lower temperatures to those recorded in nearby eclogites. The metamorphic conditions of the lawsonite assemblage are considerably higher than previously suggested and, together with published structural data, support a model in which a normal fault within the Maksyutovo complex acted as the major transport plane of eclogite exhumation. The maximum Si content of phengite and minimum Fe content in clinozoisite constrain the metamorphic conditions of the later pseudomorph assemblage to be >4.5 kbar and <440 °C. Rb–Sr isotopic dating of the pseudomorph assemblage results in a formation age of 339 ± 6 and 338 ± 5 Ma, respectively. These results support the recent exhumation models for this complex.     

Petrology of ultrahigh-pressure rocks from the southern Su-Lu region, eastern China

Abstract In the Su-Lu ultrahigh- P terrane, eastern China, many coesite-bearing eclogite pods and layers within biotite gneiss occur together with interlayered metasediments now represented by garnet-quartz-jadeite rock and kyanite quartzite. In addition to garnet + omphacite + rutile + coesite, other peak-stage minerals in some eclogites include kyanite, phengite, epidote, zoisite, talc, nyböite and high-Al titanite. The garnet-quartz-jadeite rock and kyanite quartzite contain jadeite + quartz + garnet + rutile ± zoisite ± apatite and quartz + kyanite + garnet + epidote + phengite + rutile ± omphacite assemblages, respectively. Coesite and quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet, omphacite, jadeite, kyanite and epidote from both eclogites and metasediments. Study of major elements indicates that the protolith of the garnet-quartz jadeite rock and the kyanite quartzite was supracrustal sediments. Most eclogites have basaltic composition; some have experienced variable 'crustal'contamination or metasomatism, and others may have had a basaltic tuff or pyroclastic rock protolith.
The Su-Lu ultrahigh- P rocks have been subjected to multi-stage recrystallization and exhibit a clockwise P-T path. Inclusion assemblages within garnet record a pre-eclogite epidote amphibolite facies metamorphic event. Ultrahigh- P peak metamorphism took place at 700–890° C and P >28 kbar at c . 210–230 Ma. The symplectitic assemblage plagioclase + hornblende ± epidote ± biotite + titanite implies amphibolite facies retrogressive metamorphism during exhumation at c . 180–200 Ma. Metasedimentary and metamafic lithologies have similar P-T paths. Several lines of evidence indicate that the supracrustal rocks were subducted to mantle depths and experienced in-situ ultrahigh- P metamorphism during the Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons.