Structure and genesis of the Cubango Megafan in northern Namibia: implications for its hydrogeology

An exploration strategy for groundwater was established and followed in the northern Namibian Cuvelai-Etosha Basin (CEB). The data derived from transient electromagnetics, rotary-drilling, coring and sample investigation were used to refine stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy, and to develop a 3D map of aquifers within the Cubango Megafan. The results have delineated three major aquifers. The newly found, deep-seated Ohangwena II Aquifer (KOH-2) has the potential of providing significant additional water to the water supply of northern Namibia and Angola. While near-surface aquifers carry predominantly brackish water, freshwater in the deep-seated aquifer is further extended and features good hydraulic properties. To date, only a small part of the hydrogeological potential of arid CEB has been explored and an extension of exploration is needed, including southern Angola. The combination of structural, sedimentological and hydrogeological approaches greatly advanced both the geological and hydrogeological understanding. With regard to the deep-seated aquifer, strict measures need to be applied to ensure that the water in the KOH-2 reservoir is exploited sustainably. Water control areas need to be established to ensure long-term preservation of this newly explored aquifer.     

Multi-risk governance for natural hazards in Naples and Guadeloupe

Technical and institutional capacities are strongly related and must be jointly developed to guarantee effective natural risk governance. Indeed, the available technical solutions and decision support tools influence the development of institutional frameworks and disaster policies. This paper analyses technical and institutional capacities, by providing a comparative evaluation of governance systems in Italy and France. The focus is on two case studies: Naples and Guadeloupe. Both areas are exposed to multiple hazards, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, tsunamis, fires, cyclones, and marine inundations Cascade and conjoint effects such as seismic swarms triggered by volcanic activity have also been taken into account. The research design is based on a documentary analysis of laws and policy documents informed by semi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders at the local level. This leads to the identification of three sets of governance characteristics that cover the key issues of: (1) stakeholders and governance level; (2) decision support tools and mitigation measures; and (3) stakeholder cooperation and communication. The results provide an overview of the similarities and differences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the governance systems across risks. Both case studies have developed adequate decision support tools for most of the hazards of concern. Warning systems, and the assessment of hazards and exposure are the main strengths. While technical/scientific capacities are very well developed, the main weaknesses involve the interagency communication and cooperation, and the use and dissemination of scientific knowledge when developing policies and practices. The consequences for multi-risk governance are outlined in the discussion.     

北京地震台白家疃观测井钻探施工技术

结合北京地震台白家疃观测井的施工实例,介绍了一套适用于松散层、大小裂隙、溶洞等复杂地层特殊要求钻孔的施工技术方法,分别从钻孔结构设计、钻进方法、钻具级配选择、护壁堵漏技术等方面进行了研究。在总结以往钻探施工经验的基础上,提出了复杂地层钻探施工技术和钻探施工质量保证措施,为后续该类型钻孔施工提供了有益的借鉴。     

提高地浸钻孔出水量的有效技术措施

地浸钻孔是一种以采矿为目的的钻孔,提高钻孔出水量就是提高钻孔的采矿量。通过对多年地浸钻孔施工经验和理论进行分析,发现影响钻孔出水量的主要因素为钻井泥浆的成分和性能以及人工过滤层的渗透性差异,提出在地浸钻孔施工方案中采用植物胶净化泥浆钻进和扩孔、投砾罐射吸式填砾、物理化学组合洗井3种技术措施,对比前后施工钻孔的出水量大小,证明了该技术措施对提高地浸钻孔出水量具有良好的效果。     

Estimation of Cd,Pb and flame retardants in electric mosquito bat using EDXRF,ICP-OES,AAS and GC–MS

In the present study, investigated the concentrations of hazardous substances such as Pb, Cd and polybrominated flame retardants present in an electric mosquito bats, which are used for trapping the mosquitoes in the domestic areas. China has captured a big share of mosquito bat market in India and penetrated deep into rural areas also. The presence of hazardous substances is fatal to environment and human beings. Hence, the concentrations of hazardous substances present in the bats need to be estimated accurately. The dismantled homogeneous samples were subjected to estimate the toxic metals like cadmium and lead by using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy for comparison. The flame brominated retardants were tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. The analytical data obtained from the power supply wires of the bat suggest that the concentration levels of cadmium found to be below the detection limits. Whereas the lead content has higher in the range of 3574–7575 ppm than the permissible limits set by the e-waste rule, i.e. 1000 ppm. Moreover, the high amount of lead (>80,000 ppm) was obtained in the printed circuit board apart from power supply wires of mosquito bat. The content of brominated flame retardants in mosquito bat was estimated to be within the limits of e-waste rule. Considering their significant high hazardous metals content, coupled with their large quantities of mosquito bats used in the country, there is a need to control the hazardous waste of mosquito bats.     

煤矿井下电磁波无线随钻轨迹测量系统设计与应用

井下钻探是煤矿日常生产中获取地质资料及消除安全隐患的技术手段。而现阶段煤矿生产中施工的钻孔多不进行钻孔轨迹测量,造成地质资料误判、安全措施客观上不到位的情况时有发生。为根本解决这一问题,根据钻孔轨迹测量原理研发出基于航姿参考系统的电磁波无线随钻轨迹测量系统。该系统具有成本低、方便应用的特点,且能满足无线随钻测量的要求。井下实验证明,该系统可以高效地完成随钻钻孔轨迹测量,提高钻进效率。      

阿舍勒铜矿水敏地层防斜纠斜钻进工艺

新疆阿勒泰地区阿舍勒铜矿地层是以凝灰岩、角闪岩为主的典型蚀变性水敏地层,地层倾角较大,岩石各向异性明显,钻进过程中极易造成钻孔偏斜。该矿区坑道钻探施工中缩径、坍塌、掉块卡钻等钻探事故频发,制约了防斜、纠斜钻进工艺的选取,使该矿区钻探施工很难满足快速、经济的地质找矿要求。通过对已施工钻孔水敏地层防斜、纠斜工艺进行研究,提出了一套水敏地层防斜、纠斜等提高钻孔质量的工艺措施。     

地质钻探施工管理信息系统研究

计算机和网络技术的发展为地质钻探施工设计和施工过程管理信息化提供了技术基础。本文在分析地质钻探信息流和信息化需求的基础上,提出了地质钻探施工管理信息化的总体思路和技术方案,主要由钻探技术信息交互平台、钻探施工设计系统和钻探施工过程管理信息系统组成,包括合同管理、设计管理、钻孔管理、设备管理、材料管理、统计报表、领导关注、档案管理8大功能模块。该系统实施后可显著提高地质钻探设计、施工和管理水平,有较好的推广应用前景。     

新疆乌苏市巴音沟煤层气勘探井护壁堵漏技术

在煤层气勘探井固体岩心钻探施工过程中,遇岩层构造发育、地下水系发达的施工条件,钻进中往往发生钻井多层漏失、护壁困难的情况。因煤层气勘探井对录井工作的特殊要求,护壁堵漏工作的成功与否成为钻探施工的关键。在进行钻井护壁堵漏处理时,因技术方法不得当或未采取正确的计算经常导致护壁堵漏失败,甚至引发重大的钻探事故。通过对工区施工的经验总结,提出了切实可行的护壁堵漏技术措施,为类似地层钻井勘探施工提供借鉴。     

煤层气录井技术在多工艺、新技术钻井条件下的应用

在山西三交地区的煤层气井SJSG-01井施工中,依据其钻探任务,采用了常规钻进、空气、空气泡沫、PDC＋直螺杆复合钻进、绳索取心钻进技术结合的多工艺钻进技术。一开采用常规三牙轮钻头和普通泥浆钻进,下完表层套管;二开先期采用空气、空气泡沫作为循环介质,利用潜孔锤钻进,在钻遇含水层大量涌水时,采用PDC钻头＋直螺杆复合钻进至完钻,在需要取心的井段,采用绳索取心钻进。针对不同钻进技术条件下岩屑录井、钻时录井、气测录井等工作存在的问题,采取了相应的技术措施,并对部分设备进行了改造。通过实践,总结出一套空气和复合钻进条件下的岩屑捞取、气体检测等现场录井方法。     

绳索取心钻进在水利水电勘探中存在的问题及解决思路

钻探是水利水电工程勘探中获取地下信息最直接、最重要的手段,钻探质量对水利工程的投资和安全具有极其重大的影响。绳索取心是提高钻探质量十分重要的技术,在国土资源、冶金、煤炭等部门得到了广泛的应用。但是将该技术应用于水利水电工程勘探还存在压水试验、绳索取心钻具不匹配、冲洗液限制等问题。通过对上述问题的分析和研究,提出了解决思路和方法,且在工程实践中取得了良好的效果。特别是研究设计的不提大钻压水试验方法,将压水试验和绳索取心钻进有机地结合在一起,很好地解决了绳索取心钻进难以适应水利水电勘探的关键技术难题。     

Evaluating groundwater resource of an urban alluvial area through the development of a numerical model

As established in the European Water Framework Directive, the development of groundwater numerical models is fundamental for adopting water management plans aimed at preserving the water resource and reducing environmental risks. In this paper, authors present a methodology for the estimation of groundwater resource of an alluvial valley, in an urban area characterized by a complex hydrostratigraphic setting and scarcity of hydrogeological data; the study area is the urban and sub-urban area of Rome (Italy). A previous, elaborated hydrostratigraphic model set the base for the development of 3D, steady state, sub-basin scale numerical model, implemented by the finite-difference code MODFLOW 2000^®; the water system components were derived by elaboration of available data. The alluvial aquifer of the Tiber River Valley, which runs in the middle of the City in a NNW–SE direction, has been analyzed in detail, since it is covered by a densely populated area hosting most of Rome’s historical heritage, and it is characterized by low quality geotechnical parameters. Results suggest that in areas with high hydrostratigraphic complexity and scarcity of hydrogeological data, a sub-basin scale, and steady-state numerical model can be very helpful to verify the conceptual model and reduce the uncertainty on the water budget components. The proposed steady-state model constitutes the base for future applications of transient state and local scale models, required for sustainable water management.     

Seismic risk assessment of the 3rd Azerbaijan gas pipeline in Iran

A comprehensive seismic risk assessment has been performed for the existing route of the 3rd Azerbaijan natural gas buried pipeline in Iran. The major active seismic sources along the pipeline were identified and the geometrical parameters as well as the seismicity rates were determined. The seismic hazard assessment of the ground vibrations along the pipeline was performed in the framework of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis using the CRISIS 2007 software. All of the components of the gas pipeline along the route were identified and the corresponding fragility functions are established through the methodology described in the HAZUS guideline (HAZUS MH MR4 Technical manual 2007 Department of homeland security emergency. Preparedness and Response Directorate, FEMA). A detailed cost analyses was taken into consideration based on the expert opinions in the National Iranian Gas Company, in order to provide more practical loss model for the pipeline route. Also, a simple method is suggested in order to account for the vent gas in the total loss estimation. The spatial analysis of the hazard function layer in combination with the loss model layer, in Geographical Information System  (GIS) platform, reveal the financial consequences of different earthquake scenarios.     

Simulation of the effects of geochemical reactions on groundwater quality during planned flooding of the Königstein uranium mine, Saxony, Germany

Uranium mining in southeastern Germany resulted in significant environmental risks. Closure of the mines and subsequent rises of water levels may result in heavy-metal and radionuclide-bearing mine waters penetrating aquifers that are used for water supply. While there are certain (geo-)technical constraints on the schedule with which flooding of the mines can proceed, this process must not result in aggravating the problem of metal release. Evaluation of the likely 'natural' geochemical situation of Königstein mine after mining has ceased, and different scenarios for the release of metals indicates that rapid flooding, albeit avoiding unnecessary aeration of the waters, is likely to result in reducing conditions and consequently low U-solubilities.     

国家级一孔多层地下水示范监测井钻探技术与研究

结合工作经验和项目的具体要求，首次组织实施了国家级一孔多层地下水示范监测井的设计和施工项目，并大胆采用了PVC—U塑料管“裸眼四次成井”新工艺。论述了设计思路、具体技术措施和最终取得的成果。     

MZ150型锚杆钻机的工业性试验

ＭＺ－１５０型锚杆钻机是针对我国锚杆施工市场需求而设计的一种小型全液压钻机。通过长螺旋钻进,冲击挤密钻进及风动冲击回转钻进３种钻进工艺方法的工业性试验证明,其各项技术参数达到了设计要求,完全适合于我国锚固工程施工要求。     

An approach to sustainable rural water supply in semi-arid Africa with a case study from Namibia

Sustainable-yield estimation in semi-arid conditions is always challenging, especially for fractured rock aquifers. An approach to assess sustainability is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. The fractured-rock aquifers in the study area have complex configuration. Geology maps, hydrocensus data, geophysical surveys, and drilling and hydraulic testing data were used to produce a conceptual model. Aquifer parameters were estimated based on the hydraulic test data and numerical modelling. Due to lack of data, as is often the case in rural Namibia, the simulation results had to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. It is concluded that the aquifer system is sustained by episodic recharge and the long-term gain in storage (about 3,285 m³/a) represents the maximum extractable volume. It is recommended that the continuous monitoring system for groundwater level, river flow and rainfall should be part of a long-term scheme. The magnitude and frequency of the recharge events and extraction should be monitored in order to sustainably manage the resource. Although the illustrated approach is based on limited data, it provides a basis for management of individual groundwater schemes in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

The preconcentration with synergist-impregnated Polyurethane foams and spectrophotometric determination of trace thorium in natural waters

This paper reports the use of synergist-impregnated Polyurethane foams for preconcentrating trace thorium from natrual waters. The polyether type Polyurethane foams were employed, which were loaded with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid/tributyl phosphate/carbon tetrachloride (2:5:93, V/V/V) mixture. The surplus reagent was removed by filter paper. The loaded foams prepared in this way were dipped into the water sample and stirred for 20 minutes. The optimum conditions for preconcentration are: samples should be adjusted to about pH 1 and temperature kept within 30°-45°C. The distribution and phase ratios were calculated to be 4.26 x10⁴ and 2.01x10⁴ respectively, assuming that the mixture and water were totally immiscible with each other. The actural values were all slightly greater than the calculated ones. After removing the foam from the sample, the former was washed with water and subjected to wet oxidation with concentrated nitric and perchloric acids. The residue was taken up with dilute hydrochloric acid. The amount of thorium in the water sample was spectrophotometrically determined with Arsenazo III at 665 nm. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and inexpensive.     

Estimated volume of water in shallow wells of Ekiti State,Southwestern Nigeria: implications on groundwater sustainability

Volumes of water in shallow wells of Ekiti State Southwestern Nigeria was estimated during the rainy and dry seasons of 2017 to categorize the area into different groundwater potential zones and to scrutinize it for groundwater sustainability and development. Locations of the wells were measured using etrex 12 Channel GPS while dip meter was employed for the water levels and depths of wells. The volume of water in a well was estimated employing V = πr²h (r and h are radius and water column of well, respectively). The wells in the area have low water storage (av. 6.91m³ and 2.70m³ in rainy and dry seasons, respectively). The study area had sufficient quantity of water in the rainy season to meet domestic, agricultural, and industrial requirements as deficiency was met from rainfall replenishment. Groundwater potential evaluation revealed that majority of the study area fell into very poor to poor water categories. Groundwater sustainability and development in the study area is a herculean task due to uncoordinated sitting of wells, low storage of water in the aquifers, and erratic occurrence of the groundwater. Hygiene education should be intensified in the area to forestall the risks post by the principal elements of fecal oral disease transmission.     

Cl and Na Fluxes in an Andean Foreland Basin of the Peruvian Amazon: An Anthropogenic Impact Evidence

The dissolved load of the Amazon River is generally considered to be lowly impacted by anthropogenic activities. In this work, based on the chemical and hydrological database of the Environmental Research Observatory—HYBAM (http://www.ore-hybam.org), we explore the importance of the Peruvian Foreland petroleum activity on the dissolved Na and Cl fluxes of the Amazon River. The main result of this study allows us suggesting that oil extraction activity, concentrated in the El Tigre River basin, a small foreland watershed in the Peruvian Amazon, influenced drastically the Na and Cl exportation of the Amazon River during the 2006–2007 period. During these years,  the dissolved exportations of this basin represented almost 20 % of the annual dissolved Cl Amazon flux and almost 12 % of the annual dissolved Na Amazon flux for a mean annual discharge <1 % of the Amazon River discharge. Since the last decades, the anthropogenic activities are increasing over the whole Amazon basin, especially in Andean countries. In this context, our results demonstrate that extractive activity cannot be considered as negligible on the hydro-chemistry of the Amazonian Rivers especially for the weathering budget estimation based on river-dissolved loads. Moreover, Cl and Na can be used to trace the formation waters derived from oil extraction at a large spatial scale. The environmental impacts of contaminants associated with deep water released to the hydrosystem (polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, metallic trace elements, etc.) at local and regional scales are still underestimated and should be monitored to map their local and regional influence and to prevent their risks on human health.