EMD方法和Hilbert谱分析法的应用与探讨

利用EMD方法对海浪观测资料进行处理 ,通过在数据两端的“平衡位置”处分别附加平行直线段的方法进行端点抑制 ,分解出 1 0个内在模函数和 1个剩余趋势项 ,再对各内在模函数进行Hilbert变换 ,得到波浪的Hilbert谱。对所得结果的分析表明 ,各模态在Hilbert谱中的分布趋势和Fourier谱中谱线的变化趋势是一致的 ,第一模态的中心频率与Fourier谱的谱峰频率相对应 ;EMD方法是对非线性、非平稳过程数据进行距平化的好方法 ,距平化的过程和消除趋势项的处理是统一的。     

Analysis and simulation of wave records through fast Hartley transform

The Hartley transform, a real-valued alternative to the complex Fourier transform, is presented as an efficient tool for the analysis and synthesis of ocean surface wave records. Basic theoretical properties of this real-valued transform are briefly reviewed. Similarities and differences between Fourier and Hartley integral transforms, as well as computational benefits and disadvantages between numerical algorithms used to evaluate their discrete versions, are presented. The fast Hartley transform algorithm is used to simulate stationary Gaussian time series of the sea surface elevation and to estimate the spectral density function, the Hilbert transform and the envelope function of wave records.     

基于时间-Doppler分析的海杂波背景下小目标检测

为解决传统舰载雷达和岸基雷达很难检测出海杂波背景下小目标的现状,提出一种基于时间-Doppler分析法来检测小目标。该算法用离散短时傅里叶变换对实测海杂波数据分析得到不同距离门的时间-Doppler速度图,通过分析和比较距离门含有小目标的Doppler展宽和Doppler速度大小与其他距离门不含有小目标的Doppler展宽和速度大小的不同,即可检测出小目标。实验证明,该算法是有效的。     

基于Hough变换原理的海冰厚度识别方法

作为主要海冰参数之一的海冰厚度对海冰灾害评估和极地船舶与冰区海洋工程结构设计具有重要意义。采用船侧视频图像对海冰厚度进行自动识别是提取海冰参数的重要方式。本文采用基于Hough变换的机器视觉方法对海冰翻转过程中的表面轮廓线进行识别,从而自动获取海冰厚度参数。根据海冰图像特征制定了图像边缘识别?近似线段识别?海冰轮廓线段组识别的计算流程。在线段组识别过程中,根据海冰的几何特征建立了由夹角、长度及间距参数相关联的3个识别参数所组成的判断条件。为验证方法的可靠性,将该方法用于“雪龙”号第八次北极科考的走航实测数据中,结果表明,3个识别参数均具有最优阈值。当低于最优值时提高阈值可增加有效识别率;而高于最优值时提高阈值则会导致误判率增大,采用最优阈值可使冰厚识别率达到90%以上。因此,采用基于Hough变换的冰厚识别方法可实现对海冰厚度的实时监测。     

浅谈数学变换在海洋技术中的应用

根据以往的工作积累,作者在文中介绍了在海洋技术中得到应用的几种数学变换,包括基于Fourier变换的频谱分析、波浪分离、相关分析及定义的H artley实现,连续M orlet小波变换在波浪信号分析中的应用,以及离散正交小波变换的降噪作用与悬沙图像的特征提取。文中通过公式推导和数据比较,展示了数学变换在海洋技术应用中的科学魅力。     

基于小波变换的海洋地磁日变改正研究

基于现有地磁日变理论和改正方法,对国际公开地磁静日变数据进行傅里叶变换和一维连续小波变换综合分析,判断大于0.2 Hz频段为磁扰变化场在频域的体现,并利用一维离散小波变换将数据分离,完善了已有的地磁静日变改正方法。根据日变数据特征和一维离散小波分解特性,选定sym8小波作为基本小波对数据进行7尺度分解,将日变数据中长期变化和短期变化与磁扰部分在保证保真度条件下有效分离,并与傅里叶级数分解和低通滤波处理效果作对比验证,结果显示一维离散小波变换处理效果更佳。日变数据中短、长期变化与磁扰两部分数据的有效分离并分别改正可提高海洋地磁测量日变改正质量,降低海洋地磁数据处理过程中误差累积程度,提高了现行日变改正方法的科学性、准确性。     

Discrete Element with Flexible Connector for Dynamic Analysis of 3-D Beam Structures

Combined multi-body dynamics with structural dynamics,a new discrete element with flexibleconnector,which is applicable for 3-D beam structures,is developed in this paper.Both the generalizedelastic coefficient matrix of the flexible connector and the mass matrix of discrete element may be off-diag-onal in a general case.The zero-length rigid element is introduced to simulate the node at which multiple el-ements are jointed together.It may also be effective when the axes of adjacent elements are not in the sameline.The examples for eigenvalue calculation show that the model is successful.It can be extended to thegeometric nonlinear response analysis.     

基于小波变换的固定式海洋平台结构损伤识别方法研究

小波变换在分析非平稳信号方面较傅立叶变换更有效,为了检测出海洋平台结构中裂缝或因刚度降低引起的损伤,对海洋平台的响应信号进行离散小波变换,通过分析变换后的信号是否有突变现象判断结构是否出现损伤,并结合模态应变能法实现了对结构损伤的定位,探讨了传感器位置对识别效果的影响。     

Recognition of design symbols from midship drawings

Despite the availability of 3D CAD systems, the designers in shipyards still use 2D CAD systems because of the need to produce drawings rapidly and a shortage of labor. The shipyard spends much time and labor analyzing the design information contained in 2D drawings and creating 3D model for the downstream processes. The design information is represented by symbols that are well known among designers in shipyard. Symbols are expressed by meaningless geometric shapes. These shapes are recognized to have meanings by analysis of experienced and knowledgeable designers.We propose a method for automatic recognition of 2D symbols and the extraction of design information from the midship drawings. The shape and rationale of 2D symbols used in ship design have been analyzed, and symbols have been classified according to the analysis. Based on the classified symbols, the developed system recognizes the symbols expressed in 2D drawings. The extracted design information is assorted by design rationales. The meaningless geometric shape is translated into the design information including designer's intents. The extracted design data can be applied to the design process in shipyards, and the 3D ship model can be automatically created.     

Fast matched field processing

It is shown how the computational burden of source localization by matched field processing (MFP) can be significantly reduced (20 to 30 times) by expressing the correlation in terms of a discrete Fourier transform and using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The price paid to achieve increased speed is in the form of quantization phase errors. It is shown through analysis and computer simulation that the quantization errors reduce the source peak height, depending upon the size of DFT. The proposed fast MFP works for range localization only. However, the depth estimation is possible by repeated application of the above algorithm for different depths     

Solving the linearized forward-speed radiation problem using a high-order finite difference method on overlapping grids

The linearized potential flow approximation for the forward speed radiation problem is solved in the time domain using a high-order finite difference method. The finite-difference discretization is developed on overlapping, curvilinear body-fitted grids. To ensure numerical stability, the convective derivatives in the free-surface boundary conditions are treated using an upwind-biased stencil. Instead of solving for the radiation impulse response functions, a pseudo-impulsive Gaussian type displacement is employed in order to tailor the frequency-content to the discrete spatial resolution. Frequency-domain results are then obtained from a Fourier transform of the force and motion signals. In order to make a robust Fourier transform, and capture the response around the critical frequency, the tail of the force signal is asymptotically extrapolated assuming a linear decay rate. Fourth-order convergence of the calculations on simple geometries is demonstrated, along with a nearly linear scaling of the solution effort with increasing grid resolution. The code is validated by comparison with analytical and semi-analytical solutions using submerged and floating closed-form geometries. Calculations are also made for a modern bulk carrier, and good agreement is found with experimental measurements.     

From mechanical modeling to seismic imaging of faults: A synthetic workflow to study the impact of faults on seismic

Although typically interpreted as 2D surfaces, faults are 3D narrow zones of highly and heterogeneously strained rocks, with petrophysical properties differing from the host rock. Here we present a synthetic workflow to evaluate the potential of seismic data for imaging fault structure and properties. The workflow consists of discrete element modeling (DEM) of faulting, empirical relations to modify initial acoustic properties based on volumetric strain, and a ray-based algorithm simulating prestack depth migration (PSDM). We illustrate the application of the workflow in 2D to a 100 m displacement normal fault in a kilometer size sandstone-shale sequence at 1.5 km depth. To explore the effect of particle size on fault evolution, we ran two DEM simulations with particle assemblages of similar bulk mechanical behavior but different particle size, one with coarse (1–3 m particle radii) and the other with fine (0.5–1.5 m particle radii) particles. Both simulations produce realistic but different fault geometries and strain fields, with the finer particle size model displaying narrower fault zones and fault linkage at later stages. Seismic images of these models are highly influenced by illumination direction and wave frequency. Specular illumination highlights flat reflectors outside the fault zone, but fault related diffractions are still observable. Footwall directed illumination produces low amplitude images. Hanging wall directed illumination images the shale layers within the main fault segment and the lateral extent of fault related deformation. Resolution and the accuracy of the reflectors are proportional to wave frequency. Wave frequencies of 20 Hz or more are necessary to image the different fault structure of the coarse and fine models. At 30–40 Hz, there is a direct correlation between seismic amplitude variations and the input acoustic properties after faulting. At these high frequencies, seismic amplitude variations predict both the extent of faulting and the changes in rock properties in the fault zone.     

Curvelet变换域侧扫声纳图像增强算法

针对海底侧扫声纳图像对比度低、纹理弱、噪声严重等问题,提出了一种基于第二代Curvelet变换的声纳图像增强算法。首先对原始声纳图像进行多尺度、多方向的Curvelet变换分解,得到低频子带和高频子带;然后引入非线性S型函数对低频系数进行处理,提高图像整体的对比度;采用一种可以避免过度增强的新型非线性函数对各尺度的高频子带系数进行处理,提高图像整体的对比度,增强图像边缘和纹理细节,并通过估计噪声水平设定阈值进行阈值降噪。最后经Curvelet逆变换得到增强图像。实验表明,该方法不仅改善了海底侧扫声纳图像对比度低的问题,而且降低了噪声,突出了声纳图像的边缘和纹理细节。     

FFT-based joint bearing estimation

The least-squares estimate for the joint estimation of M directions-of-arrival in an array-processing scenario is rederived in a way that makes explicit use of the discrete Fourier transform. It is shown that the M-dimensional search algorithm can be made orders of magnitude faster than the traditional search algorithm. This new approach is compared via simulation with conventional narrowband beamforming.     

基于特征选取及广义傅立叶分形的SAR图像海洋溢油检测算法

针对海上溢油SAR图像中油膜与类油膜的识别问题,提出了一种结合傅立叶分形与特征提取的检测算法。由于分形特征可以具有无穷多的细节,并在不同的研究尺度存在自仿射特性。这与油膜及类油膜表面的几何形貌特征非常吻合。该算法通过计算样本的傅立叶分形特征,组成油膜与类油膜的特征空间。然后,应用基于差分进化的特征选取方法将利于分类的重要特征值筛选出来。再利用重要特征值对原有样本进行分类。实验表明,经特征选取的分形特征向量能够以100%的准确率将两类样本区分开。该算法在选取重要特征的同时实现了对高维特征空间降维的目的,该思想可以应用于其他的基于高维特征的识别系统中,具有普遍的适用性。     

Weak-mode identification and time-series reconstruction from high-level noisy measured data of offshore structures

The identification of true weak modes buried in high-level, noisy, measured data from offshore structures is a practical but challenging problem because weak modes are typically eliminated as noise and rarely, yield a discrete time series. This study proposes a weak-mode identification and time-series reconstruction method for offshore structures when high-level noise is present. A theoretical development proposed in this study extends the traditional modal analysis to reconstructing the discrete time series of weak modes, thereby removing its previous limitations to only frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. Additionally, a second development proposed in this study makes the reconstructed time series not simply a combination of harmonic components from a Fourier transform but rather complex exponentials; the damping of the test structure is thus estimated with a better accuracy. A third theoretical development avoids variations in the results from different original signals by handling multiple signals simultaneously. The proposed approach primarily includes three steps: (1) estimate the poles and corresponding residues of high-level, noisy, measured data by converting high-order difference equations to first-order difference equations; (2) isolate the poles of weak modes by assigning multiple rough-pole windows, and subsequently extract the corresponding residues based on the row number of the isolated pole vector; and (3) identify and reconstruct the time series of the weak modes of interest in the form of complex exponentials. The most primary advantage of the proposed process in engineering applications is that the pole windows can be easily obtained and assigned from the relationship between the frequencies and their poles. Three numerical examples are studied: the first presents the detailed numerical operation of the proposed method, the second extends the proposed method from managing one signal to managing multiple signals, and the third demonstrates the advantage of the approach compared with traditional methods. The numerical results indicate that the original signals can be decomposed into multiple complex exponentials with representative poles and corresponding residues, and that the new signals representing weak modes could be reconstructed by assigning a range of frequencies in terms of their relations with the poles. To study the performance of the proposed method when applied to offshore structures such as offshore platforms and marine risers, the experimental data from the high mode VIV experiments sponsored by the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) are used firstly. The results show that two dominant frequencies corresponding to the in-line and cross-flow directions can be identified simultaneously even one mode is very weak compared with the other, and the time series of the weak mode could be reconstructed with a rough frequency window. Then sea-test data of two offshore platforms are used: one was collected from the JZ20-2MUQ offshore platform when it was excited by ice, and the other was collected from the WZ11-4D platform when it was excited by waves. The results further demonstrated that a large model order is required to estimate all poles and residues of the original noisy signals, and that the row number corresponding to a weak mode of the isolated pole matrix could be easily determined via finite element analysis or engineering experiences. Therefore, the proposed approach provides not only modal parameters, such as frequencies and damping ratios of true weak modes buried in high-level noise, but also the discrete time series of the weak mode.     

Determination of the distribution density of specular points on the sea surface: Formulation of the inverse problem

With reference to the model of a random Gaussian homogeneous cylindrical (one-dimensional) sea surface z = ζ(x), the inverse problem is formulated in the form of the integral Fredholm equation of the first kind to determine the distribution density of the number of specular points on the sea surface. The kernel of the equation is determined in terms of the Fourier transform of the distribution density of radii of surface curvature at the points of specular reflection. The equation derived by the author earlier for the distribution density and written for the dimensionless radius of curvature contains no parameters, a result that is indicative of the universal character of this distribution for an arbitrary Gaussian surface. The validity of the original formulas obtained in this paper was verified by simulations.     

On low-pass digital filters in oceanography

-Two types of filters are widely used to remove semidirunal and diurnal tidal signals and other high frequency noises in oceanography. The first type of filters uses moving average with weights in time domain, and can be easily operated. Some data will be lost at each end of the time series, especially for the low low-pass filters. The second type of filters uses the discrete Fourier transform filter (DFTF) which operates in the frequency domain, and there are no data loss at the ends for the forward transform. However, owing to the Gibbs phenomenon and the discrete sampling (Nyquist effect) , ringing appears in the inverse transformed data, which is especially serious at each end. Thus some data at the ends are also discarded. The present study tries to find out what causes the ringing and then to seek for methods to overcome the ringing. We have found that there are two kinds of ringings, one is the Gibbs phenomenon, as defined before. The other is the "Nyquist"ringing due to sampling Nyquist critical