火山喷发对地表温度影响的研究：以冈底斯新生代火山喷发为例

火山喷发将大量的岩浆，火山气体及火山尘由地下深处抛射至大气圈中，它们与大气圈中的气体成分发生多相化学反应，改变了大气圈的成分，形成火山硫酸盐气溶胶，浓密的火山气溶胶会使太阳的直接幅射减少，散射幅射增加，最终导致太阳总辐射率减少，从而造成火山喷发后地表温度的降低；     

燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境的影响

采用红外光谱和电子探针分析方法,开展对华北克拉通北缘燕辽地区中生代火山岩中斑晶矿物包裹体地球化学成分研究,并具体分析了燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境所造成的重大影响。研究表明,从中生代早期至晚期,燕辽地区火山活动喷出气体及其气溶胶对古环境造成的影响具有明显不同的演化特征。从早到晚表现为：（1）南大岭期玄武质火山喷出的剧毒气体富集S与Cl,它们导致火山区附近地表温度下降和酸雨形成;（2）髫髻山期安山质-粗面安山质火山喷发形成的气体以高含量的H2O和CO2为特征,其对周围环境造成的影响是引起地表温度上升;（3）张家口期粗面质和流纹质火山作用喷出的剧毒气体富集Cl和F两组分,它们主要是破坏大气臭氧层和形成酸雨;（4）辽西义县期和九佛堂期中酸性火山活动喷入大气圈剧毒火山气体的S、Cl和F含量均较高,火山喷出的大量气体及其气溶胶与火山灰一起导致辽西中生代大量带毛恐龙和孔子鸟等脊椎动物集群死亡,并形成化石层。本文从火山气体及其气溶胶对古环境影响的角度初步分析了辽西地区出露大量中生代脊椎动物化石的原因。     

火山喷发对全球环境,气候的影响

大规模爆发性火山喷发将大量的岩浆及火山气体由地球内部喷至大气圈的平流层，改变了大气圈的成分，导致太阳总辐射下降，造成地表温度降低，同时火山气溶胶又促进了平流层多相反应过程的发生，进而造成火山喷发的气体及其气溶胶对臭氧层的破坏，因此认为，火山喷发在全球变化研究中具有独特的、不可忽视的地位。     

长白山天池火山全新世大喷发挥发性气体释放量的分析和估算

火山喷发是地球上一种壮观的自然景象 ,火山喷发的同时一般都喷出气体 ,火山爆炸式喷发时巨量的气体被喷入空中 ,对全球气候造成较大影响。长白山天池火山于全新世发生过两次较大的爆炸式喷发 ,根据本文的分析和估算 ,后一次即天池火山公元 1199～ 12 0 1年的那次大喷发 ,逃逸到空中的挥发气体含量分别为 :CO2 约 (0 .31～ 1.5 6 )× 10 8t,S(主要是 H2 S和 SO2 )约 1.96× 10 7t,F2 约 7.86× 10 6 t,Cl2 约 (0 .78～ 6 .2 4)× 10 7t,对全球气候曾产生过重要影响     

中国大陆火山活动对气候与环境影响的研究进展

本文简要回顾了我国中、新生代典型中酸性火山活动的气候环境效应的研究进展,重点讨论了新生代长白山天池火山喷发和中生代辽西火山活动对气候环境造成的影响。天池火山气体含量呈现两个相同趋势的旋回式变化,从早到晚,卤化物和H2O呈降低趋势,而硫化物气体呈增加趋势。火山旋回早期富含HF气体导致动物窒息、甚至大批集群死亡;晚期喷出的大量硫化物气体可以形成大规模酸雨和剧毒火山灰云幕,对周围的动植物生长有严重影响。辽西火山气体可分为三种组合,形成酸雨,导致地表温度下降,加速臭氧浓度降低,甚至破坏臭氧层,从而对生物的生存环境造成严重危害。     

火山灾害与监测

世界各地几乎都有火山分布,平均每年约有50次喷发。火山喷发在给人类创造财富的同时也带来许多灾害。火山灾害取决于火山喷发的类型、性质、规模和所处的地点等因素。火山喷发动力作用引起冲击波、地震、海啸、滑坡、泥石流等灾害,火山喷出的气体、灰烬、碎屑流和熔岩流等也会造成很大灾害。由于火山造成的灾害严重又来得突然,因此必须采取有效的防范措施,认真监测以掌握火山活动的脉搏。火山监测工作主要有两方面,一是基础地质调查,二是火山活动指标的监视和测量。在中国,具有潜在危险的火山主要分布在长白山、五大连池、台湾、雷琼、腾冲以及西昆仑阿什库勒等地,其中潜在危险最大的是长白山火山。     

长白山火山历史上最大火山爆发火山碎屑物层序与分布

长白山火山历史时期规模最大的火山喷发发生在1199~1200年。这次大爆发分为两次普林尼（Plinian）式喷发:第一次（早期）喷发称赤峰期,第二次（晚期）喷发称园池期。赤峰期喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱（赤峰空落浮岩层）—火山碎屑流（长白火山碎屑流层）—火山泥流（二道白河火山泥流层）,主要由火山碎屑流诱发火山泥流;园池期火山喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱（园池空落浮岩火山灰层）—火山碎屑流（冰场火山碎屑流层）。两次普林尼式喷发空落火山碎屑物总量约120 km³,长白火山碎屑流层总量约8 km³,冰场火山碎屑流层总量约0.5 km³,火山泥流堆积总量约为2 km³。主要论述了这次大爆发的火山喷发碎屑堆积物的层序和分布。     

火山活动与深部碳循环的关系

火山活动是导致地球深部碳向地表输送的重要途径之一,它促进了地球层圈物质交换与深部循环作用.目前,火山活动与深部碳循环关系的研究主要集中在: 1)火山喷发向大气圈中输送CO2气体的通量与总量; 2)火山气体的来源及其演变历史; 3)不同类型的火山喷发(例如,大火山岩省、洋中脊和俯冲带火山活动)对地球深部碳循环贡献的差异.文章通过对青藏高原北部阿什库勒火山群1951年阿什火山喷发物斑晶中原生岩浆包裹体和基质玻璃的实验室测定表明,阿什火山喷出的气体成分主要由H2O,CO2,S,Cl和F组成,利用"岩石学方法"计算的阿什火山喷发向大气圈输送的CO2气体总量为1.01×109kg.     

中国东部燕山期火山-岩浆大爆发

中国东部燕山期存在惊天动地的火山＿岩浆大爆发, 形成了７ 条火山岩带, ８ 种岩石系列和组合, 构成了四大火成岩省。在近２０ ×１０６ ａ 内有数百万立方千米的高温岩浆喷出地表, 喷发速率约为０－０３ ｋｍ３／ａ, 对全球气候环境变化和生物灭绝产生巨大影响。火山＿岩浆大爆发与成矿作用大集中是壳幔物质和能量大循环的必然结果。深部地幔柱对岩石圈的突变机制极大地控制了燕山期地质生态的大变革     

火山气体的成分和总量研究

近年来 ,随着全球变化研究的不断深入 ,火山气体研究作为全球气候变化的一个分支迅速发展。文章介绍了目前火山气体的测试方法 :(1)尽管目前利用“差异法”获得火山喷出的H2 O含量的研究还较普遍 ,但是 ,利用离子探针技术直接测定玻璃基质和岩浆包裹体中水含量代替“差异法”已成为必然。 (2 )目前主要采用电子探针对玻璃基质和岩浆包裹体中Cl、S和F百分含量进行定量测试 ,通常选定工作电压为 15～ 2 0kV ,电流 6～ 15nA ,束斑直径分别为 1～ 10 μm(包裹体 )和 15～ 2 0 μm(基质玻璃 )。 (3)岩浆包裹体和玻璃基质中CO2 和CH4 的含量主要利用红外光谱和激光拉曼探针测定 ,另外基质玻璃中CO2 和CH4 的含量可通过XRF方法分析。文中系统分析了估算火山气体成分和总量过程中选择待测斑晶、岩浆包裹体和基质玻璃的标准 ,阐述了利用“岩石学方法”估算火山喷出气体总量的质量守恒原理 ,指出应用这一方法的前提条件是 :(1)火山气体主要来源于上升岩浆的减压出溶 ;(2 )岩浆上升过程中没有经过大规模的同化混染作用。因此 ,利用“岩石学方法”估算的火山气体总量是实际喷发量的最小值。     

Island-arc affinity of the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt

Three types of tectonic settings are proposed for the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt (CIVB), namely, rift, continental margin, and post-collision settings. However, geochemical, tectonic, stratigraphic, and metallogenic evidence favor an ensialic island-arc setting. The discrimination diagrams that have been used in this study are useful for making a distinction between ensialic island-arcs and continental margin-arcs from which the ensialic island-arcs were derived.     

Volcanic hazards zonation of the Nevado de Toluca Volcano,Central Mexico

Nevado de Toluca Volcano (NTV), located in central Mexico, is a large stratovolcano, with an explosive history. The area is one of the most important developing centers (>2 millions) in Mexico and in the last 30 yrs large population growth and expansion have increased the potential risk in case of a reactivation of the volcano. As part of a study to assess volcanic risk, this paper presents the results of the volcanic hazard analysis for the NTV. A total of 150 stratigraphic sections were made in the field and three new ages were obtained. Eruptions from NTV produced a complex sequence of pyroclastic deposits that have affected the area at least 18 times during the last 100,000 yrs. Eight vulcanian, four plinian and one-ultraplinian eruptions as well as the destruction of at least three domes occurred in the last 42,000 yr BP as well as two sector collapses in the last 100,000 yrs. Isopach and isopleth maps for the main ulraplinian eruption were also made. The original cone height (5,080 m.a.s.l) was reconstructed through geomorphologic methods. The maximum distance calculated with the energy line for the block and ash flows was 41 km, 35 km for pumice flows and 45 km for debris avalanches. The dominant wind direction at altitudes of 20–30 km is to the east-northeast from November to March, west-northwest in April and west from May to October. Five hazards maps (block and ash flows, pumice flows, ash fall, debris avalanches, and lahars) were made for the NTV. The pyroclastic flows and lahars represent very high to medium hazard for Toluca, Villa Guerrero, Coatepec, Tianguistengo, Metepec, Tenango, Lerma and Zinacantepec. A new debris avalanche would probably affect the south and northeast because of active faulting (E–W and NW–SE) and existing topographic differences in height.     

腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山活动

对腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山,尤其是具有最新活动的黑空山、打鹰山和鞍山进行了比较系统的Ｋ－年龄分析。去除样品中含有过剩氩的斜长石斑晶和橄榄石斑晶以后获得了一系列准确的基质Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄;根据火山活动的时空变化把腾冲火山活动分为三个期。第一期为上新世晚期,火山活动集中于火山区的西北和东南两端;第二期为早更新世期间,火山活动向腾冲盆地中心迁移和扩展,活动规模和分布面积最大;第三期为早更新世末期至全新世,     

长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨

广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括著名的天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。图们江火山和望天鹅火山活动都始于上新世,喷发活动分别介于上新世—中更新世（5.5~0.19 Ma）和上新世—早更新世（4.77 ~2.12 Ma）。天池火山和龙岗火山属于第四纪火山,喷发活动从早更新世（~2 Ma）持续到全新世。图们江火山岩为溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩,望天鹅火山、天池火山和龙岗火山母岩浆都是钾质粗面玄武岩,但经历了不同的演化过程。天池火山和望天鹅火山都经历了钾质粗面玄武岩造盾、粗面岩造锥和晚期碱性酸性岩浆（碱流岩和碱性流纹岩）的喷发;龙岗火山来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆则未经演化和混染直接喷出地表。图们江火山岩以溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩为主,少量玄武质粗安岩等。天池火山造盾之后,地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具互动式喷发特点,来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆一方面在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥,另一方面持续补给地壳岩浆房发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,分别导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。火山岩微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素示踪揭示,长白山东（图们江火山、望天鹅火山和天池火山）、西（龙岗火山）两区显示地幔非均一性,东区岩浆源区具有软流圈地幔与富集岩石圈地幔混合特征,西区岩浆源区具有相对亏损的较原始地幔特征。西太平洋板块俯冲—东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。     

三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组火山岩岩相研究

三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组火山岩岩性揭示该区火山岩岩相主要包括火山爆发相、溢流相,火山沉积相不发育。为了明确不同岩相分布规律,本文系统利用测井、地质、地震等多种资料,建立测井岩性识别模板,以单井相作为约束,开展地震反演,明确火山岩岩相的平面分布规律。研究结果表明:该区火山喷发方式以裂隙式为主,火山口呈串珠状沿主断裂排列;溢流相平面呈层状分布,溢流相安山岩最为发育。研究结果可有效指导该区火山岩油藏的勘探评价工作,同时为火山岩岩相研究提供可借鉴的研究思路。     

Geochemical and isotope data from the Acatlán Volcanic Field, western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Origin and evolution

The Quaternary Acatlán Volcanic Field (AVF) is located at the western edge of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). This region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Cocos and Rivera plates beneath the North American plate since the late Miocene. AVF rocks are products of Pleistocene volcanic activity and include lava flows, domes, erupted basaltic andesite, trachyandesite, trachydacite, and rhyolite of calc–alkaline affinity. Most rocks show depletion in high field-strength elements and enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements as is typical for magmas in subduction-related volcanic arcs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values range from 0.70361 to 0.70412, while Nd values vary from +2.3 to +5.2. Sr–Nd isotopic data plot along the mantle array. On the other hand, lead isotope compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.62–18.75, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.57–15.64, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.37–38.67) give evidence for combined influences of the upper mantle, fluxes derived from subducted sediments, and the upper continental crust involved in magma genesis at AVF. Additionally δ¹⁸O whole rock analyses range from +6.35‰ in black pumice to +10.9‰ in white pumice of the Acatlán Ignimbrite. A fairly good correlation is displayed between Sr as well as O isotopes and SiO₂ emphasizing the effects of crustal contamination. Compositional and isotopic data suggest that the different AVF series derived from distinct parental magmas, which were generated by partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle source.     

邹平火山岩盆地铜矿找矿远景分析

邹平火山岩盆地是山东省重要的铜矿产地,深入认识其铜矿成矿规律,对于有序地推进战略性铜矿远景调查以及新的铜矿矿产地的发现有着重要意义。文章从区域地质背景分析着手,探讨了铜矿的赋存与青山群八亩地组、方格庄组火山岩地层,闪长岩、闪长玢岩、二长岩、辉长岩等岩体,以及放射状、环形断裂构造之间的空间关系。该区铜矿的赋存部位具有磁力低、电阻率低、激化率低,重力值高等物探异常的特征,空间上具有沿岩浆岩构造带展布、次火山岩内裂隙充填、空间等距、深部尖灭再现等特点。认为在王家庄岩体为中心的王家庄-大临池岩浆岩带,环形二长岩墙的内、外侧以及火山岩盆地深部收缩的＂颈部＂,具有较大的铜矿找矿潜力。大上口—夫村、大临池、于兹山—黄山、黄花山—西窝陀、老人峰—贺家庄地区位于火山岩盆地赋存铜矿的内部构造上,也具备铜矿成矿的地层、断裂构造、岩浆岩、物化探等异常条件,应是今后铜矿勘查工作的远景地区。     

Characteristics of three recent earthquake sequences in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

We have analysed three recent earthquake sequences in the northern part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. A 1998 sequence at Haroharo with a largest event of M_L 4.8, and a 2004 sequence near Lake Rotoehu (largest event M_L 5.4), had normal b-values, and displayed an aftershock decay pattern, with most of the activity within the first few days. In contrast, a 2005 sequence a few tens of kilometres away at Matata (largest event M_L 4.1), had very different characteristics, with a slow development and decay, no tendency for enhanced seismicity after the larger events, and a very high b-value.The focal mechanisms of the Rotoehu and Matata events are normal, and have stress patterns consistent with the geodetically observed extension of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in a northwest–southeast direction. The extensive recent volcanism in the Okataina Volcanic Centre does not seem to have affected the stress pattern in this area.The Rotoehu sequence showed a strong resemblance, particularly in the time distribution of events, to the well-known swarm activity in the Vogtland region on the German/Czech border, in which larger events were followed by a burst of seismicity, as in a normal aftershock sequence. Some of the arguments that have been advanced to explain the Vogtland swarm as seismicity induced by fluid injection apply to Rotoehu, but there is no direct evidence of fluid involvement. The Matata sequence appears to have a continuing trigger mechanism, either a slow injection of fluid, or a slow slip event, in an environment in which opening pore spaces prevent high overpressures developing. The Matata sequence occurred close to the area of the 1987 M_L 6.3 Edgecumbe Earthquake, so exhibiting two extremes of seismic temporal pattern, namely mainshock–aftershock and a swarm with many events of similar magnitude, within a small area.     

Volcanic tremor-source mechanisms and correlation with eruptive activity

Signal characteristics and intensity patterns of volcanic tremor are discussed with regard to eruption phenomena. Although a generally valid relationship cannot be given, volcanic tremor is strongly correlated to the fluid dynamics of the volcano. A major difficulty in the interpretation of volcanic tremor is the lack of an appropriate source model. It is assumed that flow transients of quite different kinds act as seismic sources. The significant correlation of volcanic tremor to external forces (barometric pressure, rain-fall loading, earth tides) is discussed and included in a relation with magma-flow instabilities. Two-phase (liquid-gas) flow instabilities play an essential role in the origin of volcanic tremor and, possibly, in the occurrence of volcanic eruptions. A model is discussed, in which one cause of tremor is seen in self-sustained pressure oscillations following transitions between subsonic and supersonic two-phase magma flow (modified Steinberg and Steinberg model).