利用测井资料分析成岩作用对储集层的影响

应用测井资料进行压实作用、孔隙演化、裂缝、矿物成分详尽分析基础上 ,结合成岩作用各个阶段对储集层性能影响的研究 ,讨论了应用测井资料分析成岩作用对储集层影响的物理基础 ,进而指出应用测井资料分析成岩作用不同阶段对储集层影响的可行性。方法为 :(1 )成岩作用早期 :应用孔隙度测井和岩性测井资料 ,通过压实曲线分析压实作用区间 ;(2 )成岩作用中期 :首先根据孔隙度测井资料分析声波孔隙度、密度 -中子测井孔隙度 ,分析次生孔隙 ,并应用交会图技术 ,确定矿物成分 ,分析胶结、交代作用形式和强度 ,然后根据泥质指示测井确定泥质含量 ,进一步利用自然伽玛能谱测井 ,尤其是Th、K含量分析粘土矿物 ;(3)成岩作用晚期 :进行次生孔隙、裂缝、颗粒成分与含量、粘土矿物分布规律研究。以上分析方法经吐哈盆地实际资料验证 ,效果良好     

复杂岩性储层元素俘获测井评价方法研究

<正>准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层岩石类型多样,矿物成分多变,主要为一套沉积于咸化湖泊中,受机械沉积作用、化学沉积作用等因素控制,沉积粉细砂、泥、白云石的混积岩;基于常规测井交会图的岩性识别方法应用效果差,因此主要采用ECS元素俘获测井计算矿物含量并识别岩性。当前斯伦贝谢公司ECS能谱测井通过能谱解析给出Si、Ca、Fe、S、Ti、GD等六种元素产额。利用不包括Al和K的WALK2氧化物闭合模型可以确定石英、长石、碳酸盐、黏土的含量。但存在以下问题:     

N451型伽玛能谱测井探管的研制与铀钍伽玛能谱测井技术研究

为准确测定铀钍混合型矿床中矿层的铀、钍含量,研制了 N451型伽玛能谱测井探管,并将该探管配接在 HD 4002B轻型综合测井系统上组成了伽玛能谱测井系统.基于该系统,建立了伽玛能谱测井仪的校正方法、伽玛能谱测井的数据处理方法和野外测井工作方法.N451型伽玛能谱测井探管具有探测效率高、自动稳谱系统抗辐射能力强的特点,在铀矿勘查中连续测定钻孔中矿层的U、Th含量,效果良好.     

不同沉积岩的自然伽玛能谱与磁化率响应特征

自然伽玛能谱(NGR)与磁化率(MS)均是常用的测井技术手段,它们在古环境研究与寻找韵律层中发挥着日益重要的作用。自然伽玛能谱与磁化率主要在钻井中进行应用,很少应用于露头剖面上,为了验证露头剖面岩性的自然伽玛能谱与磁化率响应特征,本文利用便携式仪器对山东淄博博山地区部分剖面的自然伽玛能谱与磁化率数据进行了测试分析研究,结果表明自然伽玛能谱中的钾(K)、无铀自然伽玛(CGR)值可以有效地区分不同沉积环境下不同沉积岩的粒度,在陆相环境下,细砂岩与粗砂岩的K、CGR值分别以3.3和23为边界,K、CGR值在3.3、23以上为细砂岩,以下为粗砂岩。在海相沉积环境下,灰岩、泥质粉砂岩、中细砂岩与粗砂岩的K、CGR边界值分别约为1、1.8、2.3和10、13.2、16.6。结合前人研究成果可以推测,在沉积近乎相同粒度的沉积物时,陆相沉积因水动力条件的不稳定性而含较多的泥质杂基,从而导致同一粒度的陆相沉积岩的K、CGR值要大于海相沉积岩的K、CGR值。在沉积物供应稳定的条件下,MS值随沉积物的粒度增大有升高的趋势。     

元素录井在西藏北羌塘盆地侏罗系地层岩性定量识别中的应用

西藏北羌塘盆地半岛湖地区侏罗系地层中矿物种类及含量对地层矿物识别、岩性及地层划分、以及研究沉积环境等方面,均有非常重要的作用。根据不同的岩性矿物组成,分析其分子式、同时使用用全岩分析数据与元素录井数据进行相关性分析,综合确定矿物特征元素或元素组合,然后建立从元素或元素组合含量向矿物含量转换的数学模型,从而计算出地层中的矿物百分含量。通过对Q-x-x井资料的处理,将其计算结果与实验室结果进行统计对比,其结果表明:①全岩分析的矿物含量与计算的岩石矿物含量的对比发现绝对误差大部分都在10以内,总体都在所要求的误差范围内;②侏罗系布曲组、夏里组地层模型计算效果跟录井岩屑剖面吻合度很好,元素录井岩性解释与岩屑录井解释总体一致。该研究成果对现场快速录井提供了重要的理论依据和技术指导。     

酸性火山成因的粘土岩在自然伽玛测井曲线上的显示及其在事件地层学上的应用

本文将自然伽玛测井资料试用在火山事件粘土岩层的研究中。根据现代自然伽玛测井技术水平和研究对象中放射性元素含量说明应用的可能性,分析沉积岩的物源与放射性元素含量的关系。非正常沉积岩中以酸性火山碎屑及其水解产物(粘土)含放射性元素较高。例举三种产状的火山成因粘土岩论证用自然伽玛测井资料寻找和研究火山事件粘土岩层的必要和优越性。笔者用此法发现川南筠连地区二叠三叠系地层之间存在界线粘土岩层。最后对自然伽玛测井技术发展远景提出设想。     

多矿物测井解释模型及其在砂泥岩地层测井解释中的应用

多矿物模型分析基于测井响应分析原理,采用最优化解释方法处理砂泥岩地层和复杂岩性地层的测井资料,可分辨出单井剖面中地层矿物类别,进行矿物体积含量、孔隙度、饱和度等测井参数解释.该方法弥补了全井段取心分析费用高的缺陷,可为计算地层参数提供可靠的岩性模型.应用该模型在洛带气田进行了实例计算,获得连续的地层矿物含量和各种储层参数,与传统的SAND2模型测井解释结果和岩心分析结果对比后证实,多矿物模型分析优于传统测井解释模型.     

基于地层元素测井资料的沉积岩、岩浆岩识别方法

地层元素测井技术对沉积岩、岩浆岩岩性识别具有独特意义。通过分析收集的沉积岩、岩浆岩数据,提出利用Si、Ca、Al三种元素建立岩性识别图版,并利用Si、Ca、Al、Fe四种元素,建立神经网络模型。利用元素含量交会法建立岩性图版能准确划分沉积岩与岩浆岩的线性部分,BP神经网络对于解决元素含量与沉积岩、岩浆岩岩性之间的非线性关系具有独特优势。本文基于地层元素测井资料,利用岩性识别图版与BP神经网络,建立沉积岩、岩浆岩识别模型,用未参与建立模型的数据进行验证,证明模型的可靠性。本文的研究对于掌握元素含量识别岩性技术,拓展地层元素测井的应用能力具有重要的意义。     

陕县重晶石矿测井异常特征及其应用效果

<正> 地球物理测井是查明和评价非金属矿的主要手段之一。在实际工作中,对于一些非金属矿(如重晶石、石膏、磷、硫等),地球物理测井有可能配合其他工作手段解决一系列地质问题。本文拟对河南省陕县重晶石矿床的测井方法如视电阻率(ps),自然电位(Vz)、自然伽玛(HG)、及伽玛-伽玛(HGG)等测井曲线异常特征及应用效果加以阐述。重晶石矿的密度、比重和电阻率都大于围岩。强硫化的重晶石具有良导性和高的激发极化特性,重晶石无磁性和放射性。在勘探阶段利用上述地球物理测井方法用以验证钻孔岩性剖面,查明矿化带及矿层的赋存深度、厚度以及解决钻孔技术问题。     

岩性扫描测井解释评价方法及其地质应用

作为新兴的测井仪器,岩性扫描测井（LithoScanner）通过获取地层元素含量,进一步获得地层矿物含量,帮助地质学家解决复杂岩性识别等地质学难题。为了充分推广其在地质学领域的应用, 笔者等对岩性扫描测井的原理和解释处理流程进行梳理,并对应用过程中出现的典型案例进行分析。LithoScanner测井可直接获取地层岩性特征,帮助识别地层界面,并实现页岩等复杂岩性、岩相的准确识别。而脆性矿物含量、有机碳含量等也可被LithoScanner测井准确获取,从而计算地层中的脆性指数和有机碳的含量。LithoScanner测井可以探测黄铁矿、煤层等特殊矿物组分,因此可以辅助核磁共振测井资料解释评价。最后指出LithoScanner测井与相应的岩芯和实验数据进行比对,提高LithoScanner测井的可靠性。研究有助于将LithoScanner测井中蕴含的大量地质信息进行挖掘与解读,并消除该资料应用中的一些误区,从而推广LithoScanner测井应用领域。     

随钻脉冲中子-伽马密度测井响应数值模拟

随钻过程中采用D-T可控中子源和2个NaI晶体探测器系统,记录两个探测器的非弹性散射和俘获伽马射线,采用俘获伽马计数比值进行含氢指数校正后,建立非弹性散射伽马计数比和地层密度的响应关系,从而实现脉冲中子-伽马密度测井.利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟地层条件下非弹性散射和俘获伽马分布,得到非弹伽马计数与地层密度和含氢指数都有关,但近、远探测器俘获伽马计数比反映含氢指数灵敏度高,利用其对含氢指数校正后就可以得到非弹伽马计数与地层密度的关系;通过二元回归方法得出地层密度校正后的响应公式,校正后视密度和真密度值相差很小.研究结果表明,在随钻过程中利用脉冲中子伽马测井方法可以确定地层密度.      

岩石中元素背景值变化对地球化学成矿预测的影响

勘查地球化学是利用元素在各种介质中的含量变化来进行找矿勘查,因此,地球化学填图是勘查地球化学的最基础性的工作,正如地质图对于地质工作的重要性一样。在利用地球化学进行找矿预测过程中,元素在不同类型岩石中背景值的变化会对预测过程产生很大的影响,在利用中国西南地区76种元素编图的数据进行成矿预测过程中,将元素分成两类:一类是岩性变化对成矿预测影响较小的元素,这类元素的各类岩石最大背景值与预测区的异常下限比值小于1,且岩石中背景值的最大值与最小值比值也较小,一般小于4。这些元素包括Hg、Cd、Sb、Au、Sn、 Mo、Ag、U、Pb、Bi、W,它们都是地球化学方法应用最有效的矿种。另一类是岩性变化对成矿预测影响较大的元素, 这类元素有Pt、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、V、Ti等,其岩石中的最大背景值与异常下限比值大于1,且岩石中的背景值最大值与最小值的比值大于8。以Sn和Cu两种元素为例,Sn属于岩性变化影响较小的元素,西南地区的Sn矿床与Sn地球化学异常之间的对应关系很好。而Cu属于岩性影响较大的元素,西南地区的Cu矿床分布与西南地区的巨大的 Cu地球化学异常对应关系较差。对于这组元素,应采用多重分形滤波技术,压制不同背景的干扰,从中提取出矿化信息。     

Method of radial sounding and elemental analysis of formations during well logging using neutron inelastic scattering gamma time-of-flight spectrometry

This paper describes a well logging method and device designed to determine radial inhomogeneities in the elemental content of the borehole environment with high spatial resolution. The sounding factor that determines the spatial resolution is the time elapsed from the moment of neutron emission from the device to the moment the device records the gamma rays from neutron inelastic scattering (inelastic gamma rays, IGRs) in the formation. The time interval characterizes the distance to the point of origin of a gamma ray, and the energy of a gamma ray passing through the formation without interaction determines the chemical element involved in inelastic scattering.Simulations have shown that at each time, the density of inelastic scattering is very well localized in space owing to the small number of fast-neutron scatterings: on average, one to two events. It is the compact localization of inelastic scattering events that provides high radial resolution (and, if necessary, high azimuth resolution) during fast-neutron sounding of formations and measurement of unsteady IGR fluxes. Recording of IGR distributions over time also provides increasing sounding depth because powerful IGR fluxes from nearby regions reach the detector at short times and do not overlap the weaker IGR fluxes from distant regions because the latter reach the detector later.To evaluate the radial resolution of the method, we calculated the response of the sonde for typical models of a borehole environment which include a borehole, an iron casing, cement, an invaded zone, and an uninvaded rock. The boundaries of spatial inhomogeneities and the elemental content in the regions between these boundaries were determined from time dependences of unscattered spectral lines in IGR spectra for the elements Ca, Si, C, O, and Fe. The results of the numerical simulation indicate a high sensitivity of the measurements to the radial boundaries and an adequate spatial resolution: about 1 cm at a 0.1 ns time sampling of logs. The interfaces between the radial zones are clearly marked in the time distributions by steep fronts with a length of 0.1 ns (at a collimation angle of the source of about 30°) to 0.15–0.4 ns (at an angle of 90°).A method of solution was formulated for the inverse problem consisting of determining the boundaries of the radial zones and the elemental content in these zones. The problem is solved using a qualitative model of the borehole environment, for example, a “borehole–casing–cement–invaded zone–uninvaded rock” model. The method is based on searching for approximating model curves to measured time distributions of unscattered IGR fluxes jointly for all components of the model. The search is conducted by spatial optimization of the sought parameters—the distances {rS} from the neutron source to the boundaries of the zones and the concentrations {C} of specified chemical compounds in these zones. The initial approximations for the sought parameters {rS} and {C} are calculated by linear inversion of logs, which proves to be very accurate because the contribution of singly scattered neutrons to the inelastic scattering density at small times (10 ns) is, on average, 50–90%.Model curves are calculated by numerical simulation of the transport of neutrons and gamma rays. An appropriate calculation method is the Monte Carlo technique. Since the multiplicity of neutron scattering is low and, for gamma rays, only the unscattered component is of interest, the numerical simulation is a fast process.The practical implementation of the method requires the use of advanced developments in the design of neutron generators, spectral gamma-ray detectors, and fast analyzers for recording subnanosecond processes. Use of associated-particle neutron generators, Ge semiconductor detectors with electron cooling or LaBr3 (Ce) and BaF2 based fast scintillator blocks of high energy resolution will allow the application of the proposed method to logging measurements.     

鄂西地区牛蹄塘组和陡山沱组优质页岩测井识别

以鄂西地区为例,利用钻井、测井及测试资料,开展牛蹄塘组和陡山沱组页岩岩相类型与地质属性（总有机碳含量、孔隙度、横向渗透率、脆性及孔隙类型）关系的研究.研究结果表明:鄂西地区共发育11类岩相页岩,不同岩相页岩间存在明显的地质属性差异.结合有机质页岩特征,识别出3种优质页岩类型:硅质页岩、富泥硅质页岩和混合质页岩.优质页岩含气量明显高于非优质页岩含气量,这证实了准确的优质页岩识别结果.通过对页岩测井影响因素的分析,总结出优质页岩具有高自然伽马、高电阻率、高声波时差、高铀、低密度、低钍、低钾（四高三低）的测井响应特征,从而提出适用于在鄂西高热演化区寻找具有低热演化程度,较强生烃潜力及易开发的页岩储层测井识别方法.      

MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL NEUTRON ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION IN SELECTED GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS

The thermal neutron absorption cross-section () of a sample is a measure of its ability to absorb neutrons and is a linear function of its total chemistry. is measured automatically by some downhole logging tools and is an important parameter for the lithological characterisation of formations. As part of a programme to accurately determine the of lithologies commonly encountered in the Ocean Drilling Program, it was necessary to evaluate the measurement of and this was, in part, achieved by measuring on a number of geochemical reference standards. Computed and measured values are reported here for thirteen geochemical reference standards.     

Partitioning and budget of Li, Be and B in high-pressure metamorphic rocks

Partitioning and budget of Li, Be and B in high-pressure metamorphic rocks from the island of Syros (Greece) were studied, using secondary ion mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. Partitioning between coexisting mineral phases was found to be rather constant and independent of element concentrations. For several mineral pairs, apparent partition coefficients vary in a narrow range, while concentrations vary by more than an order of magnitude. Hence, it was possible to establish sets of inter-mineral partition coefficients for Li, Be and B among 15 different high-pressure minerals. This data set provides important information on the behaviour of the light elements in different lithologies within subducting slabs from the onset of metamorphism to the eclogite stage. It is essential for modelling trace-element and isotope fractionation during subduction and dehydration of oceanic crust.     

Bayesian Spatial Modelling of Gamma Ray Count Data

Gamma ray logging is a method routinely employed by geophysicists and environmental engineers in site geology evaluations. Modelling of gamma ray data from individual boreholes assists in the local identification of major lithological changes; modelling these data from a network of boreholes assists with lithological mapping and spatial stratigraphic correlation. In this paper we employ Bayesian spatial partition models to analyse gamma ray data spatially. In particular, a spatial partition is defined via a Voronoi tessellation and the mean intensity is assumed constant in each cell of the partition. The number of vertices generating the tessellation as well as the locations of vertices are assumed unknown, and uncertainty about these quantities is described via a hierarchical prior distribution. We describe the advantages of the spatial partition modelling approach in the context of smoothing gamma ray count data and describe an implementation that may be extended to the fitting of a more general model than a constant mean within each cell of the partition. As an illustration of the methodology we consider a data set collected from a network of eight boreholes, which is part of a geophysical study to assist in mapping the lithology of a site. Gamma ray logs are linked with geological information from cores and the spatial analysis of log data assists with predicting the lithology at unsampled locations.     

γ射线低能谱测量在地质调查中的初步应用

在分析介绍野外地面γ射线谱仪器设备的基础上，针对低能γ射线谱的特点，结合地质调查项目，在金矿勘查工作中进行了实际应用。并以特例的形式，给出一个测点的实测γ射线谱曲线图、一条测线的综合剖面图和一个工作区的平面结果图，结果表明，低能γ射线谱能够在覆土覆盖的泥质片岩中较好地区分出含矿有利层位一炭质片岩的分布范围。     

Elemental Concentrations in Japanese Silicate Rock Standards JA-1, JR-1 and JB-2

Data on three Japanese geochemical reference samples (JR-1, JA-1, and JB-2) are presented. Ten major and thirty-five trace element concentrations were determined using x-ray fluorescence, instrumental thermal neutron activation, thermal neutron capture prompt gamma-ray spectrometry, delayed neutron assay, automated thermal neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma emission, atomic absorption, and ion selective electrode. Good agreement between the various methods and with recent literature values were obtained using error weighted mean concentrations for the samples.     

川西陆相页岩气录井综合评价

常规录井难以全面识别评价页岩气,本文结合区域地质特征,分析了录井的难点,利用XRF元素录井、XRD矿物录井、岩石热解地化录井、泥页岩密度录井等技术,开展页岩气的岩石成分分析、脆性评价、含气性评价、地层压力评价等关键技术研究,初步形成了工区内陆相须家河组五段的页岩气录井综合评价技术,建立了相应的录井评价标准,并在页岩气专层井XY2井中上井应用,取得了较好的应用效果。