滦河冲积扇结构和沉积环境

本文根据河谷阶地对比,沉积相特征,孢粉组合,石英砂表面微结构组合和¹⁴C、古地磁年龄数据,探讨滦河(东部)冲积扇的形成时代、沉积环境和沉积速率,为研究唐山山前平原地下水储存条件提供一些论据。     

雪隆囊地区堰塞湖溃坝沉积物的石英砂表面微观特征

石英砂表面微结构分析有助于理解沉积物的成因环境。四川省雪隆囊地区位于青藏高原东南缘金沙江上游,该处分布有堰塞湖溃坝沉积物。为了判断其溃坝沉积物的沉积成因和形成环境以及过程,采集石英砂样品并进行扫描电镜分析,初步获得堰塞湖溃坝沉积物石英砂的表面微观结构组合特征是次棱角状及次圆状颗粒为主,颗粒边缘形状为棱脊磨损及次棱脊,表面多为中、低起伏;少量出现贝壳状断口,小撞击坑出现较多,平行解理面少见甚至没有;擦痕、磨光面少量出现;化学溶蚀和沉淀形态包括蚀坑和蚀缝、硅质薄膜和硅质球。结果表明雪隆囊堰塞湖溃坝沉积物在沉积过程中不仅受到强烈的机械撞击作用,而且在后期也有比较强烈的水流作用参与其中,可以为分析溃坝沉积物的沉积过程和沉积环境提供参考。雪隆囊溃坝沉积物石英砂表面微观结构特征与残坡积、冰碛、冰水、冲积、洪积、泥石流、湖相沉积、海洋沉积、风成等沉积环境明显不同。     

企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面的化学溶蚀形貌及实验模拟

利用电镜扫描的方法分析了南极阿德雷岛Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂微形貌的特征,发现在企鹅粪含量高的沉积层中石英砂表面具有明显的碗状溶蚀坑等化学溶蚀特征,这一溶蚀特征在Y2湖企鹅粪含量低的沉积层和研究区的其他未受企鹅粪影响的沉积环境中均未明显出现。为了揭示这一特殊化学溶蚀现象的作用机制,根据Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层自然沉积环境,通过条件实验确定在实验室内使用酸性较高的氟溶液(1mol.L-1HF溶液)对石英砂进行溶蚀实验,通过对比分析发现,实验室模拟条件下可以得到与企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂相近的表面微形貌特征,这表明它们是在相似的过程中形成的。企鹅粪土沉积层酸性高氟环境中可能存在的HF酸化学溶蚀作用是形成企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面特有溶蚀坑的主要原因。在南极特殊的自然条件下碗状溶蚀坑与企鹅粪之间存在一定的因果关系,从而使石英砂的表面微形貌分析成为南极企鹅生态研究的一种新的辅助手段。     

《极地研究》2003年第15卷总目录

第 1期研究论文页码南极无冰区典型沉积环境石英砂表面结构特征及其在沉积环境识别中的应用尹雪斌、孙立广、刘晓东　 1……………1 999年夏季中国首次北极考察区水团特征高郭平、董兆乾、侍茂崇　 1 1…………………………………………………北极楚科奇海近代沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征初探霍文冕、曾宪章、田伟之、曾文义、尹明端　 2 1…………………夏季南极普里兹湾碳的生物地球化学循环I:DOC的含量与分布扈传昱、潘建明、刘小涯、张海生　 2 8………………天上 1号冰川厚度和冰下地形探测与冰储量分析孙波、何茂兵、张鹏、焦克勤、…     

广东省东海岛大岭剖面沉积物粒度、微形态特征与沉积环境北大核心CSCD

沉积物粒度与表面微形态特征是反映沉积环境及源区等信息的重要指征。基于粒度分析和扫描电镜影像,研究广东省东海岛海岸大岭剖面的海岸风沙沉积物石英颗粒与微形态特征,以揭示其沉积环境和沉积过程。结果表明:(1)大岭剖面的粒度特征总体具有典型风成砂的特点。(2)大岭剖面沉积物石英颗粒磨圆度适中,表面具有麻点/麻面、碟形坑、新月形撞击坑、水下磨光面、鳞片状剥落等特征。东海岛大岭剖面石英颗粒先受到流水磨蚀与搬运作用,再受到风力的二次搬运和改造作用,风力作用特征显著。(3)大岭剖面整体上记录了从温暖湿润环境向寒冷干旱环境演变的历史。     

南极无冰区地理环境研究的力作——评《南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤与环境》

开展南极科学考察以来 ,我国科学界有关南极科考成果 ,丰硕至极 ,仅就南极无冰区地理环境方面 ,1 9 93年谢又予研究员发表了专著《中国南极长城站地区地貌与沉积》,是我国关于南极无冰区地表物理风化、地貌发育与沉积环境等方面研究的领先成果。北京师范大学资源与环境科学系副教授赵烨博士撰写的《南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤与环境》,已由海洋出版杜于 1 999年出版。这是一部以南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤为核心研究对象 ,深入分析了亚南极冷湿区现代环境的特征、土壤发育过程、土壤发生类型 ;详细讨论了全新世土壤发育与环境演变的相互关系 ,…     

南极普里兹湾柱样中石英颗粒的表面结构

本文统计分析了南极普里兹湾陆坡区一个柱样（ＮＰ９５１）１３个层位的石英颗粒的形态和表面结构。石英表面呈现出强烈的冰川运动和较弱的化学溶蚀－沉淀作用留下的表面特征，表明该沉积物主要是处于低能海洋环境中的冰碛物。石英颗粒因化学溶蚀－沉淀作用形成的组合表面特征的定量统计结果与矿物的Ｘ射线衍射和微体古生物的分析结果相对应，能较好地解释该海区经历的沉积环境和古气候变化。     

新疆昌吉地区胜金口组的地层特征及沉积环境分析

通过沉积学、岩石学和大地构造学等研究方法,对胜金口组地层特征、沉积环境演化以及发展提出了新的认识。选取新疆昌吉地区白垩系胜金口组典型剖面,在路线地质调查和野外剖面实测的基础上,结合粒度分析与室内岩矿鉴定等方法对胜金口组的地层特征和沉积环境进行分析。综合分析表明:白垩系胜金口组沉积环境为准噶尔盆地南缘北天山山前坳陷,胜金口组沉积物随准噶尔盆地的沉降发生变化,沉积环境由底部至顶部划分为滩坝、砂泥混合滩和泥滩。该研究对准噶尔盆地耦合系统在白垩纪演化发展具有重要意义。     

天山北麓河流下游冲积平原沉积记录的中晚全新世环境演变

天山北麓河流下游冲积平原与古尔班通古特沙漠交汇带，沉积环境独特，对全球气候变化响应敏感。囿于年代校正不确定性、代用指标的多解性以及地形地貌格局等因素的影响，该区域全新世时期沉积环境演变过程和气候演化模式研究，尚存在不同认识。重建该区域的中晚全新世环境演变历史及其对气候变化的响应过程，有助于加深对天山北麓冲积平原沉积环境演化时空特征的认识。本文选取天山北麓中部河流下游冲积平原四个典型冲积-湖积-风积地层剖面为研究材料，以光释光(OSL)测年确定地层绝对年代，综合沉积构造特征、沉积物粒度参数和石英砂表面微结构特征分析，探讨河流下游中晚全新世冲积-湖积平原沉积序列的演变过程和驱动因素。结果表明：(1)研究剖面主要由黏土、粉砂和极细砂含量较高的河湖相沉积构成，靠近北部沙漠边缘以极细砂、细砂为主的风成砂层明显增多，形成以冲积相、湖沼相和风沙相交替叠覆的沉积序列，其沉积相组合具有明显的时空变化特征；(2)沉积物石英颗粒表面常见冰川、流水、风力等多种外营力作用的痕迹，表明河流下游平原沉积物主要来源于山区冰川搬运、磨蚀的碎屑物质，并经流水和风力分选后成为古尔班通古特沙漠的重要物源；(3) 7.59～6...     

江西南昌横岗“砂山”石英颗粒表面形态特征

长江中下游第四纪砂沉积的成因仍然存在争论。通过对江西南昌横岗"砂山"剖面石英颗粒表面形态特征的研究,分析探讨"砂山"的成因。结果表明:石英颗粒大多呈次棱角状到次圆状,表面具有碟形坑、新月形坑、麻坑等风成特征,还存在贝壳状断口、V形坑、水下磨光面等水成特征,SiO_2溶蚀和沉淀也显著发育。综合分析,横岗剖面是河床砂经风力近距离搬运堆积而成的,是长江中下游第四纪风成砂的一部分。横岗剖面由下而上黄色砂层与褐红色砂层交替出现,褐红色砂层石英砂磨圆度较黄色砂层略好,黄色砂层石英砂表面较为洁净,外动力在石英颗粒表面留下的机械作用痕迹较为清晰,褐红色砂层石英砂表面SiO_2溶蚀和沉淀作用显著发育,部分颗粒表面机械作用痕迹被SiO_2溶蚀和沉淀所遮蔽或改造,颗粒表面凹凸不平,横岗剖面颜色和石英颗粒表面形态的变化记录了该地区由干到湿气候环境的周期性波动。     

南极无冰区古海蚀龛沉积──古环境研究的新材料

首次在西南极菲尔德斯半岛长城站地区发现了保存完好的古海蚀龛沉积物 ,研究表明它是后期冰水湖泊沉积环境下的产物 ,该沉积剖面的形成环境反映了本地区距今 46 0 0年以来地貌演化、冰盖进退与古气候的演化过程。古海蚀龛沉积剖面的发现 ,为目前主要基于湖泊沉积物、海洋沉积物及冰芯等进行的南极无冰区古环境研究领域 ,提供了一种新的研究载体。     

Textural attributes, mineralogy and provenance of sand dune fields in the greater Al Ain area, United Arab Emirates

Sand dunes and interdune sediments around Al Ain city have markedly high carbonate contents which increase towards Jabal Hafit mountain and the Arabian Gulf coast. The dunes are composed predominantly of well-sorted fine sands, consisting of unstrained quartz and carbonate grains together with minor proportions of chert and feldspars. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination reveals that quartz grains display various mechanically- and chemically-formed surface textures. The heavy minerals are dominated by opaques and pyroxenes with minor tourmaline, garnet, rutile, epidote, monazite, zircon, hornblende and staurolite.Interdune sediments consist of fine and very fine, poorly- to extremely poorly-sorted sands together with small concentrations of gravel, silt and clay. The light sand fractions compositionally resemble those of dunes but contain, in addition, gypsum, anhydrite, halite and celestite. Percentages of pyroxenes are higher whereas those of zircon, tourmaline and rutile are lower than in dunes. X-ray diffractometry reveals that the clay fractions consist solely of palygorskite. Generally, interdune sediments are much less mature texturally and mineralogically than dune sands; the maturity of both types of sediments decreases toward the NE of the study area.Sand dunes in the various districts of the greater Al Ain area are genetically related. Also, there is a partial genetic relationship between the dunes and interdune sediments; both are mainly multicyclic. Their major parts were brought mainly by the dominant north-west (El Shamal) winds from older dune fields in other localities in U.A.E., Qatar and El-Rub El-Khali. Local contributions to the dune fields from Jabal Hafit mountain, the Oman Mountains and the calcareous coast of the Arabian Gulf were, in cases, significant. Also, authigenesis by groundwater under highly evaporitic conditions played a major role in the formation of interdune sediments through the genesis of the clay and some nonclay minerals.     

INTERNAL WEATHERING IN QUARTZ GRAINS

While most research on quartz weathering has focused primarily on surface textures and morphologies, very little is known about the internal weathering of quartz. This study demonstrates that internal weathering is ubiquitous in quartz. Internal weathering is measured in terms of porosity, which represents mass loss from the quartz grain, hence silica lost through dissolution. Mass loss calculated from porosity suggests higher-than-expected rates of quartz dissolution in the terrestrial environment. Internal weathering occurs through various grain defects, and is classified into several forms (in decreasing order of frequency): fractures, enlarged grain boundaries, holes, and networks. These features may be distinguished from occasional artifact voids left by laboratory procedures. The most intensely weathered grains exhibit large fractures and extensive networks, and occasionally contain secondary weathering products within the void areas. The presence of internal weathering in quartz supports field and laboratory observations of particle comminution in sediment transport systems, and can account for at least part of the production of silt- and clay-sized quartz. Given the potentially large surface area afforded by these internal defects, internal weathering plays an important role in the generation of quartz particles and dissolved silica, and presents a new avenue of study for the generation of secondary porosity in detrital sediments. [Key words: geomorphology, quartz, silica, weathering.]     

普若岗日冰原西侧冰前风沙地貌的形成与我国冰川型沙漠的发现

在青藏高原中央、普若岗日冰原西侧流石坡地带山麓面上,分布有约100 km²的由戈壁与沙丘组成的地貌,这是世界罕见的、也是我国发现的首例中纬度、高海拔地区冰前沙漠沉积。野外地貌、地层测量和室内样品的粒度、矿物、¹⁴C测年分析等结果表明,其形成时代约为16 ka BP以来;沉积特征在沙丘沉积序列中表现为风成砂夹零星腐殖质层,在戈壁中表现为砾石表面具次生方解石或碳酸钙沉淀层;演化模式为冷直线式;形成条件为以下伏冰碛物为主要砂源,以行星西风环流和高原冬季风引起的地面西风为主要动力,以持续的寒冷半干旱为气候背景;成因主要与冰原西缘冰川作用形成丰富的冰碛物砂源有关;因此,这类沙漠与一般冰缘沙漠以河湖相砂为源具有显著区别,可称为"冰川型沙漠"。由于其形成兼与冰原、气候和环流的变化密切相关,所以它是高原腹地全新世气候环境变化的重要记录。     

粤琼“老红砂”的岩矿特征与成因研究

通过野外剖面观察,室内岩矿和沉积学分析,热释光测年分析等,认为粤琼等四纪老红砂为晚更新世晚期海岸风沙作用的产物,其物质来源于邻近的海滩砂,后在湿热的气候环境下风化,造成Ｓｉ,Ｋ,Ｎａ等元素的淋失和Ｆｅ,Ａｌ的富集。     

The genesis of the northern Kettle Moraine, Wisconsin

Interpreting past glacial dynamics from the glacial record requires that the depositional environments of glacial sediments and landforms be understood. In the case of interlobate deposits, models that incorporate various components of pro, supra and subglacial deposition have been developed and tested in the northern Kettle Moraine (nKM), Wisconsin; a large interlobate deposit that formed between the Green Bay and Lake Michigan lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. In this paper, we interpret a new genesis for the nKM using sediment analysis and distribution along with landform distribution. In Sheboygan County, the nKM consists of two steep-sided, high-relief, hummocky ridges separated by a low elevation and low-relief central axis. Gravel in the bounding hummocky ridges is well-sorted and well-rounded. Some bedding is collapsed. Large, isolated moulin kames are restricted to the axis area and composed of relatively poorly sorted, more angular gravel and diamicton. The distribution of these different sediments and landforms are explained by the accumulation of supraglacial debris that insulated the ice below the axis of the nKM, while the melting of cleaner ice on either side formed channels on the ice surface. As deglaciation proceeded, a substantial thickness of well-rounded, stream-deposited sand and gravel accumulated on ice in the bounding channels. Eventual collapse of this sediment formed the two hummocky ridges. Poorly sorted debris along the axis fell and slid into moulins and larger collapse areas in the ice. Thus, differential debris insulation and ice ablation controlled the mainly supraglacial deposition of this part of the nKM.     

Surface textures of quartz grains from a core at the Prydz Bay,Antarctica

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萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组沙丘砂沉积特征

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面萨拉乌苏组含7层古流动沙丘砂、4层古固定-半固定沙丘砂.对这些沙丘砂的沉积构造观察以及粒度、扫描电镜和常量化学元素分析结果表明：（1）这些沙丘砂具有与现代沙丘砂相似的风成沉积构造特征;（2）粒度及其参数——Mz、σ、Sk和Kg,以及主要化学组分SiO2、Al2O3和TOFE也与现代沙丘砂相近;（3）Mz-σ、SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE散点图和概率累积曲线显示这些沙丘砂与萨拉乌苏组中的河湖相、古土壤差别明显,而与现代沙丘砂一致;（4）石英砂颗粒具有良好的磨圆以及碟形坑、新月形坑、麻坑、上翻解理薄片、硅质沉淀和硅质裂纹等表面结构特征,反映其曾受持久的风力搬运作用.沉积构造、粒度、石英砂颗粒表面结构和化学元素等多个方面具备了与现代沙丘砂类似的风成特征,证明这些沙丘砂的成因是风成的.     

Late Quaternary marine-based Kara Sea ice sheets: a review of terrestrial stratigraphic data highlighting their formation

Reconstructions of the Late Quaternary glacial history of the Kara Sea area show repeated build-up of ice-sheet domes over the shallow epicontinental Kara Sea. Inferred ice divides were situated over the central Kara Sea, and the ice sheet repeatedly inundated the surrounding coastal areas of western Siberia. Geological fingerprinting of the Kara Sea ice sheet include end moraine zones, raised beaches, tills, glaciotectonic deformations and coarsening-upward sediment sequences, reflecting isostatic rebound cycles. This paper reviews evidence from several areas along the perimeter of the Kara Sea, suggesting that peripheral sites were critical for the initiation of the large Kara Sea ice sheet. Ice-sheet inception progressed with the formation of local ice caps that later coalesced on the adjacent shelf with globally falling sea levels, eventually merging and growing into a large ice dome.