2014年11月22日康定M6.3级地震序列发震构造分析

2014年11月22日在NW向鲜水河断裂带中南段四川康定县发生M6.3级地震,11月25日在该地震震中东南约10km处再次发生M5.8级地震.基于中国国家数字地震台网和四川区域数字地震台网资料,采用多阶段定位方法对本次康定M6.3级地震序列进行了重新定位;利用gCAP(generalized Cut And Paste)矩张量反演方法获得了M6.3和M5.8级地震的震源机制解与矩心深度,分析了本次地震序列的发震构造,并结合历史强震破裂时空分布和2001年以来小震重新定位结果,对鲜水河断裂带中段强震危险性进行了初步探讨.获得的主要结果如下:(1)M6.3级主震震中位于101.69°E、30.27°N,震源初始破裂深度约10km,矩心深度9km;M5.8级地震震中位于101.73°E、30.18°N,初始破裂深度约11km,矩心深度9km.gCAP矩张量反演结果揭示这两次地震双力偶分量占主导,M6.3级地震的最佳双力偶解节面Ⅰ走向143°/倾角82°/滑动角-9°,节面Ⅱ走向234°/倾角81°/滑动角-172°.M5.8级地震最佳双力偶解节面Ⅰ走向151°/倾角83°/滑动角-6°,节面Ⅱ走向242°/倾角84°/滑动角-173°.依据余震分布长轴展布与断裂走向,判定节面Ⅰ为发震断层面,M6.3和M5.8级地震均为带有微小正断分量的左旋走滑型地震.(2)序列中重新定位的459个地震平均震源深度约9km,地震主要集中分布在6~11km深度区间,余震基本发生在M6.3和M5.8级地震震源上部.依据余震密集区展布范围,推测本次康定地震的震源体尺度长约30km、宽约4km、深度范围约6km.M6.3级主震震源附近的余震稀疏区可能是一个较大的凹凸体(asperity),在主震中能量得以充分释放.(3)最初3天的余震主要分布在M6.3级地震NW侧;而M5.8级地震之后的余震主要集中在其震中附近.M6.3级地震以及最初3天的绝大部分余震发生在倾角约82°近直立的NW走向色拉哈断裂上;M5.8级地震与其后的多数余震发生在倾角约83°近直立的NW走向折多塘断裂北端走向向北偏转部位,M5.8级地震可能是M6.3级地震触发相邻的折多塘断裂活动所致.(4)康定M6.3与M5.8级地震发生在鲜水河断裂带乾宁与康定之间的色拉哈强震破裂空段,本次地震破裂尺度较小,尚不足以填补该强震空段.色拉哈段以及相邻的乾宁段7级地震平静时间均已超过其平均复发周期估值,未来几年存在发生7级地震的危险.康定M6.3级地震序列基本填补了震前存在于塔公与康定之间的深部小震空区,未来强震发生在塔公至松林口段深部小震稀疏区内的可能性很大.     

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M 6.5级地震概况

2014年8月3日云南省鲁甸县龙头山镇发生了M 6.5级地震.此次地震为云南省14年来最大地震,已造成重大人员伤亡.地震位于北北西向包谷垴-小河断裂带与北东向西鱼河-昭通断裂带的交汇部位.综合余震空间展布的长轴方向和震源机制两个节面解,判定北北西向包谷垴-小河断裂为其发震构造,断层走向165°,倾角65°,滑动角12°,以左旋走滑为主.此次地震序列余震较为丰富,已发生1450多次,其中最大余震为M 4.2级地震.余震区呈不规则T字形,长轴约37 km,短轴约20 km.根据余震空间分布、序列随时间衰减h值和M≥3.0级余震震源机制解变化情况,初步判定该地震序列属主余型.此次地震发生在我国多年来持续圈定的川滇交界地震重点危险区,也是2014年度全国重点监视防御区.但地震并没有发生在全新世以来的活动断裂带上,而发生在一条规模较小、出露并不连续的晚更新世以前活动的次级断裂带上,很大程度上突破了强震与活动断裂的关系理论.文章最后还讨论了云南地区今后的震情形势.     

唐山地震序列空间分布复杂性原因研究

本文采用唐山地震序列定位精度较高的资料, 对不同时段余震震中分布进行再分析, 取得了余震密集带和序列3次强震(唐山7.8级、 滦县7.1级、 宁河6.9级)破裂面分布的清晰图像, 其中判定7.1级地震为NWW向破裂面。 其复杂图像与震前地震活动异常所揭示的震源及与震源孕育有关的三组区域性断裂带存在密切联系。 简单说来, 震源位于NE向、 NWW向、 NW向三组断裂带交汇的区域, 位于震源的余震密集带显示了这3次强震的破裂面, 它们分别可看作是三组区域断裂的闭锁段。 据此解释了形成唐山地震震源和序列震中分布复杂性的原因。     

近场全波形反演：芦山7．0级地震及余震矩张量解

自2008年汶川发生8．0级地震以来,龙门山断裂带上发生了数百个大于M1.4．0的余震,但是,断裂的东北端以及西南端附近很少有较大地震发生。2013年4月20日,雅安芦山再次发生了7．0级强震,该地震恰好位于龙门山断层带西南端的彭县一灌县断裂带上。主震发生后,截至4月23日,四川省数字遥测台网记录到了52个MI．≥4．0的余震。     

1996年3月19日新疆阿图什6.9级地震震源破坏特征的研究

通过对１９９６年３月１９日新疆阿图什６．９级地震余震分布特征的研究，分析了这次地震震源破裂过程，并结合柯坪断裂带的构造运动、区域应力场的分布特征以及１９７２年以来该带的另外３次６级地震的余震分布方向。探讨了柯坪断裂带附近地区不同构造部位震源破裂扩展方向与强震活动的迁移方向。结果表明，本次地震震源破坏为明显的单侧破裂；震源断错以逆断层为主，区内主要受ＮＷ向压应力。不同地段强震震源破裂扩展具有明显的区     

1996年3月19日新疆阿图什6.9级地震震源破裂特征的研究

通过对1996年3月19日新疆阿图什6．9级地震余震分布特征的研究，分析了这次地震震源破裂过程．并结合柯坪断裂带的构造运动、区域应力场的分布特征以及1972年以来该带的另外3次6级地震的余震分布方向，探讨了柯坪断裂带附近地区不同构造部位震源破裂扩展方向与强震活动的迁移方向．结果表明，本次地震震源破裂为明显的单侧破裂．柯坪断裂带的阿图什震区和柯坪震区，余震分布具有一定规律性，震源破裂基本都为单侧破裂；震源断错以逆断层为主．区内主要受NW向压应力。不同地段强震震源破裂扩展具有明显的区域特征，强余震分布方向是应力集中的体现，它标志着同一构造断裂带附近近期强震活动的迁移方向．在柯坪断裂带上这种规律更为明显。     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震序列及中短期地震学异常演化特征研究

分析了2007年6月3日云南宁洱6.4级地震序列基本特征,动态追踪了宁洱地震前的中短期地震学异常,结果表明:宁洱地震序列为主震—余震型,最大余震为5.1级,衰减正常。据云南区域数字地震台网资料测定,震源机制解中节面Ⅰ走向为138°,倾角为70°,P轴方位为3°,仰角为9°,宁洱6.4级地震的发震断层为NNW向的普(宁)洱断裂,在NNE向主压应力作用下产生右旋走滑错动,引发宁洱地震。宁洱地震孕育的中短期阶段,地震学异常以云南M≥6.0地震平静和震中附近中小地震活动增强等为主;地震孕育进入短临阶段,最为突出的地震学异常为震源区及附近地区中小地震活动明显增强、出现窗口地震及云南省4级地震平静等。     

汶川地震强余震（Ms≥5．6）的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系

在2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震之后,发生了数十个M〉5,数百个M〉4以及更多的M〉3的余震,固定和流动地震台站对这些地震进行了较完整的监测．通过利用P波到时数据对M〉3的余震进行重新定位,发现余震分布有两个明显的趋势,绝大部分的余震都分布在沿龙门山断裂带的北东向上,但在汶川地震的震中附近有一个北西向的余震分布区．利用中国国家数字地震台网和区域地震台网的波形记录,采用“裁剪-粘贴”法,获得了较大余震的震源机制解（Ms≥5．6）．从震源机制解来看,尽管多数较强余震显示出逆冲的性质,但在断裂带的北部余震仍有一部分显示出明显的走滑性质．震源机制解显示北川一映秀断裂（BYF）的南部发生的余震主要为逆冲型地震,和主震的滑移状态一致;在BYF断层的北部余震同样以逆冲状态为主,这和主震在该区域的破裂性质有很大差异．在青川．平武断裂附近,震源机制以右旋走滑为主,且震源深度比较深（～18km）．由此猜测主震在北部可能发生在北川断裂和青川断裂两个断裂上,而不是只发生在中央断层上．这种复杂的余震机制显示出龙门山断裂带断层系统的复杂性．     

汶川8．0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究

采用双差定位方法对汶川M8．0级破坏性地震及其震后的2706个M≥2．0级余震进行重新定位,获得2553个地震的重定位结果．为了减少龙门山断裂带附近地壳和上地幔速度结构巨大横向差异的影响,东西两侧采用了不同的速度模型．在重定位过程中,增加了流动地震台站近台数据,以便更好地控制震源深度．重定位后E-W,N-S和U—D三个方向大致的定位精度分别为0．6,0．7和2．5km．定位结果显示,汶川地震余震震中沿北东．南西向分布,总长度约330km．余震主要集中在龙门山断裂带主中央断裂的西侧,但在青川以北余震带明显偏离了地表断裂,并在北端横穿了平武-青川断裂．余震震源深度的优势分布在5～20km之间,平均震源深度为13．3km,主震震源深度重定位后为16．0km;深度剖面图像显示部分地区余震分布表现出高角度西倾的特点,并且在主震破裂过程中断层南段以逆冲为主,北段具有很强的走滑分量．     

澜沧耿马地震序列特征

本文对1988年8月15日澜沧中强震序列,以及1988年11月6日澜沧——耿马强震序列的地震活动性特征和地震波特征进行了探讨。研究表明在某些方面,8月15日中强震序列反映出其前震特征,而11月6日强震序列则明显反映出双震型地震的特征。在余震区的北区和南区,余震活动在地震波初动、震源深度、大小地震比例关系和能量释放等方面均表现出不同的特征。本文同时对强余震前的地震活动性特征作了一些初步的探讨。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

环太平洋俯冲带内双地震带及其成因机制研究进展

俯冲带作为地球最为庞大的循环系统的重要组成部分,已成为地球科学的研究热点之一.很多俯冲带,特别是环太平洋俯冲带内的中深源地震,在空间上呈明显的分层分布,并且各层地震具有不同的震源机制,即所谓的双地震带现象.本文简要介绍了环太平洋双地震带形态特征与震源机制的空间分布,并回顾了双地震带的几种成因模型.根据形态特征和震源机制的差异,中源深度的双地震带可以分为两类,其中,一类双地震带对应上、下二层分别为压缩和张性的地震分布;另一类双地震带的震源分布较浅,且其浅部地震以横向压缩为主.此外,日本本州东北俯冲带的地震分布可能是由三层地震带组成的,而且汤加、伊豆-小笠原地区还发现深源深度的双地震带.通过对双地震带的形态特征以及其热力学条件的研究,人们从抗弯作用、脱水脆化、相变断层等多方面,尝试建立解释双地震带成因的模型.目前,大多数研究利用数值计算结果,结合蛇纹石脱水脆化、相变断层模型,能够不同程度地分别解释中源和深源双地震带成因.不过,这些模型几乎相互独立,并不能同时解释中源和深源双地震带.有人试图尝试用统一模型解释中深源地震成因,例如,先前存在的断层模型,不过该模型还不很具有说服力.也可能是多种因素的联合作用,共同影响着俯冲板内的温度场、应力场分布.