华北北部中生代岩墙群

岩墙群是深源岩浆浅侵位的产物，它可提供有关壳-幔演化的重要信息。通过华北北部大同早中生代碳酸岩-煌斑岩岩墙群、赤峰早中生代闪长玢岩岩墙群、林西中生代辉绿岩岩墙群、京北晚中生代双峰式岩墙群的对比研究，揭示了华北中生代存在的两次底侵作用及其相关的伸展作用。华北早、晚中生代岩墙群与晋北地区元古代岩墙群的初步对比，从一个侧面反映了华北壳幔的演变。     

岩墙群的岩石学、地球化学和几何学特征及其大地构造意义

对近几十年来岩墙群在构造环境、侵位模式、形成机制、岩相学、地球化学、同位素地质年代学、几何学和比较行星学等方面的研究成果进行了总结,为岩墙群的深入研究提供重要信息。岩墙群主要与伸展构造环境有关,是岩浆侵位事件(如地幔柱)造成上覆地壳形成裂隙系统,岩浆随后灌入而形成的。岩墙群的侵位模式主要有垂向和侧向两种,也可能是两种模式共同作用的结果。岩墙群的岩性多样,但主要是超基性-基性岩,说明其与深部岩浆作用密切相关。对岩墙群的地球化学研究可揭示岩浆事件的构造环境、岩浆演化过程以及源区特征。放射性岩墙群的几何学特征有重要的指示意义,其收敛中心被认为是地幔柱的中心位置。岩墙群是古陆重建十分重要的"契合点",对古陆重建研究十分有帮助。类地行星(金星)巨型放射状系统很可能是岩墙群系统,暗示了地球上也存在过这种完整的巨型放射状岩墙群系统。岩墙群对于古陆重建、地幔柱中心的指示、地幔源区示踪、火山机构以及区域岩浆演化的研究都有十分重要的意义,并将对地球科学的发展产生重要影响。     

华北晚前寒武纪镁铁质岩墙群的流动构造及侵位机制

华北克拉通中部广泛发育晚前寒武纪镁铁质岩墙群。这些岩墙群未变形和未变质,保存了清晰完好的流动构造,完整地反映了前寒武纪岩浆活动的特征和流动构造,这在世界上是罕见的。通过对晚前寒武纪镁铁质岩墙群的形态和流动构造研究,如:流动线理、矿物组构和磁组构等,提出岩墙群的侵位方向和侵位方式。结合本区岩墙群与燕辽—中条拗拉槽系的关系以及岩墙群的力学性质,探讨本区岩墙群的侵位机制。     

南口-古崖居中生代双峰式岩墙群形成机制的地球化学制约

京北南口至延庆古崖居出露了一套延伸40km、由钾玄质岩石和花岗石组成的双峰式岩墙群。报道了岩墙群的同位素年龄，其K－Ar年龄为114－120Ma，Rb-Sr年龄为128Ma。对南口双峰式岩墙群的17个代表性样品进行了系统的元素地球化学分析，研究结果表明，酸性岩墙和基岩墙是同时来自两个独立的岩浆房，岩浆来自EMI型富集地幔。在此基础上，用岩浆不混熔的双扩散对流模式解释了两个层状岩浆房的形成，正是它们同时为双峰式岩墙群提供了物质来源。     

大同地区早中生代煌斑岩—碳酸岩岩墙群

大同地区密集分布的岩墙群由基性－超基性煌斑岩和碳酸岩组成，侵入石炭－二叠纪煤层中。与地层的接触关系和Rb-Sr,K-Ar同位素年代学数据表明墙群的侵位于晚三叠世。Sr,Nd同位素比值显示，碳酸岩和煌斑岩都来源于壳幔混合型岩浆源区。稳定元素比值和相容，不相容元素同等富集则表明是碳酸岩和硅酸盐混合的原始母岩浆液态不混熔的产物。 岩墙群形成的地质条件和构造背景表明，它们是在伸展构造背景下，受到不同级别的构造控制，大同岩墙群的研究对进一步认识华北早中生代岩石圈演化有重要的意义。     

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区早中生代镁铁质岩墙群的成因及地质意义

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区镁铁质岩墙群以闪长玢岩为主,含少量闪斜煌斑岩、辉绿玢岩及辉绿岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学指示该套岩墙群结晶侵位年龄为(249±1)Ma。稀土元素含量整体较高,富集轻稀土元素(∑REE=99.9×10-6~173.9×10-6,(La/Yb)N=3.5~9.3);微量元素表现出富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)的特征;源区分析表明,镁铁质岩浆为俯冲洋壳析出的流体交代富集地幔的结果,且在岩石成因中部分熔融起到主导作用,地壳混染和分离结晶作用对岩浆成分分异起到的作用有限。构造环境分析表明,岩石的形成与俯冲作用有关,结合区域构造演化认为镁铁质岩墙群的成因为:早三叠世,在古特提斯洋向北俯冲的环境下,俯冲板片释放的流体交代富集地幔,诱发地幔部分熔融形成镁铁质岩浆,受弧后伸展的动力学背景影响,岩浆最终上升侵位形成镁铁质岩墙群。     

新疆克拉玛依北西西向岩墙群侵位的磁组构证据

准噶尔盆地西北缘克拉玛依地区广泛发育二叠纪中基性岩墙群,该区岩墙被认为是碰撞后伸展的典型产物.本文根据岩墙宏观野外特征和镜下显微构造分析(岩墙分支、捕虏体、矿物线理和定向斑晶)得出研究区北西西-南东东向岩墙侵位方向由北西西向南东东侵位.通过对该区岩墙边界采样后进行磁化率各向异性测量得到磁组构的最大磁化率长轴优势方位分布图和磁组构各向异性特征分析,进一步指示其岩浆以一定仰角由北西西向南东东侵位.结合克拉玛依地区岩墙群与达拉布特深大断裂的时空分布特征推测该区北西西向岩墙岩浆来源于北西侧的达拉布特断裂,岩浆沿着达拉布特深大断裂上侵到先存裂隙而形成岩墙.     

新疆克拉玛依中基性岩墙群的地质地球化学和K-Ar年代学

新疆克拉玛依中基性岩墙群出现在后碰撞花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄约为300～320Ma)及其下石炭统火山岩-硅质岩围岩之中,空间分布受区域构造裂隙控制,总体走向以280°～300°为主,K-Ar表观年龄为241.3～271.5Ma。岩墙群属于亚碱性系列,根据岩性和Mg#的不同,可分为辉绿岩岩墙、高Mg#闪长玢岩岩墙和低Mg#(石英)闪长玢岩岩墙等三组。主元素、稀土元素和其他微量元素等资料表明,形成岩墙群的岩浆起源于亏损地幔,由部分熔融作用形成的原始玄武质岩浆在侵位过程中发生了分离结晶作用,但同时还受到同化混染作用的影响,致使克拉玛依岩墙群具有较典型的AFC过程的成因特征。克拉玛依岩墙群形成于新疆北部后碰撞伸展构造环境,是幔源岩浆活动的产物,因而可以作为地壳垂向生长的标志之一。     

元古代基性岩墙群的成因机制,构造背景及其古板块再造意义

大陆克拉通广泛发育元古代镁铁质岩墙群，其形成时限短，侵位机制复杂，可以侵位于不同的地壳层次，岩墙群的岩浆可能有多种来源，但主要来自陆下软流圈或地幔岩石圈，很少经历结晶分异与地壳混染，岩墙群的总体化学成分量富集型的，从古元古代到新元古代，其碱性组分逐渐增多，反映地幔演化特征，板块构造理论可应用于晚太古代－古元古代的构造研究，元古代以超级大陆的聚合及裂解为特征，岩墙群的形成普遍与伸展体制相联系，是超级大陆开始裂解或地幔柱活动的重要标志。华北克拉通区广泛发育中元古代镁铁质岩墙群，对其进行多学科的研究，将为确定华北克拉通在中元古代超级大陆中的构造位置及其古板块再造提供重要依据。     

晋冀蒙交界地区五期岩墙群的界定及其构造意义

以幔源岩浆侵位为标志的岩墙群是伸展作用的产物。根据同位素年龄测定 ,华北克拉通北缘晋冀蒙交界地区基性岩墙群可分为 :180 0～ 170 0 Ma,80 0～ 70 0 Ma,2 30 Ma,14 0～ 12 0 Ma,5 0～ 4 0 Ma五个年龄组。本文通过这五组岩墙群的地质、岩石及同位素地球化学特征的研究 ,探讨本地区地幔物质组分随时间的演变规律 ;并将本地区出现的五期伸展作用与华北克拉通乃至全球同期的重要构造事件进行对照。     

Field characteristics of laterally emplaced dikes: Anatomy of an exhumed Miocene dike swarm in Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland

Many dikes of the Tertiary Breiddalur dike swarm in Reydarfjördur have a great lateral extent but are vertically (upward and/or downward) discontinuous. Field relationships indicate that they are not the feeders of the lava pile they intrude. Their characteristics can be best interpreted as them constituting the fossil expression of lateral magma emplacement analogous to that occurring in the actively spreading Krafla volcanic center of the neovolcanic zone. Average dike thickness increases clearly with depth and the thickness versus depth relationship is different from that described for other Tertiary dike swarms in eastern Iceland. It is suggested that dikes represent the extent of finite spreading which at higher levels in the crust is expressed by fissures and other extensional structures.     

The genetic relationship between mafic dike swarms and plutonic reservoirs in the mesozoic of central chile (30°–33°45′S): insights from AMS and geochemistry

Five mafic dike swarms between 30° and 33°45′S were studied for their geochemical signature and kinematics of magma flow directions by means of AMS data. In the Coastal Range of central Chile (33°−33°45′S), Middle Jurassic dike swarms (Concón and Cartagena dike swarms, CMDS and CrMDS, respectively) and an Early Cretaceous dike swarm (El Tabo Dike Swarm, ETDS) display the presence of dikes of geochemically enriched (high-Ti) and depleted (low-Ti) basaltic composition. These dikes show geochemical patterns that are different from the composition of mafic enclaves of the Middle Jurassic Papudo-Quintero Complex, and this suggests that the dikes were injected from reservoirs not related to the plutonic complex. The mantle source appears to be a depleted mantle for Jurassic dikes and a heterogeneous-enriched lithospheric mantle for Cretaceous dikes. In the ETDS, vertical and gently plunging magma flow vectors were estimated for enriched and depleted dikes, respectively, which suggest, together with variations in dike thickness, that reservoirs were located at different depths for each dike family. In the Elqui Dike Swarm (EDS) and Limarí Mafic Dike Swarm (LMDS), geochemical patterns are similar to those of the mafic enclaves of the Middle Jurassic plutons. In the LMDS, east to west magma flow vectors are coherent with injection from neighbouring pluton located to the east. In the EDS, some dikes show geochemical and magma flow patterns supporting the same hypothesis. Accordingly, dikes do not necessarily come from deep reservoir; they may propagate in the upper crust from coeval shallow pluton chamber. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

陕西紫阳辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄及微量元素地球化学特征

陕西安康的瓦房店、紫阳、岚皋、镇坪和湖北竹溪一带的早古生代地层中广泛出露具双峰式岩浆岩组合的岩墙群。本文通过紫阳高滩辉长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,获得其侵位年龄为410±4.5 Ma。高滩辉长岩具有类似OIB的稀土元素和微量元素分配特征,Th/Nb比值小于0.11,Nb/Zr大于0.15,显示其形成于与地幔柱活动相关的富集地幔源区。Nb/U、Ce/Pb比值及U、Th、Pb和Ni含量特征显示岩浆演化早期经历橄榄石和辉石的弱分离结晶作用,岩浆上升过程中几乎未受到地壳物质混染作用。高滩辉长岩年代学、微量元素地球化学特征及区域地质特征表明,早古生代晚期扬子陆块北缘地幔柱作用使得该区软流圈地幔上涌,导致扬子板块北缘陆内裂解,引发紫阳、岚皋一带早古生代晚期的基性岩浆作用。由于地幔深部热动力条件制约,这次大陆裂解事件未能持续。高滩辉长岩锆石年龄是对扬子板块北缘陆内裂解事件的响应。     

Differentiation of the Cuthbert Lake ultramafic dikes and related mafic dikes

In the Cuthbert Lake region of north-central Manitoba, northeasterly trending ultramafic-mafic dikes, part of the Molson dike swarm, show a range of composition from gabbro to olivine-hornblende pyroxenite to hornblende peridotite. The major dike which is ultramafic in composition is 60 m thick. Olivine and chromian spinel were the earliest cumulus phases formed in a subcrustal magma chamber before the emplacement of the dikes. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene were formed following emplacement at about 1120° C. Plagioclase and hornblende were the latest phases to crystallize from the intercumulus melt. Mineralogical and chemical variations across the major dike are interpreted to have resulted from flow differentiation of multiple injections of magma carrying suspended olivine crystals. Olivine phenocrysts changed their compositions from about Fo₈₇ to values ranging from Fo₈₀to Fo₇₃ as a function of the amount of intercumulus melt. The composition of this melt is estimated to have been basaltic. A mafic dike, about 10 m thick and occurring about 20 m away from the main ultramafic dike, is believed to have been formed from magmas that were tapped from an upper layer overlying the olivine-rich zone in a subcrustal magma chamber. Separation must have occurred when clinopyroxene and plagioclase appeared on the liquidus.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 36486     

华北克拉通南缘四十里长山地区中生代脉岩的锆石 U-Pb 定年及成因初探

华北克拉通南缘四十里长山地区岩浆活动弱,仅发育中生代脉岩,因此缺乏对形成时代和岩浆作用的研究。本文依据四十里长山地区脉岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果和全岩元素地球化学分析确定其形成时代及成因。四十里长山地区脉岩由基性、酸性两个端元组成,按岩性可分为煌斑岩脉岩、花岗斑岩脉岩及正长岩类脉岩,其侵位年龄分别为：80.9±1.8 Ma、86.1±1.0 Ma和85.6±1.0 Ma,构成一套晚白垩世双峰式侵入岩组合。四十里长山地区基性煌斑岩起源于富集大陆岩石圈地幔的部分熔融岩浆,内含416 Ma左右的继承性锆石和偏钠质的煌斑岩,暗示了地幔源区含俯冲扬子陆壳的混入岩和软流圈地幔的改造;酸性脉岩属于A型花岗质岩石,起源于底侵的幔源基性岩浆诱发地壳物质部分熔融形成的壳源酸性岩浆以及它们的混合岩浆。中国东部乃至东北亚地区晚白垩世火成岩的空间展布特征证实,四十里长山地区双峰式脉岩的形成与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲作用相联系,其形成于类似弧后盆地的板内伸展环境。     

Origin of composite dikes in the Gouldsboro granite, coastal Maine

Composite dikes, consisting of aphyric basaltic margins and phenocryst-rich rhyolitic interiors, cut the Gouldsboro granite of coastal Maine at many localities. Limited hybridization (exchange of crystals, commingling, and mixing) occurs in most of the dikes and indicates that the two magmas were contemporaneous with emplacement of rhyolitic magma following closely in time the initial emplacement of the basaltic dike. Petrographic characteristics and geochemistry indicate that the source of the rhyolite was resident magma in the Gouldsboro granite magma chamber. The composite dikes formed when basaltic dikes ruptured the Gouldsboro magma chamber, permitting partly crystallized magma from the margin of the chamber to flow outward into the center of the basaltic dikes. Field relations of similar composite dikes in other areas (e.g., Iceland, Scotland) are consistent with this model. A second type of composite dike (silicic margins with chilled basaltic pillows) commonly cuts mafic intrusions along the Maine coast and probably formed when a granitic dike ruptured an established chamber of mafic magma, permitting resident mafic magma to collapse downward into the still Liquid granitic dike. Most composite dikes have probably formed when a magma chamber was disrupted by a dike of contrasting magma rather than by tapping a stratified magma chamber.     

Geochemistry of mafic dikes in the Adirondack mountains: implications for late Proterozoic continental rifting

Mafic dikes of late Proterozoic age which cut Grenvillian crust in the northeastern Adirondack Mountains are mostly mildly alkaline basalts except for a few tholeiitic examples. All dikes are high in Ti, P, K, Zr, Y, and LREE, and plot in within-plate fields on tectonic discriminant diagrams. The dikes are similar in composition to Hudson Highland dikes in southern New York and New Jersey and to the Bakersville dike swarm in the southern Appalachians. They differ from the Grenville dike swarm in Ontario and Quebec in being alkaline and having higher Ti and P contents. Mesozoic alkaline dikes in the same geographic area as the Proterozoic ones are strongly enriched in Ba, K, Rb and LREE, and approach lamprophyre in composition. The Proterozoic dikes have low La/Nb and La/Ta ratios, suggesting that subduction-modified mantle lithosphere was not substantially involved in their genesis. This contrasts with certain Mesozoic tholeiitic dikes, associated with the opening of the Atlantic, which show sharp negative Nb or Ta anomalies relative to La indicating they were derived from subduction-modified lithospheric mantle. The trace element chemistry suggests that the source for the Proterozoic dikes was trace element-enriched asthenosphere (OIB-like source), as postulated for certain basalts erupted in the East African Rift system, and in parts of the Basin and Range Province of the southwestern United States of America. Finally, the Proterozoic dikes are chemically similar to rift volcanics from the western Vermont Appalachians, and thus they are thought to represent magmatism associated with extension of the Grenvillian crust prior to opening of the Iapetus ocean.     

扬子克拉通黄陵背斜南部～860 Ma岩墙的成因及地质意义

首次报道了扬子克拉通黄陵背斜南部由辉绿岩脉、花岗闪长岩脉和正长花岗岩脉组成的新元古代早期小型岩墙.辉绿岩脉和花岗闪长岩脉的锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为856±6.4 Ma和860±6.0 Ma.全岩主量和微量元素数据显示岩墙中辉绿岩具有高Pb含量,且Ba/Nb和La/Nb比值变化较大,而花岗闪长岩脉和正长花岗岩脉样品的Y和Nb含量较低,结合继承性锆石年龄分布特征,暗示岩墙形成过程中遭受了不同程度的年轻岛弧地壳物质混染.黄陵南部~860 Ma小型岩墙的发现,表明扬子克拉通在早于该时期已进入后碰撞的伸展构造环境.综合区域已有资料,认为扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底的裂解在时空上均表现出较大差异.      

太行山北段石湖金矿的成岩成矿机制:U-Pb年龄及地球化学证据

为讨论石湖金矿的形成与麻棚花岗岩体、石英闪长玢岩脉之间的联系,对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩进行了U--Pb年代学研究,并分别对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩、矿化蚀变岩和围岩的地球化学进行了系统测定。麻棚花岗岩体U--Pb年龄为(124.8±1.4)Ma(MSWD=0.74),石英闪长玢岩脉年龄为(127.3±1.1)Ma(MSWD=1.15),但二者地球化学特征表现不同,应有不同起源。地球化学特征表明,麻棚花岗岩与矿化蚀变岩具有较一致的稀土、微量元素配分型式,而与围岩差别大,说明金矿的成矿流体来源与麻棚花岗岩关系密切。此外,花岗闪长岩具高钾钙碱性,且重稀土亏损、轻稀土富集、弱Eu异常、高Sr--Ba和高Sr/Y、La/Yb比值,表明麻棚岩体的形成有幔源岩浆的混入。笔者认为成矿流体和成矿物质来源为幔源岩浆底侵和混合,并以花岗岩浆为载体而迁移上升。结合矿床地质特征,初次提出闪长玢岩脉与矿体时空关系密切,这应是闪长玢岩脉作为隔流体层对来自麻棚花岗岩体的成矿流体具有一定的封闭作用,使得矿化、蚀变富集产出,即岩脉封闭作用。石湖金矿的成岩成矿机制与中生代期间岩石圈减薄的地球动力学背景密切相关,应是一种非造山型金矿。     

~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Age and Geological Significance of Lamprophyres in Pishan on the SW Margin of the Tarim Terrane, NW China

The dike swarm of lamprophyres at Pishan on the SW margin of the Tarim terrane is composed of ultra-potassic lamprophyres that have intruded into the Proterozoic hornblende schists. 40Ar/39Ar dating data suggest that the isochron ages for phlogopite and whole rock separates of the lamprophyres are 231.7±0.3 Ma and 228.5±0.3 Ma, respectively. Geochemical data indicate that the dikes were derived from a subduction-related or metasomatized mantle. During the Middle-Late Triassic the western Kunlun area entered the post-orogeny period, and thus the occurrence of the dike swarm in the study area may have been controlled by underplating.