汶川M8.0地震前后山西地震带水平形变场变化特征研究

通过分析汶川M8.0地震前后山西地震带GPS速度场以及由此计算得到的现今构造应变率场,结果显示：（1）汶川M8.0地震后,山西地震带各区域的运动方向均不同程度向西偏转,太原盆地及其以北的区域由1999—2007年的SW或SSW向转为SWW向,且运动速率由平均约2 mm/a增加到约4 mm/a,太原盆地以南的区域由之前的SSE向转为SW向。（2）汶川M8.0地震后,山西地震带的应变率场显著增强,大同盆地、太原盆地北段和临汾盆地西南段形成了三个压性应变集中区,2010年在这三个区域内分别发生了大同M4.5、阳曲M4.6和河津M4.8地震,可能由于这种压性应变积累的区域应力场环境有利于山西地震带中强地震的孕育和发生。（3）2009—11年,受日本M9.0地震的影响,山西地震带向西运动的速率有所减弱,应变率场张性变化明显,太原盆地及其以北区域平均速率下降为约2~3 mm/a,太原盆地以南的区域由SW向转为整体向南运动的格局,有恢复到1999—2007年背景运动状态的迹象。     

利用空间大地测量资料研究临汾盆地及边界断裂形变场演化特征

基于临汾盆地及其周缘的GPS和In SAR观测资料,通过计算最大主应变、最小主应变、面应变等水平形变特征量以及罗云山断裂(南段)上盘雷达视线向形变速率,综合研究汶川M 8.0地震前后临汾盆地及边界断裂现今地壳形变特征。结果显示:汶川M 8.0地震的发生引起临汾盆地及周缘形变场的动态调整,罗云山断裂南段至峨嵋台地北缘断裂应变率场由弱张性活动转为较强的压性活动状态,最大面应变率由1.5×10-8/a变为-3.1×10-8/a,SBAS-In SAR结果同时显示,罗云山断裂(南段)上盘于2009年起由下降转为隆起,在形变场动态调整过程中发生河津M 4.8地震,之后该区域应变率场恢复背景状态;汶川M 8.0地震有利于在山西断陷带南段北东东向断裂间形成压性应变积累,对河津地M 4.8地震的发生可能具有促进作用。     

利用GPS数据分析四川“Y”型构造区地壳运动状态

四川地区地质构造复杂,地壳活动剧烈,为了深入揭示该区“Y”型构造区地壳1999年以来近20年的动态演化规律,基于1999—2017年7期GPS数据,解算各周期网格速度场、应变率场,研究地壳应变场演化过程。结果表明：①2008年以前的3期GPS速度场相对稳定,汶川地震后,速度场变化最大的龙门山断裂带由4.0—5.0 mm/a增至8.0—10.0 mm/a;②汶川震后,“Y”型构造区最大剪应变高值区出现在汶川以东,由2.0×10^-8/a增到22.0×10^-8/a;龙门山断裂带以SE或SEE向主压应变为主,变化速率约5.0×10^-8/a—12.0×10^-8/a,鲜水河断裂由震前NS向主拉应变转为震后EW向主压应变,安宁河断裂东侧由震前SE向主压应变6.0×10^-8/a减至震后的2.0×10^-8/a;面膨胀结果显示,由震前低密度梯度带瞬间变为平行于龙门山断裂带走向的高密度变化区,且存在以金川至都江堰、北川至青川为条带的2个正负交替过渡区;③汶川地震发生压应力释放后,该区SEE向压性特征又逐渐增强,且持续至2017年,释放了龙门山断裂带地壳内部SEE向压应力多年累积能量,但汶川地震对鲜水河断裂与安宁河断裂的整体运动状态则无明显触发作用。     

汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与应变场动态特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络GPS资料, 通过获取水平相对运动、 水平应变场分布变化等, 研究了汶川8.0级地震前的区域水平运动与应变率场变化, 以及大尺度地壳运动动态特征等。 研究结果表明, 发生汶川8.0级地震的龙门山断裂带, 由于受到其西侧巴颜喀拉地块向东运动的构造动力作用, 处于缓慢的应变积累状态。 在汶川地震前龙门山断裂带相对华南地块的差异运动小于GPS观测误差。 川滇地区应变场图像显示2004-2007年面应变率负值最高区出现在汶川8.0级地震震中区及其附近, 可能反应了局部挤压增强。 GPS基准站资料反映的大尺度北东向地壳缩短的相对运动增强, 也形成了促进龙门山断裂带发生大破裂的区域构造动力增强的背景条件。     

汶川MS8.0地震前后南北地震带北段GPS垂向形变特征

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震对南北地震带北段垂向变形产生了影响,对1999—2016年多期GPS观测数据进行精密解算,采用多面函数方法分别对研究区垂向运动进行周年运动剔除和空间滤波,获取了汶川地震前后垂向形变特征。结果表明:(1)以巴颜喀拉块体与华南块体交界带西侧为界,其西部自东向西呈指数函数衰减;东部自西向东呈对数函数形式衰减,且东部衰减程度大于西部,两块体交界南北段垂向形变特征存在差异性,北段隆升速度和变化梯度均弱于南段;(2)地震前后南北地震带北段垂向形变特征具有明显差异性,相对震前,震后大部分区域隆升速度加快,平均约为2 mm/a,局部区域加快程度较大,最大值达7 mm/a;(3)垂向速度的差异性变化对地壳的垂向应变积累具有影响,最大正影响区域为巴颜喀拉块体与华南块体交界及其西侧区域,增大了约10×10~(-8)/a,约为震前的2倍,最大负影响区域为川滇块体北部局部区域,减小了约7×10~(-8)/a。建议对巴颜喀拉块体与华南块体交界及其西侧区域和川滇块体北部局部区域强化跟踪分析。     

2008年于田7.3级地震前西昆仑地形变的GPS初步研究

利用GPS观测资料计算并获取了2008年新疆西昆仑地区于田7.3级地震发生前的现今地壳运动速度场,通过速度场分布研究了区域内主要断层的活动速率.结果表明:震中以南的龙木错断裂呈左旋走滑性质的运动特征,走滑速率为1.2～2.5 mm/a;震中以北的阿尔金左旋走滑断裂滑动速率为5 mm/a;震中北西面的康西瓦断裂的左旋走滑平均速率约为3～7 mm/a.区域应变场分布一定程度上受断裂带分布的影响.7.3级地震就位于断裂活动交汇的部位和最大剪应变率高值区的边缘.     

汶川地震前后区域地壳形变场及孕震特征研究

利用中国地壳运动观测网络GPS区域网1999、2001、2004、2007年观测资料及中国大陆构造环境监测网络区域网2009、2011年观测资料,解算了南北地震带相对华南地块的GPS速度场,并用最小二乘配置方法解算了南北地震带南、北部地区应变率场的多期次结果,通过分析汶川地震前、后地壳运动速度场和应变率场的动态变化,进一步研究了汶川地震前区域地壳形变和应变积累背景与孕震异常的形变场主要特征及其形成机制.     

汶川地震前后太原盆地应力场变化特征研究

利用小震震源机制解、地震视应力、GPS测量结果等资料,对汶川地震前后太原盆地应力场变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,汶川地震对太原盆地构造应力场的影响较为显著,不仅改变了应力场的方向,也改变了应力值的大小;应力场特征由震前NNE-SSW向拉张应力的局部小区域应力场为主,转为震后NEE-SWW向挤压应力为主且接近华北地区应力场。该变化态势有利于局部应变能积累,因而可能是太原盆地中小地震活跃的诱发因素。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后山西及邻区速度场和应变场的变化

在山西及邻区,1999~2004年几乎所有的GPS站速度都小于1999~2001年,鄂尔多斯西部大多数GPS站1999~2004年的运动方向相对于1999~2001年发生了逆时针旋转。鄂尔多斯和山西中南部的NWW向运动与昆仑山口西8.1级大震断裂带以北地区的运动方向是一致的,而鄂尔多斯以南的向东运动与断裂带以南地壳的运动方向也是一致的。鄂尔多斯的逆时针旋转形成了109.0°E以西地区E-W方向的压应变。而它的逆时针旋转和太行山东部的向东伸展运动形成了109.0°E以东地区E-W方向的张应变。鄂尔多斯东部和山西地区在8.1级大震后的增量应变场减弱了基本应变场E-W方向压应变的积累,而鄂尔多斯西部的增量应变场增加了E-W方向压应变的积累。     

汶川MS8.0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了MS8.0强烈地震.发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.分析震前的GPS速度场发现,从巴颜喀拉块体西部到龙门山断裂带沿大约N103°E方向的缩短速率为13.0 mm/a,龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑速率1.1 mm/a,断裂带处于闭锁状态.四川盆地沿大约N103°E方向有少量的压缩变形,而沿SW方向有少量的拉张变形.同震位移场显示,这次地震可能是巴颜喀拉块体SE向逆冲与四川盆地NW向俯冲同时发生的.应变场分析发现,震前震中区的主压与主张应变率分别为-30.840×10^-9/a与13.956×10^-9/a,主压应变轴N105.4°E与震源机制解得到的主压应力轴的方向N103°E一致.由本文提出的应力-应变机制得到的断层滑动方向和走向与地表破裂调查和震源机制解得到的结果一致.印度、太平洋和菲律宾海板块与欧洲板块的相互作用是龙门山断裂带积累弹性应变能和孕育汶川地震的长期作用力.苏门达腊大地震使青藏高原和华南块体的相互作用加强,促进了汶川地震的发生.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.