CEMP星HE 1005-1439中子俘获元素天体物理来源的研究

HE1005-1439是一颗金属丰度极低([Fe/H]～-3.0)的碳增丰贫金属星(Carbon Enhanced Metal-Poor,CEMP),该星的s-过程元素显著超丰([Ba/Fe]=1.16±0.31,[Pb/Fe]=1.98±0.19),而r-过程元素温和超丰([Eu/Fe]=0.46±0.22),使用单一的s-过程模型和i-过程模型均不能拟合该星中子俘获丰度分布.采用丰度分解的方法探究该星化学元素的天体物理来源可有助于理解CEMP星的形成和化学演化.利用s-过程和r-过程的混合模型对其中子俘获元素的丰度分布进行拟合,发现该星的中子俘获元素主要来源于低质量低金属丰度AGB伴星的s-过程核合成,而r-过程核合成也有贡献.     

贫金属星重元素丰度分布的参数化研究

基于大量贫金属星元素丰度的观测资料,以太阳系重元素丰度分布为标准,选取Sr、Ba、Eu分别作为贫金属星弱s-过程、主要s-过程、r-过程3种核合成的典型元素,采用参数化方法,分析了不同核合成过程对贫金属星重元素丰度的贡献比例.研究表明:金属丰度越高,弱s-过程、主要s-过程对较轻的中子俘获元素丰度的贡献就越大,较重的中子俘获元素主要由r-过程和主要s-过程产生;金属丰度较低,重中子俘获元素丰度主要由r-过程产生,星系早期弱s-过程对元素丰度几乎没有贡献.     

两颗CEMP-s视单星化学元素的天体物理来源研究

CS30301–015和HE1045+0226是两颗C元素和s-过程元素均超丰的贫金属(CEMP-s)星.视向速度观测发现这两颗星可能为单星.采用叠加与分解的方法探究这两颗星化学元素的天体物理来源能够为更好地理解银河系早期化学演化提供线索.计算结果表明:这两颗星的轻元素和Fe族元素主要产生于大质量星的primary过程.对于CS 30301–015,中子俘获元素主要来自AGB (Asymptotic Giant Branch)星中的主要s-过程. Pb的显著超丰主要归因于主要s-过程的贡献(约占Pb观测丰度的99.8%).需要更多的视向速度观测来确定这两颗星的轨道特征.对于HE 1045+0226, 56Z (质子数)62的重中子俘获元素主要来源于主要s-过程; Eu主要来源于主要r-过程.而轻中子俘获元素Y和Zr主要来自快速自转大质量星的primary弱s-过程,这一核合成过程对HE 1045+0226的Y和Zr丰度的贡献分别约为69.8%和67.6%.这从观测的角度证明弱s-过程能够在贫金属环境下发生.     

平均中子辐照量计算公式对CEMP-s和CEMP-r/s星的应用

最近的研究结果表明,目前流行的~(13)C壳层(~(13)C pocket)在热脉冲间隔期间辐射燃烧的低质量AGB(Asymptotic Giant Branch)星s-过程核合成模型,其核合成区域的中子辐照量分布可视为指数形式,平均中子辐照量τ0和模型参量之间的关系为τ0=-?τ/ln[q/(1-r+q)],式中?τ为每次照射的中子辐照量,r为重叠因子,q为~(13)C壳层占氦中间壳层的质量比例.利用文献中参数化AGB星s-过程核合成模型对20颗CEMP(Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor)-s和CEMP-s/r星观测丰度的拟合结果,对该平均中子辐照量计算公式的可靠性进行了检验,并初步探讨其在重元素s-过程核合成理论研究中的作用.研究结果表明:在辐射s-过程核合成机制下,对于经历连续多次中子照射的CEMP星,公式是适用的;和参数化AGB星s-过程核合成模型结合,公式可以作为单辐照或特殊CEMP星的一个有效筛选工具.考虑到~(13)C壳层的不确定性,公式在理解CEMP星中子俘获元素观测丰度产生的物理条件方面的作用值得做进一步的探讨.     

贫金属星中子俘获元素的丰度分布

在提出的贫金属星中子俘获元素丰度的计算模型基础上研究1999年新发表的21颗贫金属星的中子俘获元素丰度分布。结果表明，对较重的中子俘获元素理论预测曲线与观测值符合得很好，而对较轻的中子俘获元素二者有所偏离。这表明在贫金属环境下，对较重的中子俘获元素各核合成过程产生的丰度分布与太阳系中相应过程的丰度分布相似，但贡献比例与太阳系不同；而对较轻的中子俘获元素丰度分布与太阳系的丰度分布有所偏离；这也说明较轻的和较重的中子俘获元素的核合成场所不同，即具有不同的核合成机制。同时还特别讨论了丰度观测误差对表征各核合成过程的分量系数的影响。     

Mg超丰恒星的性质及其起源的研究

Mg超丰恒星([Mg/Fe]1.0)的特殊丰度模式无法用普通恒星的Mg元素起源和银河系化学演化机制解释。对这类特殊天体的起源和演化及化学丰度性质的研究,有助于深化理解恒星核合成及星系演化中一些特殊过程。首先介绍了目前文献中由高分辨率光谱证认的Mg超丰恒星,并对这些恒星的大气参数、运动学参数和化学丰度特征等性质及其起源机制进行了分析。其次统计了在斯隆巡天数据中系统搜寻的Mg超丰恒星候选体的大气参数和运动学分布特征,并且筛选了其中C超丰的候选体。研究发现绝大部分Mg超丰恒星表现了C超丰;在Mg超丰恒星中,存在中子俘获元素超丰的那些恒星都存在于双星系统中,其演化过程受到了AGB伴星的影响;而没有表现中子俘获元素超丰的那些恒星极有可能起源于第一代低能量超新星,部分恒星具有很高的空间速度,这类空间速度大于300 km/s的Mg超丰恒星可能是搜寻第一代恒星([Fe/H]-5.0)的最好样本。     

碳超丰贫金属拐点星的搜寻与丰度分析

碳超丰贫金属星在老年恒星中的普遍存在使得它成为研究宇宙早期形成和演化的重要对象,具有不同中子俘获元素丰度特征的碳超丰贫金属星有不同的起源。不同于已经历挖掘过程的巨星,主序拐点星能很好地在其表层大气保留形成初期的物质,从而可以追溯到更早期的恒星形成化学环境。通过LAMOST巡天数据选源并利用Subaru/HDS进行后续高分辨率光谱观测了12颗碳超丰贫金属星主序拐点星,其中有10颗星是首次被分析。与已有的碳超丰贫金属星主序拐点星观测样本相比,文中的样本包含了更高比例的中子俘获元素不超丰碳超丰贫金属恒星(CEMP-no星),发生在中等程度碳超丰区域,为其起源研究提供了重要数据。对其中6颗CEMP-no星测定了锂丰度,尤其是其中3颗极贫金属星样本,为探讨[Fe/H]-3.0的碳超丰贫金属星拐点星锂丰度特征提供了重要的新观测数据。新增样本验证了CEMP-no星在[Fe/H]～-3.0附近为锂-正常星,与前人结论一致;而新增的两颗CEMP-s星表现出了中等锂丰度,介于之前的较大锂丰度范围,研究为CEMP-s和CEMP-no的分类提供了辅助约束条件。     

AGB星辐射s-过程核合成模型中子辐照量分布的计算方法和特点

考虑到模型参量随脉冲数的变化,推导出13C辐射燃烧的低质量AGB星s-过程核合成模型中子辐照量分布的计算方法,该方法具有普适性和简洁性.利用该方法,计算了3 M☉、太阳金属丰度恒星模型的中子辐照量分布.结果表明,若合理假设13C薄层内中子数密度均匀分布,则辐射核合成模型最终的中子辐照量分布趋近于指数分布.对于初始质量一定、金属丰度一定的恒星模型,平均中子辐照量τ0与每个脉冲的中子辐照量△τ存在确定的关系:τ0=0.434λ(q1,q2…qmmax+1,r1,r2…rmmax+1)△τ,式中mmax是带挖掘的脉冲总数,比例系数λ(q1,q2…qmmax+1,r1,r2…rmmax+1)可通过对最终中子辐照量分布的指数拟合得到.该式从中子辐照量分布角度定量地将经典模型和辐射s-过程核合成模型统一起来,使经典模型能为恒星模型核合成数值计算提供指导和约束.     

银河系铝元素丰度研究

恒星的Al元素丰度可以为探索星团和星系的化学演化提供重要线索.通过系统分析银河系薄盘、厚盘、核球、银晕以及M4、M5等球状星团中恒星的[Al/Fe]随恒星金属丰度[Fe/H]的变化趋势,得出银河系薄盘、厚盘和核球恒星的[Al/Fe]随着[Fe/H]的增加而缓慢下降,而球状星团M4和M5恒星的[Al/Fe]随[Fe/H]增加没有下降趋势,这暗示Ia超新星对M4和M5恒星元素丰度的贡献比较小.详细研究了银河系恒星[Al/Fe]与[Mg/Fe]、[Na/Fe]的相关性,结果表明银河系场星的[Al/Fe]与[Mg/Fe]正相关,但在球状星团M4和M5恒星中未见此相关性;银河系盘星及M4和M5等球状星团恒星的[Al/Fe]与[Na/Fe]都存在正相关.     

HD 140283元素丰度分析及弱r-过程元素天体物理来源

HD 140283是一颗近邻极贫金属亚巨星,形成于宇宙大爆炸初期,被认为是迄今为止最古老的恒星之一,同时它也是一颗典型的弱r-过程星,对它的研究有助于深入理解宇宙早期演化、丰富元素核合成理论.将HD 140283从C到Zn的观测丰度与单个超新星(SN)事件元素理论产量进行拟合,得出HD 140283可能诞生于前身星质量为22.5 M⊙(下标"⊙"代表太阳)的超新星爆发污染的星云.基于同样的方法,研究了另外5颗典型弱r-过程星,分别得出了污染产生这些恒星的气体云的超新星前身星质量,进一步推测了弱r-过程可能发生的天体物理环境.     

A Study on the Abundance Distribution of Heavy Elements in Metal-poor Stars by the Parameterization Method

Based on a large amount of observed data of element abundances in metal-poor stars, taking the abundance distribution of heavy elements in the solar system as a standard, and selecting Sr, Ba and Eu as the typical elements of the three nucleosynthetic processes in metal-poor stars, namely the weak sprocess, main s-process and r-process, we have studied the contributions of the three kinds of neutron-capture processes to the abundance distribution of heavy elements in metal-poor stars, with the parameterization method. It is found that the higher the metal abundance, the greater the contributions of the weak s-process and the chief s-process to the abundances of lighter neutron-capture elements. The heavier neutron-capture elements are mainly produced by the r-process and the chief s-process; and that at low metallicity, the abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements are mainly produced by the r-process. In the early Galaxy, the weak s-process has almost no contribution to the element abundance.     

The evolution of barium and europium in local dwarf spheroidal galaxies

By means of a detailed chemical evolution model, we follow the evolution of barium (Ba) and europium (Eu) in four Local Group Dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxies, in order to set constraints on the nucleosynthesis of these elements and on the evolution of this type of galaxies compared with the Milky Way. The model, which is able to reproduce several observed abundance ratios and the present-day total mass and gas mass content of these galaxies, adopts up-to-date nucleosynthesis and takes into account the role played by supernovae (SNe) of different types (II, Ia) allowing us to follow in detail the evolution of several chemical elements (H, D, He, C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Ba and Eu). By assuming that Ba is a neutron-capture element produced in low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars by s-process but also in massive stars (in the mass range 10–30 M_⊙) by r-process, during the explosive event of SNe of Type II, and that Eu is a pure r-process element synthesized in massive stars also in the range of masses 10–30 M_⊙, we are able to reproduce the observed [Ba/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] as functions of [Fe/H] in all four galaxies studied. We confirm also the important role played by the very low star formation (SF) efficiencies (ν= 0.005–0.5 Gyr⁻¹) and by the intense galactic winds (6–13 times the star formation rate) in the evolution of these galaxies. These low SF efficiencies (compared to the one for the Milky Way disc) adopted for the dSph galaxies are the main reason for the differences between the trends of [Ba/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] predicted and observed in these galaxies and in the metal-poor stars of our Galaxy. Finally, we provide predictions for Sagittarius galaxy for which data of only two stars are available.     

贫金属星r过程核合成相关问题的研究进展

快中子俘获过程(r过程)可以解释大约一半比铁重的稳定(和一些长寿命放射性的)富中子核素的产生,这已经被太阳系及各种金属丰度下恒星的观测结果所证实.为建立r过程模型,需要大量的核物理信息:涉及到β稳定谷与中子滴线之间的各种核素的稳定特性及β衰变分支等物理参数,实验和理论都面临巨大的挑战.综述了近年来贫金属星r过程核合成理...     

Evolution of the distribution of neutron exposures in the Galaxy disc: An analytical model

In this work, based on the analytical model with delayed production approximation developed by Pagel & Tautvaišienė (1995) for the Galaxy, the analytic solutions of the distribution of neutron exposures of the Galaxy (hereafter NEG) are obtained. The present results appear to reasonably reproduce the distribution of neutron exposures of the solar system (hereafter NES). The strong component and the main component of the NES are built up in different epochs. Firstly, the strong component is produced by the s-process nucleosynthesis in the metal-poor AGB stars, starting from [Fe/H] ≈ −1.16 to [Fe/H] ≈ −0.66, corresponding to the time interval 1.06 < t < 2.6 Gyr. Secondly, the main component is produced by the s-process in the galactic disk AGB stars, starting from [Fe/H] ≈ −0.66 to [Fe/H] ≈ 0, corresponding to the time interval t > 2.6 Gyr. The analytic solutions have the advantage of an understanding of the structure and the properties of the NEG. The NEG is believed to be an effective tool to study the s-process element abundance distributions in the Galaxy at different epochs and the galactic chemical evolution of the neutron-capture elements.     

High resolution study of the abundance pattern of the heavy elements in very metal‐poor field stars

The abundances of heavy elements in EMP stars are not well explained by the simple view of an initial basic “rapid” process. In a careful and homogeneous analysis of the “First Stars” sample (eighty per cent of the stars have a metallicity [Fe/H] ≃ –3.1 ± 0.4), it has been shown that at this metallicity [Eu/Ba] is constant, and therefore the europium‐rich stars (generally called “r‐rich”) are also Ba‐rich. The very large variation of [Ba/Fe] (existence of “r‐poor” and “r‐rich” stars) induces that the early matter was not perfectly mixed. On the other hand, the distribution of the values of [Sr/Ba] vs. [Ba/Fe] appears with well defined upper and lower envelopes. No star was found with [Sr/Ba] < –0.5 and the scatter of [Sr/Ba] increases regularly when [Ba/Fe] decreases. To explain this behavior, we suggest that an early “additional” process forming mainly first peak elements would affect the initial composition of the matter. For a same quantity of accreted matter, this additional Sr production would barely affect the r‐rich matter (which already contains an important quantity of Sr) but would change significantly the composition of the r‐poor matter. The abundances found in the CEMP‐r+s stars reflect the transfer of heavy elements from a defunct AGB companion. But the abundances of the heavy elements in CEMP‐no stars present the same characteristics as the the abundances in the EMP stars. Direct stellar ages may be found from radioactive elements, the precision is limited by the precision in the measurements of abundances from faint lines in faint stars, and the uncertainty in the initial abundances of the radioactive elements. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Puzzling Origin of CEMP-r/s Stars: An Interpretation of Abundance and Enrichment of s- and r-Process Elements from Asymptotic Giant Branch Supernovae

CEMP-r/s stars at low metallicity are known as double-enhanced stars that show enhancements of both r-process and s-process elements. The chemical abundances of these very metal-poor stars provide us a lot of information for putting new restraints on models of neutron-capture processes. In this article, we put forward an accreted scenario in which the double enrichment of r-process and s-process elements is caused by a former intermediate-mass Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) companion in a detached binary system. As the AGB superwind is only present at the ultimate phase of AGB stars, there is thus a lot of potential that the degenerate-core mass of an intermediate-mass AGB star reaches the Chandrasekhar limit before the AGB superwind. In these circumstances, both s-process elements produced in the AGB shell and r-process elements synthesized in the subsequent explosion would be sprayed contemporaneously and accreted by its companion. Despite similarity to physical conditions of a core-collapse supernova, a major focus in this scenario is the degenerate C–O core surrounded by an envelope of a former intermediate-mass AGB donor that may collapse and explode. Due to the existence of an outer envelope, r-process nucleosynthesis is expected to occur. Hypothesizing the material-rich europium (Eu) accreted by the secondary via the wind from the supernova to be in proportion to the geometric fraction of the companion with respect to the exploding donor star, we find that the estimated yield of Eu (as representative of r-process elements) per AGB supernova event is about 1 × 10^?9 M _⊙ ～ 5 × 10^?9 M _⊙. Using the yields of Eu, the overabundance of r-process elements in CEMP-r/s stars can be accounted for. The calculated results show that the value of parameter f , standing for efficiency of wind pollution from the AGB supernova, will reach about 10⁴, which means that the enhanced factor is much larger than unity due to the impact of gravity of the donor and the result of the gravitational focusing effect of the companion.     

AGB星s-过程核合成相关问题的研究进展

综述了近年来AGB星核合成理论的研究情况,述及AGB星的结构与s-过程核合成有关的中子辐照量分布、人们比较关注的铅星与非铅星、后AGB星元素丰度分布及与AGB星核合成有关的s r星。     

Abundance analysis of the cool extreme helium star LSS 3378

Abundance analysis of the cool extreme helium (EHe) star LSS 3378 is presented. The abundance analysis is done using local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) line formation and LTE model atmospheres constructed for EHe stars.
The atmosphere of LSS 3378 shows evidence of H-burning, He-burning, and s -process nucleosynthesis. The derived abundances of iron peak and α-elements indicate the absence of selective fractionation or any other processes that can distort chemical composition of these elements. Hence, the Fe abundance [log ε(Fe) = 6.1] is adopted as an initial metallicity indicator. The measured abundances of LSS 3378 are compared with those of R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars and with rest of the EHe stars as a group.