基于地电场响应的地裂缝模拟试验

在应用网络并行电法技术的基础上,建立有基底潜山的物理模型,对注水条件下模型土体开裂过程中的地电场响应进行测量。试验结果表明,土体中电位、电流和电阻率的变化与土体含水量密切相关,随着土体中含水量的改变,自然电位、一次场电位、激励电流和视电阻率发生急剧变化;网络分布式并行电法反演信息表明在视电阻率曲率值较大位置容易产生不均匀沉降和裂缝,不均匀沉降的程度越大,地裂缝的长度、宽度、深度也越大。     

MODEL STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF RESISTIVITY AND MEMBRANE POLARIZATION BEHAVIOUR OVER A LAYERED EARTH*

Electrolytic model tank experiments to study resistivity and time domain induced polarization (IP) response over layered earth models were initiated primarily to facilitate the understanding of field results. Alternate layers of clay and sand (or clay-coated sand) with, in some cases, a surficial layer of water were assembled in the tank and resistivity and IP measurements made for a range of electrode spacings using the Wenner configuration. Graphite and silver-silver chloride electrodes were used as current and potential electrodes respectively. Clay-coated (3% by weight) sand was found to generate stronger polarization than either clay or sand alone. Apparent chargeability m_a was observed to be positive for a nonpolarizable surface layer. For a polarizable surface layer, the sign of IP was controlled by the polarizability, the thickness of the second layer, and the spacing of the electrode spreads. The apparent chargeability m_a can theoretically change sign from positive to negative and vice versa with a gradual increase in electrode spacing, and such negative IP effects were obtained in a few observations. A simultaneous decrease in IP and an increase in resistivity, which is a qualitative diagnostic feature for the occurrence of clean freshwater sand aquifers, could also be generated in the model tank experiment. Combined resistivity and IP soundings were carried out near Fredericton Junction and Tracy, New Brunswick, Canada. Field curves are presented along with the model curves for qualitative comparison and understanding of IP behaviour over a layered earth. Twenty-five out of twenty-seven soundings show only positive apparent chargeabilities, whereas two show chargeability sign changes (positive/negative/positive). The model study gives reason to believe that surface soils and Quaternary gravel boulder deposits near Fredericton Junction are relatively non-polarizable. As an auxiliary experiment, sand and clay were taken in different proportions by weight and mixed thoroughly with water in a cement mixer. The mixtures were then compressed with a suitable die and plunger under 3.6 Pa pressure to prepare cylindrical samples of height 18 cm and diameter 15.5 cm. IP measurements were done on the flat faces using the Wenner configuration with a= 2 cm. Chargeability was found to be negative for 100 and 90% clay mixtures. It reached a positive maximum for an 80% clay-20% sand mixture and then decreased gradually with increasing sand and decreasing clay content.     

ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE RECIPROCAL GEOELECTRIC SECTION*

The interpretation of vertical electrical sounding data can be facilitated by the application of the reciprocal geoelectric section. If an apparent resistivity field curve has a descending right end, the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section can be obtained by the application of linear filter theory; from this the total transverse resistance of the geoelectric section can be calculated without having to interpret the field curve. In addition, Orellana's auxiliary point method can now be extended to interpret three and four layer apparent resistivity curves of all types. This paper summarizes the properties of the resistivity transform curve, the apparent resistivity curve, and the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section, with several new applications.     

垂直地电场观测新技术的数据研究——基于坪城观测点的分析

结合同台观测的水平地电场数据,研究坪城垂直地电场观测数据,结果表明:(1)采用固体不极化电极进行垂直地电场观测,同一极距的观测结果基本一致,而铅板电极与固体不极化电极之间存在较大的电位差;(2)垂直地电场日变化形态清晰,长极距测道(A1C1、A2C1和A3C1测道)日变幅为5.85 mV/km左右,短极距(B1C1、B2C1和B3C1测道)日变幅为10.02 mV/km左右;(3)垂直向观测的地电场日变化优势周期在12 h和24 h。     

地电场多测向日变波形相位关联特征

本文以电磁环境、装置系统、日变波形均具有代表性的海安、平凉、瓜州等7个台站为对象,基于大地电场潮汐机理和裂隙水(电荷)渗流(移动)模型,应用快速傅里叶变换和矢量分析方法,研究这7个台站在2009—2015年多个时段、多个测向的地电场日变波形的相位关系及影响因素.结果显示:多方位地电场观测的日变波形之间具有同相或反相的相位关联特征; 当观测地电场的电极与仪器的连接方式确定后,不同测向地电场日变波形的相位关联即由场地岩体裂隙优势方位所决定,且这种相位关联特征具有相对稳定性.      

起伏地形条件下层状介质的视电阻率计算及其在地电前兆分析中的应用

本文以二维层状介质模型为基础利用边界单元法,对地形起伏所引起的视电阻率变化进行了数值模拟,探讨了水平层状介质表层存在不规则地形条件下地电阻率的理论计算方法,并讨论了地形对地电前兆复杂性的影响。结果表明,起伏较大的地形变化对视电阻率相对变化量中的深层电阻率变化有减小作用,这就降低了地电观测资料中包含的深层电性信息的比例,因而对突出地电观测资料中孕震变化的成份是不利的。     

线源三维井地电法异常边界增强及地形校正技术

基于非结构网格有限元方法开展了三维复杂地电模型的线源井地电法的高效正演模拟研究,探讨了通过求取电场响应导数来刻画目标体边界范围、采用差异场地形校正技术来消除地形影响等措施对井地电法成像的效果和精度的影响。并通过对比与解析解,验证了本文数值解算法的有效性。模型计算结果表明：积水巷道的空间位置和走向均会引起视电阻率的显著变化,视电阻率变化率的极值准确且清晰地指示了巷道边界的位置;电位的归一化总水平导数极大地提高了井地电法对目标体复杂边界位置的识别能力;地形对井地电场分布的影响也很大,其视电阻率响应与地形形状近似呈对称关系,利用差异场技术能有效地削弱地形对井地电法高精度成像的影响。     

电位双二次变化二维地电断面电阻率测深有限元数值模拟

以异常电位为研究对象,给出了一种新的二维地电断面电阻率测深的有限元数值模拟方法.该方法与以往这类方法的主要区别在于,网格单元中的电导率采用双线性插值,电位则用二次函数进行双二次插值,从而使得电位的正演结果以及由电位导出的视电阻率更加符合实际地电场的变化规律;另外,有限元网格单元数也大为减少.对几例模型的试算结果表明,文中提出的计算方法是行之有效的.     

The role of seepage in erodibility

This paper describes a laboratory experimental study to examine the role of seepage in the soil‐water erosion process. The study utilized a laboratory flume, which was subjected to both seepage and rainfall in order to determine the exact character of the influence of seepage on erosion rates. The results from the experimental tests performed on sand and sandy clay till are reported. The experimental results show that seepage, by itself, has little effect on erosion rates. However, the erosion caused by rainfall is increased when seepage is present. The increased erosion was not caused by an increase in the total runoff from the seepage. It was found that seepage has an effect on the erodibility of the sand and sandy clay till. The results also show that the impact of seepage on the erodibility of the sand is greater than that of the sandy clay till. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小波方法在地电场干扰处理中的分析研究

该文在对地电场信号及地电阻率人工供电干扰信号的时频特征进行分析的基础上, 提出了小波域阈值滤波方法, 对地电场秒采样信号中叠加地电阻率人工供电干扰信号进行了分析和处理, 处理产生的误差在地电场观测的允许误差范围之内。     

云南大姚6.2级、6.1级地震前电磁异常特征分析

对2003年云南大姚6．2级、6．1级地震前云南磁电资料分析研究,结果表明,震前地磁Z、D分量及地电阻率、自然电位出现明显异常。6．1级地震前出现的异常比6．2级地震前出现的异常更为显著,两次地震发生前均出现多组相对速率变化超差异常。6．1级地震前一周,元谋自然电位NS、EW向同时出现大幅度下降的临震异常。分析总结这些异常特征,对云南地区未来中强地震的震情分析和短临跟踪有一定的预报意义。     

Assessment of aquifer vulnerability to industrial waste water using resistivity measurements. A case study, along El-Gharbyia main drain, Nile Delta, Egypt

1D resistivity sounding and 2D resistivity imaging surveys were integrated with geological and hydrochemical data to assess the aquifer vulnerability and saltwater intrusion in the north of Nile Delta, Egypt. In the present study, the El-Gharbyia main drain was considered as a case study to map the sand bodies within the upper silt and clay aquitard. Twenty Schlumberger soundings and six 2D dipole-dipole profiles were executed along one profile close to the western side of the main drain. In addition, 14 groundwater samples and 4 surface water samples from the main drain were chemically analyzed to obtain the major and trace elements concentrations.The results from the resistivity and hydrochemical data were used to assess the protection of the groundwater aquifer and the potential risk of groundwater pollution. The inverted resistivities and thicknesses of the layers above the aquifer layer were used to estimate the integrated electrical conductivity (IEC) that can be used for quantification of aquifer vulnerability. According to the aquifer vulnerability assessment of an underlying sand aquifer, the southern part of the area is characterized by high vulnerability zone with slightly fresh to brackish groundwater and resistivity values of 11-23 Ω.m below the clay cap. The resistivity sections exhibit some sand bodies within the clay cap that lead to increase the recharging of surface waste water (650 mg/l salinity) and flushing the upper part of underlying saltwater aquifer. The region in the north has saltwater with resistivity less than 6 Ω.m and local vulnerable zones within the clay cap. The inverted 2D dipole-dipole profiles in the vulnerable zones, in combination with drilling information have allowed the identification of subsoil structure around the main drain that is highly affected by waste water.     

洛阳地震台地电场观测系统防雷改造期间数据干扰分析

2018年洛阳地震台观测技术保障系统升级改造，地电场观测系统短极距NS、NE测道数据出现大幅度阶跃变化，其中NS测道变化达-420 mV/km，NE测道变化达-290 mV/km。通过走访调查地电场观测环境，巡检测试观测系统，并核实、分析观测技术保障系统，发现本次数据变化非地震地球物理异常，应为电源防雷插排漏电及机柜内接地线未明确分类所导致的干扰。     

门源MS6.9地震前地电场优势方位角与加卸载响应比异常变化分析

2022年1月8日在青海门源县发生M_S6.9地震,基于震中300 km范围内地电场近5年观测资料,综合分析选取9个观测站,根据大地电场岩体裂隙水(电荷)渗流(移动)模型计算其优势方位角,并尝试以地电场为响应量,通过库仑应力触发模型的加卸载响应比(LURR)计算方法,计算地电场LURR值。结果显示：(1)两种不同方法计算的地电场异常站在空间分布上具有一致性,其中古丰、黄羊川、寺滩和兰州站地电场优势方位角、LURR在震前皆出现异常变化,而山丹等其他站方位角、LURR均看不出明显的异常变化。(2)兰州和寺滩站两种计算方法的结果时序变化较为吻合,表现出准同步性。进一步结合震源机制解对异常观测站优势方位与区域主压应力P走向的关联进行分析,结果表明基本符合岩石物理学理论,这在一定程度上可增强地电场优势方位角方法在分析地震前兆异常中的可信度。地电场优势方位角以及LURR值两种计算方法在机理上具有关联性,综合分析其异常演化特征可能有助于进一步认知地震孕育的物理过程。     

Inversion of resistivity in Magnetic Resonance Sounding

Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS, or Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - SNMR) is used for groundwater exploration and aquifer characterization. Since this is an electromagnetic method, the excitation magnetic field depends on the resistivity of the subsurface. Therefore, the resistivity has to be taken into account in the inversion: either as a priori information or as an inversion parameter during the inversion process, as introduced in the presented paper. Studies with synthetic data show that water content and resistivity can be resolved for a low resistive aquifer even using only the amplitude of the MRS signal. However, the inversion result can be significantly improved using amplitude and phase of the MRS signal. The successful implementation of the inversion for field data shows that the resistivities derived from MRS are comparable to those from conventional geoelectric methods such as DC resistivity and transient electromagnetic. By having information about both the resistivity and the water content, MRS inversions give information about the quality of the water in the aquifer. This is of utmost interest in hydrogeological studies as this specific information cannot be determined solely by geoelectric measurements, due to the nonunique dependence of resistivity on water content and salinity.     

南北地震带两次典型强震周边自然电场变化及机理探讨

根据场源不同可将地电场E分为大地电场E_T和自然电场E_SP。空间S_q电流系和固体潮一般被认为是大地电场E_T的起源;自然电场E_SP源于地下介质的物理化学作用,其局部性变化相对稳定。2013年南北地震带相继发生了芦山M_S7.0地震（30.3°N,103.0°E）和岷县、漳县M_S6.6地震（34.5°N,104.2°E）。两次地震周边约400 km范围内的地电场台站（成都、汉王）数据表明震前自然电场E_SP出现明显的小幅度突跳或大幅度跃变,同时在时间上具有准同步性,其他地电场台站也有类似变化。基于大地电场岩体裂隙水（电荷）渗流（移动）模型,对两次地震周边自然电场E_SP的变异机理进行探讨,尝试解析其物理过程。     

介质电性各向异性变化的识别及应用

应用地电阻率各向异性度S分析了辽宁省地电观测资料，结果表明地电阻率各向异性度作为地电资料一种分析方法是可行的，某些地震发生前后，地电阻率的各向异性度存在明显的异常变化。     

唐山地震前兆场的分布特征

本文对唐山地震昌黎等七个台的地电阻率日均值时间序列进行了关联维计算．取每年为一个时间段，其目的在于探索分数维对地震各个阶段的反应，以便达到利用分数维进行地震预报的目的。计算结果表明大部分地电台的地电阻率在地震前有明显的降维特征。通过地震前后七个台的地电阻率分数维的变化，得到了地震前后前兆场的分布特征，这一结果对于未来震源区的判定有重要意义。     

山西临汾中心地震台地电场观测数据质量分析评价

简要介绍了山西临汾中心地震台大地电场观测系统,并对2009年以来更换电极后,观测数据质量进行了分析评价,表明,临汾台大地电场观测数据能够反映出地电场强度的时空变化,数据质量符合规范要求,可以为地震前兆研究提供相应信息。     

Monitoring of relative changes in the electrical conductivity of rocks from observations of the magnetotelluric apparent resistivity (numerical modeling)

A method for direct conversion of observed variations in the magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity ρ_a into relative variations in the resistivity of elements of a well-studied geoelectric structure is proposed. The method is tested on a 1-D model structure consisting of seven horizontal layers in three of which the conductivity can vary within certain limits. It is inferred that the frequency range and the accuracy of methods of magnetotelluric sounding presently applied to the construction of transfer operators are sufficient for determining relative changes in the resistivity of rocks; the latter, as distinct from ρ_a, can serve as an effective prognostic parameter. The method can be extended to more complex geoelectric structures.