四川省自动气象站与人工站观测数据对比分析

本文利用四川省基本(准)站的自动观测和人工观测资料,对2004年对比观测期间的温度、降水进行了统计分析.结果发现:94.5%的台站人工站与自动站的气温对比差值在误差(±0.2℃)允许的范围内,并且64.1%的台站自动站观测的气温比人工站偏高;自动站与人工站的降水量的差异与气温的差异比较起来明显比气温大,且71.8%的台站自动站的降水量比人工站偏多.     

自动与人工观测气温差异偏大的原因及影响分析——以143个国家基准站为例

利用143个国家基准站2002—2010年自动与人工逐日平行观测资料进行对比分析,评估自动观测与人工观测气温的差异,着重分析两者存在的较大差异及其发生原因,并利用惩罚最大t检验（PMT）方法结合台站元数据中自动观测仪器变化信息,客观评价自动观测对气温序列均一性的影响。结果表明：(1) 51.29%、54.14%、67.18%的自动观测日平均、日最高、日最低气温大于人工观测值,差值在±0.2℃之间的百分率分别为78.8%、63.1%、60.9%,平均对比差值分别为0.05、0.09、0.15℃,标准差为0.14、0.22和0.15℃,各气温要素的差值、绝对差值和标准差随自动观测时间的增长并无明显的增大或减小的趋势,且空间分布各有不同;(2)通过对对比差值、绝对差值、标准差的分类比较、逐步筛选发现,少数台站自动与人工观测值差异较大,对于采集自同一传感器的不同气温要素,平均、最高、最低气温的差值表现也不尽一致。经PMT检验,在平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的绝对差值最大的20个站中分别有35%的台站的月平均气温序列、35%的台站的月平均最高气温序列和25%的台站的月平均最低气温序列由于自动观测仪器变化引起序列的非均一;(3) 分析认为：温度传感器检定更换而导致的仪器示值误差变化会造成自动与人工观测对比差值跳变,而温度传感器或数据采集器等电子元器件的零点漂移会导致自动观测气温严重偏离人工观测值,这两种因素会导致自动与人工观测气温差异偏大,也是自动观测仪器变化导致气温序列产生非均一断点的可能原因。建议加强自动观测数据的监测与质量控制,增加观测仪器检定示值误差订正,并采取硬件、软件补偿等方法,实现温度零点补偿,尽可能地减小或消除仪器误差,提高自动观测资料的准确性。     

四川省自动与人工气压观测值差异对比

应用四川省135个台站在自动站与人工站平行观测期间的对比观测数据,对两种不同的资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:自动站与人工站的日气压差值不满足正态分布,人工观测比自动观测平均偏高0.35 hPa,标准差为0.48 hPa。自动站与人工站的相关性较好,相关系数为0.99,大约3/4的对比观测台站的人工站气压观测值大于自动站气压观测值。自动站与人工站气压观测值的月平均差异在上半年逐步增大,6月达到最大,下半年开始逐步减小。2004年的自动与人工气压观测数据年平均值差异最小,2006年数据据差异最大。     

内蒙古自动站与人工观测数据差异对比分析

利用2006年内蒙古自治区共36个自动站和人工站平行观测资料,对观测得到的气象要素进行了统计和评估。通过分析气温、气压、相对湿度、风等要素的对比差值及其标准差、对比差值的频次分布和空间分布等,探讨自动站与人工观测数据差异的可能原因。结果表明：内蒙古自动观测与人工观测各气象要素均存在一定的差异,对所有台站平均而言,其差异均在自动站差值允许范围之内。产生差异的原因：观测仪器结构与观测原理差异、观测时空差异、观测方式差异等,在将人工观测数据与自动观测数据连续使用时,需要根据当地情况进行适当订正,以确保资料的连续性。     

四川自动与人工观测气温的差异分析

利用四川135个站自动与人工第2年平行观测气温资料,就自动与人工观测的气温的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明:气温各项目的自动观测比人工观测平均偏高,平均差值基本在0.2℃以内;气温、日最高、日最低的自动与人工观测比较,差值在±0.2℃之间的分别占58.71%、51.58%、62.68%,自动与人工观测值一致的分别占15.07%、12.16%、14.78%;自动与人工观测气温之间的对比差值存在明显的日变化,无明显的季节性和地域性差异;两种观测体制在观测时间上、观测方式上、测温传感器安装位置上,以及感应元件和测温原理的不同、仪器误差、热滞效应,都会造成观测结果出现差异。      

自动气象站观测数据与人工观测数据的比较分析

对费县气象站人工观测资料和自动观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明：自动观测测得地面气温偏高，湿度、风速偏小，两种观测的降水量差值不大，风向频率差异显著。     

观测时间对自动气象站和人工气象站气温资料的影响分析

自动气象站(简称自动站)和人工气象站(简称人工站)气温资料的差异分析对自动站使用后与原来人工站气温资料的衔接有重要的意义。在诸多分析自动站和人工站观测资料差异的文章中,认为观测时间的不一致是造成二者差异的主要原因之一。汉中国家基准气候站自2003年运行地面自动观测     

自动观测与人工观测差异的初步分析

利用2001—2005年我国700个地面自动气象站与人工平行观测期间的数据, 对自动与人工观测的气温、气压、相对湿度、地表温度、风速风向、降水量进行了差异分析, 统计了两种观测之间的对比差值、百分误差和风向相符率。 对各要素观测差异在全国的分布特点进行了分析, 并检验了气温自动观测对气温资料连续性的可能影响。 结果表明:自动观测与人工观测各气象要素均存在一定的差异, 但大部分地区各要素的差异都在自动站误差允许范围之内; 造成差异的原因是多方面的, 包括仪器本身存在缺陷及观测方法不一致等。各要素自动观测与人工观测差异在全国的分布特点各不相同, 同一要素在不同的气候背景条件下差异大小不一致; 如果要将人工观测数据与自动观测数据连续使用, 还要检验自动观测与人工观测序列是否有显著性差异, 并进行均一性订正。 自动站的使用对年气温序列有一定影响, 总体差异不显著, 但当自动观测与人工观测气温合并使用时, 应进行均一性检验。     

自动站与人工观测降水量差值及原因分析

1引言通过对北安市自动站与人工观测对比分析,发现自动站降水量与人工观测降水量数据存在差异,根据这些差异分析其出现差异的原因,观测员逐步掌握差异的规律,以便在工作中取得更准确     

嘉祥气象站自动观测与人工观测数据的比较

对嘉祥气象站自动观测和人工观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明：自动观测测得的气温、地温偏高，湿度偏小，风速偏大，气压持平。两种观测的降水量差值不大，风向频率差异明显。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.