饱和钙质砂爆炸响应动力特性试验研究

钙质砂是一种特殊的海洋沉积物,开展钙质砂在爆炸作用下动力响应特性研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。通过室内小型爆炸试验,研究饱和钙质砂在爆炸作用下土压力、孔隙水压力和质点振动加速度等参数的变化规律。结果表明：饱和钙质砂中爆炸应力波随距离增大而衰减,但随爆心距增大衰减速度呈减小趋势;随试样相对密度增大爆炸应力波的衰减速度趋缓;爆炸引起的超孔隙水压力在10～30 ms内到达峰值,在前3 min内快速消散,消散幅度达90％以上;双发雷管微差起爆相对于单发起爆,最大单段起爆药量相同,但微差起爆由于爆炸应力波的叠加,使得钙质砂动力响应加剧。与相同试验条件下石英砂爆炸响应对比表明,相同测点处钙质砂动力响应弱于石英砂,应力波在钙质砂中衰减速度远比石英砂快,说明饱和钙质砂对爆炸应力波有着极强的吸收和衰减作用;爆炸近区钙质砂颗粒大量破碎,形成爆炸破碎和压缩区,形成这几个区域所耗损的爆炸冲击能量大约占总能量的25％左右。     

Evaluation of initiating system by measurement of seismic energy dissipation in surface blasting

Enhanced demand for coal and minerals in the country has forced mine operators for mass production through large opencast mines. Heavy blasting and a large amount of explosive use have led to increased environmental problems, which may have potential harm and causes a disturbance. Ground vibrations generated due to blasting operations in mines and quarries are a very important environmental aspect. It is clear that a small amount of total explosive energy is being utilized in blasting for breakage of rock mass, while the rest is being wasted. The amount of energy which is wasted causes various environmental issues such as ground vibrations, air overpressure, and fly rock. Ground vibrations caused by blasting cannot be eliminated entirely, yet they can be minimized as far as possible through a suitable blasting methodology. A considerable amount of work has been done to identify ground vibrations and assess the blast performance regarding the intensity of ground vibrations, i.e., peak particle velocity and frequency spectrum. However, not much research has done into reducing the seismic energy wasted during blasting leading to ground vibrations. In this paper, the blast-induced ground vibrations in three orthogonal directions, i.e., transverse, vertical, and longitudinal, were recorded at different distances using seismographs. An attempt has been made for the estimation of the percentage of explosive energy dissipated in the form of seismic energy with electronic and non-electric (NONEL) initiation system. signal processing techniques with the help of DADiSP software is used to study the same.     

同水平煤层相对瓦斯涌出量的回归分析模型

利用数理统计学原理,建立了淮南谢二矿-450m水平不同煤层的相对瓦斯涌出量与煤层厚度、煤层结构破碎程度的回归分析模型,表明在同一地质单元同水平条件下,煤层厚度越大,结构越破碎,其相对瓦斯涌出量越大。      

含软弱夹层顺倾边坡爆破层裂效应的数值模拟与试验研究

进行含软弱夹层顺倾边坡单孔爆破数值模拟,分析爆破过程中上覆岩体受到的应力作用、爆破层裂效应及其对边坡稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明,爆破层裂作用具有分区特性,爆轰气体对夹层的冲刷、推移作用形成夹层爆腔区,爆腔区外围是压密区,其次是离析区,离析区以外的夹层未受爆破层裂作用的影响;上覆岩体在空腔区受到爆轰气体膨胀压力作用,临近夹层壁面的峰值压力达0.75 GPa,压密区受到夹层挤压衍生的向上压力作用,压力峰值达0.21 GPa,且压力衰减较慢;空腔区的上覆岩体与夹层脱离,压密区和离析区改变了夹层与上覆岩体的接触状态,使模型的稳定性降低。剪切试验验证了数值模拟关于爆破层裂效应降低模型稳定性的结论。     

What Causes Cracks in Rock Blasting?

In blasting, a few or many cracks are driven from the borehole into the rock. But what causes the cracks? The most common theory of breakage consists of two stages; first the shock wave causes radial cracks to form around the hole then the gases penetrate into the cracks, and widen them and make them longer. Another theory presented by Brinkmann suggests that the back damage is primarily controlled by shock and that the gas penetration is the mechanism controlling breakout of the burden. He did his experimental work using blasthole liners. Recent research at SveBeFo has examined this matter further. In a quarry a number of benching holes have been blasted simultaneously. In some of these holes tubular Swellex bolts were inflated and decoupled charges put inside the tubes without stemming. Other holes were identically charged but without the lining. Finally some holes were also stemmed. After blasting the cracks in the remaining rock were studied. There was no difference in crack lengths between holes charged normally (no stemming) and holes where the charges were inside the bolts. On the other hand when stemming was used, the crack lengths increased for some explosives but remained the same for an emulsion explosive. In another set up blasted granite blocks were charged in the same way as above. Then we could also measure the bore hole pressure. The pressure gauge consists of a small carbon resistor inside a steel cylinder. It is called LHM (Location-fixed Hydrodynamic Measuring cup) and is placed at the bottom of the hole. A smaller exit hole from the bottom is drilled for the cables. The paper presents the technique and the results obtained from both the quarry blasting and the blasting of the blocks.     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构模型

颗粒破碎直接改变了粗粒土本身结构,对粗粒土的剪胀、内摩擦角、峰值强度、渗透系数都会产生影响。为了能够准确地描述粗粒土的应力-应变关系,特别是高应力条件下出现显著颗粒破碎时的应力-应变关系,亟待建立考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。根据三轴试验数据,建立考虑颗粒破碎耗能的应力-应变关系,采用相关联流动法则导出考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。所建立的本构模型考虑了颗粒破碎对粗粒土剪胀、内摩擦角的影响。通过变异粒子群优化算法确定模型参数,拟合试验曲线。模型计算结果与试验曲线拟合较好,能够很好地描述粗粒土在不同围压下的体积剪胀、剪缩和应力硬化、软化现象。     

岛礁吹填珊瑚砂力学行为与颗粒破碎特性试验研究

珊瑚砂是岛礁陆域吹填唯一的材料,因其特殊的海洋生物成因和孔隙结构特征,珊瑚砂颗粒在常规工程应力水平下就会发生破碎。通过对取自南海某吹填岛礁的珊瑚砂开展室内三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究珊瑚砂强度、变形参数和颗粒破碎程度随相对密实度、围压的演变规律,并与其他研究成果中的南海珊瑚砂强度参数进行对比分析。研究结果表明：珊瑚砂应变软化及剪胀特征随有效围压的增大、密实度的减小而逐渐减弱;在常规应力范围内,得到珊瑚砂峰值摩擦角和临界状态摩擦角的取值范围分别为33o～58o和28o～47o,且均随有效围压的增大而减小;建立了珊瑚砂割线模量E50与相对密实度、有效围压间的关系式;珊瑚砂峰值摩擦角与修正相对破碎指数Br*间的关系可用指数为负数的幂函数关系式拟合,且当颗粒破碎程度较高时,峰值摩擦角随修正相对破碎指数的增大而减小的趋势变缓;珊瑚砂修正相对破碎指数随塑性功的增大近似以双曲线的形式增长,密实度对两者间的关系影响不大。该研究成果可为南海岛礁基础设施的安全设计提供参考。     

Modelling the effects of discontinuity orientation, continuity, and dip on the process of burden breakage in bench blasting

The objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a dynamic blasthole expansion model, which is coupled to the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code of Shi (1988). The developed model considers the effects of blast geometry (blasthole shape, angle, and location), the physical properties of the intact rock and existing discontinuities, the distribution and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities, and the blasthole pressure on the processes of burden breakage, fragment throw and muckpile formation. The newly modified DDA code (DDA_BLAST) describes the expansion of the blasthole as a function of blast chamber volume and time. It is assumed in the code that the rock is already fragmented in-situ due to the intersection of pre-existing discontinuities and the passage of stress wave. Hence, the model only considers the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process. Moreover, the proposed model for the blasthole expansion assumes an adiabatic expansion of explosion products and variations in the explosion pressure upon expansion of the blast chamber are calculated from an equation of state. Accordingly, the newly modified DDA_BLAST code was used to simulate typical blasting problems in jointed media and delve into the mechanisms involved (in a macro scale) in the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process, burden breakage, and the effects of the discontinuity properties on the process of rock breakage by blasting.     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构关系

粗粒土在较大的应力条件下容易产生颗粒破碎现象,而现有的大多数模型都没有考虑剪切过程中的颗粒破碎。模型将塑性功引入土体受力变形过程的能量方程中,推导得到土体流动法则。采用直线型屈服轨迹和非相关联流动法则,利用不排水应力路径计算得到硬化函数,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。对比分析表明：该模型对粗粒土在各种围压下的应力-应变和体应变计算结果与试验曲线吻合较好。     

应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎的影响研究

堆石料颗粒破碎是引起高土石坝变形的重要因素。在大坝填筑、蓄水期,堆石料的应力路径和干湿状态均是变化的。通过大型三轴试验,系统地研究了应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎规律的影响。试验结果表明：（1）相同初始条件下,按不同应力路径达到同一轴向应变停机时测定的颗粒破碎率是不同的,等围压?3试验产生的颗粒破碎最大,等平均主应力p试验的次之,等最大主应力?1试验的最小,但不同应力路径下的颗粒级配演化规律是一致的。（2）相同初始条件下,湿样的颗粒破碎率明显高于干样,且二者的差距随着围压的增大而增大,不同干湿条件下的颗粒级配演化规律同样是一致的。（3）建立的考虑母岩强度的颗粒破碎率与塑性功的关系可以较好地统一描述不同应力路径及干湿状态下的颗粒破碎。该研究成果可为建立复杂应力路径及干湿变化条件下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型提供依据。     

嵌岩桩嵌岩段侧摩阻力浅析

为求出嵌岩桩嵌岩段侧摩阻力的表达式，假定嵌岩桩桩侧破坏由桩岩接触面上的滑动引起，桩岩接触面的压力由加载前岩土层自重产生的侧压力和由剪切膨胀产生的应力增量组成。用弹性力学的方法求解出桩侧正应力，引入了岩石破坏的Hoek-Brown强度准则，由此求出了嵌岩段桩侧阻力的表达式，并指出了此公式的适用范围。最后结合工程实际进行了对比分析，表明本文方法具有一定的实用性。     

紫坪铺面板坝堆石料颗粒破碎试验研究

采用大型三轴仪对紫坪铺面板坝堆石料进行了单调和循环荷载下的固结排水剪切试验,研究了不同孔隙比情况下颗粒破碎及剪胀的变化规律。试验表明：（1）单调和循环荷载条件下,堆石料颗粒破碎率与塑性功之间存在一致的双曲线关系;（2）峰值应力处剪胀率与颗粒破碎率在半对数坐标中呈近似线性关系;（3）峰值应力处主应力比与相应的剪胀率呈近似线性关系,且上述结果受初始孔隙比的影响不大。研究成果有助于进一步了解堆石料的颗粒破碎特点,对建立复杂应力条件下考虑颗粒破碎和状态相关性的弹塑性本构模型,分析紫坪铺面板堆石坝汶川地震破损机制是十分有益的。     

珊瑚砂高压力下一维蠕变分形破碎及颗粒形状分析

珊瑚砂是一种含钙极高的海洋生物成因材料,具有高棱角性、形状不规则、易破碎等特点。通过珊瑚砂的高压一维蠕变试验,研究颗粒破碎引起颗粒分布曲线和形状因子的演化规律。借助于高速动态图像的激光粒度粒形仪器,从统计学的角度分析试验前后颗粒形状随压力演化的关系,发现颗粒的形状因子,如长宽比、球形度和凹凸度等,随压力增加而逐渐增加。不同粒径的颗粒形状因子均向一个窄幅范围趋近,说明颗粒破碎具有无尺度性和自相似性的分形特性,分形维数随压力增加而逐渐增大,且趋近分形破碎极限。采用Hardin和Einav的方法计算相对破碎量,发现在两种计算方法下相对破碎量与压力呈幂函数关系,且幂指数相同。相对破碎量随时间增加的现象并不明显,说明在高压力下颗粒破碎主要为压缩破碎,且颗粒细化滑移填充孔隙引起的变形是造成蠕变的主要原因。     

颗粒破碎对钙质砂压缩特性影响的试验研究

利用南海钙质砂和阿拉伯湾钙质砂,进行侧限压缩试验,对其压缩特性进行分析,得到了相应的压缩指数;采用相对破碎率为度量指标,评价了钙质砂在压缩试验过程中的颗粒破碎情况。同时根据试验数据得到了不同初始相对密实度的砂样的塑性功,通过建立塑性功与相对破碎率以及塑性功与压缩指数之间的关系,探讨了颗粒破碎对钙质砂压缩特性的影响。研究显示,在本次试验条件下,颗粒破碎是导致钙质砂压缩变形的主要因素,钙质砂的中值粒径以及碳酸钙含量等因素对其颗粒破碎程度有明显影响;钙质砂的相对破碎率与其输入的塑性功有关,并且受到初始相对密实度的影响,采用相对密实度进行归一化后,两者呈现较好的幂函数关系;通过建立钙质砂压缩指数与塑性功之间的关系,进一步建立了钙质砂的压缩指数与相对破碎率之间的关系,经相对密实度归一化后,两者也呈现幂函数规律,此规律可以用于评价颗粒破碎对钙质砂压缩特性的影响。     

Modeling the effect of wetting on the mechanical behavior of crushable granular materials

It is well known that the compressibility of crushable granular materials increases with the moisture content,due to the decrease of particle strength in a humid environment.An existing approach to take into account the effect of grain breakage in constitutive modeling consists in linking the evolution of the grain size distribution to the plastic work.But how the material humidity can affect this relationship is not clear,and experimental evidence is quite scarce.Based on compression tests on dry and saturated crushable sand recently reported by the present authors,a new non-linear relationship is proposed between the amount of particle breakage and the plastic work.The expression contains two parameters:(1)a material constant dependent on the grain characteristics and(2)a constant depending on the wetting condition(in this study,dry or saturated).A key finding is that the relationship does not depend on the stress path and,for a given wetting condition,only one set of parameters is necessary to reproduce the results of isotropic,oedometric,and triaxial compression tests.The relationship has been introduced into an elastoplastic constitutive model based on the critical state concept with a double yield surface for plastic sliding and compression.The breakage ratio is introduced into the expression of the elastic stiffness,the critical state line and the hardening compression pressure.Incremental stress-strain computations with the model allow the plastic work to be calculated and,therefore,the evolution of particle crushing can be predicted through the proposed non-linear relationship and reintroduced into the constitutive equations.Accurate predictions of the experimental results in terms of both stress-strain relationships and breakage ratio were obtained.     

颗粒破碎及剪胀对钙质砂抗剪强度影响研究

钙质砂是海洋沉积物中的一种,富含碳酸钙或其他难溶碳酸盐类物质的特殊介质。由于其颗粒质脆,受力后易产生破碎,表现出与常规陆源砂不同的力学性质。通过对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行三轴剪切试验,分析了钙质砂颗粒破碎与剪胀对其抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,颗粒破碎与剪胀对钙质砂强度有着重要影响,低围压下剪胀对其强度的影响远大于颗粒破碎,随着围压的增加,钙质砂颗粒破碎加剧,剪胀影响越来越小,而颗粒破碎的影响则越来越显著;颗粒破碎对强度的影响随着围压的增大而增大,当破碎达到一定程度后颗粒破碎渐趋减弱,其影响也渐趋于稳定。     

粗粒土的破碎耗能计算及影响因素

粗粒土的颗粒破碎直接改变了土体本身结构,对粗粒土的剪胀和内摩擦角都会产生影响。在土体剪切过程中,体积应力和剪切应力在体积应变和剪切应变上做功,这部分能量在剪切过程中转化为颗粒的弹性储能、颗粒间的摩擦耗能、颗粒剪胀时对外做功和颗粒破碎耗能4部分。准确计算剪切过程中粗粒土破碎耗能的目的是：从能量角度分析颗粒破碎对土体本构关系的影响,为建立考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构关系创造条件。通过分析粗粒土的常规三轴试验数据,计算得到了剪切过程中的粗粒土破碎耗能。计算结果表明,常规三轴试验条件下粗粒土破碎耗能主要受固结应力、土体摩擦系数M等因素的影响。     

饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性试验研究

开展饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性试验研究,探索饱和钙质砂爆炸密实机制和密实效果,对钙质砂地层中进行的工程建设有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。通过控制爆炸参数,测试不同参数作用时钙质砂爆炸前后声波特性和表面沉降规律,揭示饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性。试验结果表明：钙质砂高孔隙比和颗粒破碎特性对爆炸密实效果有重要影响。爆炸密实作用后,在爆炸近区,钙质砂颗粒受到较强爆炸冲击作用,导致钙质砂颗粒破碎而形成破碎区和压缩区,压缩区随着时间的推移有松弛的趋势,钙质砂颗粒结构重新固结过程在爆炸后2 h内基本完成。     

高瓦斯低透气性煤体定向聚能爆破增透机制

针对传统煤层预裂爆破增透存在的问题,对定向聚能爆破控制裂纹演化方向的理论和方法进行研究,即通过聚能射流的初始导向裂纹与后续高压气体形成的气楔联合作用,达到控制裂纹演化方向和长度的目的。基于模型试验和数值模拟,探讨了定向聚能爆破聚能方向和非聚能方向裂纹演化的机制。在潘三矿掘进工作面现场运用定向聚能爆破技术,达到增加煤体裂纹与保护围岩稳定性有机的统一。试验结果表明：爆破后3 h内抽采瓦斯量变化最为明显,其中最大抽采量是原始抽采量的470倍。有效抽采半径为7 m以内,爆破后顶板振幅约为0.23 cm。     

考虑颗粒破碎的冻结砂土非线性本构模型研究

颗粒破碎是粒状材料在高应力状态下的一种基本现象。为了研究冻结砂土中颗粒破碎对应力应变关系的影响,将冻结砂土视为复合颗粒材料,忽略冰的压融,考虑内摩擦角随应力状态的变化,构建一个适用于冻结砂土的考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型。构建过程分为三步,首先是基于三轴剪切前后颗粒分析对冻结砂土颗粒破碎模式和产生机理进行探讨;其次是基于考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,对冻土在三轴剪切试验过程中的颗粒破碎耗能进行分析,结果表明颗粒破碎耗能随轴向应变呈双曲线变化趋势;最后应用考虑颗粒破碎的剪胀方程修正沈珠江三参数非线性模型中的体积切线模量ν_t,得到一个考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型,模型参数可以通过单轴压缩试验和常规三轴试验确定。将原模型和修正后模型的计算结果与控制温度为-6℃,围压为1 MPa、4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa和10 MPa时冻结砂土的试验结果进行对比,结果表明该模型能够较好的模拟冻结砂土从低围压到高围压的应变软化特征与剪胀特征。