Avalonian and Cadomian terranes in North Dobrogea,Romania

The North Dobrogea orogen is a collage of dismembered terrane fragments between the Moesian platform and East European craton (Baltica). It records Alpine and Variscan deformation, magmatism and metamorphism. Its basement comprises three metamorphic complexes (Boclugea, Megina and Orliga) that are separated by tectonic boundaries. Detrital zircon U/Pb ages suggest the Boclugea and Orliga complexes represent two peri-Gondwanan terranes of Avalonian and Cadomian affinities, respectively. The new data clarify the original relationships between the North Dobrogea terranes, and Baltica and Moesia platform.     

Oceanic circulation as an element in palaeogeographical reconstructions: the Arenig (early Ordovician) as an example

A new conceptual palaeo-oceanographical model is outlined in this paper. The model differs from previous models by using shifts in Hadley circulation caused by orbital variations, and the rotation rate of the Earth, to locate the position of the planetary oceanic low-and high-pressure systems, around which the planetary ocean surface currents flow. Adapting the model to the Arenig (early Ordovician) the temperate low pressure zones were found to be located at 50° latitude and the subtropical high pressure zones at 25° latitude.
Traditionally, most Palaeozoic palaeogeographical recon-structions are reconstructed using palaeomagnetic data supplemented with data from climate-sensitive lithofacies and palaeo-biogeographical distributions. However, as a new approach in palaeogeographical reconstructions, the con-ceptual palaeo-oceanographical model is combined with palaeobiogeographical data for the Arenig series, comple-menting the palaeomagnetic data, and resulting in a new, refined palaeogeographical reconstruction.     

Rhodope and Vardar: the metamorphic and the olistostromic paired belts related to the Cretaceous subduction under Europe

In the Gondwanian Moesia Plate and Balkanid terranes, accreted to the Palaeo-Europe during the Palaeozoic, the Late Permian—Early Triassic unconformity and the Triassic system are known only from deep boreholes. In the Chiren, Veslets and Golyamo Peshtene regions (Northern Bulgaria), an Early Triassic igneous activity results from eleven drills.

Trachytes, outpoured from sub aerial to shallow sea submarine vents, and later basalt breccias emplaced in shallow water conditions, represent the bimodal volcanic products.

The transitional anorogenic features of the volcanism are consistent with the extensional regime evidenced by the progressively subsiding depositional environment. The extensional Triassic event corresponds to development of branches of a composite rift system, propagating from the Karakaya basin to separate the Moesia with Balkanids p.p. and the Istanbul block to the North, from the Serbian— Macedonian—Thracian microplate with Balkanid p.p. to the south.     

Seismic crustal structure between the Transylvanian Basin and the Black Sea, Romania

In order to study the lithospheric structure in Romania a 450 km long WNW–ESE trending seismic refraction project was carried out in August/September 2001. It runs from the Transylvanian Basin across the East Carpathian Orogen and the Vrancea seismic region to the foreland areas with the very deep Neogene Focsani Basin and the North Dobrogea Orogen on the Black Sea. A total of ten shots with charge sizes 300–1500 kg were recorded by over 700 geophones. The data quality of the experiment was variable, depending primarily on charge size but also on local geological conditions. The data interpretation indicates a multi-layered structure with variable thicknesses and velocities. The sedimentary stack comprises up to 7 layers with seismic velocities of 2.0–5.9 km/s. It reaches a maximum thickness of about 22 km within the Focsani Basin area. The sedimentary succession is composed of (1) the Carpathian nappe pile, (2) the post-collisional Neogene Transylvanian Basin, which covers the local Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Tarnava Basin, (3) the Neogene Focsani Basin in the foredeep area, which covers autochthonous Mesozoic and Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks as well as a probably Permo-Triassic graben structure of the Moesian Platform, and (4) the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the North Dobrogea Orogen. The underlying crystalline crust shows considerable thickness variations in total as well as in its individual subdivisions, which correlate well with the Tisza-Dacia, Moesian and North Dobrogea crustal blocks. The lateral velocity structure of these blocks along the seismic line remains constant with about 6.0 km/s along the basement top and 7.0 km/s above the Moho. The Tisza-Dacia block is about 33 to 37 km thick and shows low velocity zones in its uppermost 15 km, which are presumably due to basement thrusts imbricated with sedimentary successions related to the Carpathian Orogen. The crystalline crust of Moesia does not exceed 25 km and is covered by up to 22 km of sedimentary rocks. The North Dobrogea crust reaches a thickness of about 44 km and is probably composed of thick Eastern European crust overthrusted by a thin 1–2 km thick wedge of the North Dobrogea Orogen.     

滇黔桂盆地及邻区二叠纪层序地层格架及古地理演化

滇黔桂盆地及邻区的二叠系包括船山统、阳新统和乐平统。船山统与阳新统之交的黔桂运动主幕不整合面、阳新统和乐平统之交的东吴运动主幕不整合面的不整合特征明显,同时因其代表了研究区沉积盆地性质发生较大变化的界面而成为较为典型的I型层序界面。滇黔桂盆地及邻区的二叠系以其明显的沉积相分异而引人注目：在连陆台地上发育含煤地层,而在连陆台地边缘及孤立台地上发育海绵生物礁,形成一个典型的“台-盆-丘-槽”的古地理格局。伴随着强烈的东吴运动第一幕,研究区西北部发生强烈的火山活动,形成分布范围较广的峨嵋山玄武岩;东南部的“钦防残留海槽”关闭,使研究区的古地理格局发生了较大变化。二叠系与三叠系之交发生的较为典型的台地淹没事件形成了一个较为典型的淹没不整合面。根据沉积物的时间演化序列和沉积相的空间展布形式所指示的规律,研究区的二叠系可以划分为以下三级层序：船山统与下伏石炭系顶部的地层构成一个三级层序(SQ¹⁹),阳新统包含四个三级层序(SQ²⁰到SQ²³),乐平统包括两个三级层序(SQ²⁴和SQ²⁵)。在层序地层框架内,系列古地理图和系列层序地层格架栅状图较为系统地反映了研究区二叠纪复杂而有序的时间和空间相变特征。主要的时间相变面即形成层序界面,具有明显的“跳相”和地层间断现象,由于在不同地点间断的时限不一致而造成“间断面穿时”;沉积环境的空间变化,以及伴随着时间变化中的相带迁移所造成的空间相变,其相应的相变面总是斜交时间面而造成“相变面穿时”;不同沉积阶段的层序具有不同的相序组构,并在空间上形成有序的变化,从而代表了不同的古地理背景。因此,层序地层研究的核心内容是“沉积物的时间演变序列和沉积相的空间展布形式所代表的规律性”,结合生物地层特征,这种规律性本身也可以作为地层划分和对比的标志。     

新疆阿克苏沙井子四石厂早二叠世欧美型植物的新资料

阿克苏早二叠世植物化石,早在40年代诺林(1941)曾作过报道.1975年后作者曾多次去该区沙井子四石厂等地作过调研,经与西欧大量的标本仔细核对,认为四石厂地区植物化石兼具欧美式和华夏式植物群特点,其形态变异超出了国内常见同类植物化石的范围,是完全不同的新资料.文中着重对该区植物群面貌作了较详细地描述和讨论,并指出在地层对比和板块研究中将发挥应有的作用.     

Are some fossils better than others for inferring palaeogeography?: The early Ordovician of the North Atlantic region as an example

Different kinds of fossils have different patterns of palaeogeographical distribution. This has led to differing palaeocontinental reconstructions in the early Palaeozoic. We take the early Ordovician of the North Atlantic region as a test case to investigate the influence of taxonomic group upon palaeogeographical interpretation. Using both single linkage duster analysis and parsimony methods of biogeographical analysis on fossil faunas and floras of various groups within this region it is shown that the patterns of similarity obtained, and their relationship to supposed oceanic separations, vary widely from one group to another. Some planktic fossils (graptolites, acritarchs) do not 'see' a separation between Gondwana and Baltica which is strongly supported by evidence from other groups. Trilobites and ostracodes, in particular, reveal patterns which conform well with other geological and geomagnetic evidence. At least in the Arenig-Uanvirn time period, geographical separation is seen as a more important control on faunal composition than was biofacies. Considering the 'better' fossil groups for biogeographical discrimination, different analytical methods produce similar biogeographical results.     

从定量岩相古地理学谈华南地区海相地层油气勘探

华南地区海相地层分布甚广,震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系以及下和中三叠统几乎全为海相地层。但是,除四川地区外,广大华南地区海相地层油气勘探工作却久攻不下。这是一个严重问题。失败为成功之母,最重要的是认识这个失败。本文在华南地区寒武纪和奥陶纪定量岩相古地理研究及编图成果的基础上,指出江南盆地、扬子盆地、扬子北缘盆地等是重要的生油气古地理环境。如果能以基础地质学尤其是以定量岩相古地理学研究为基础,以生油气古地理环境为中心或前提,开展油气勘探工作,则华南地区海相地层的油气勘探有可能有所突破。这对华南地区油气勘探工作可能是一个战略性的转变。希决策者明察、深思和善断。     

Late proterozoic and Carboniferous ultramafic magmatism of carbonatitic affinity in southern Norway

Ultramafic dikes with carbonatitic affinities (“damtjernites”) in southern Norway were generated during two magmatic events separated by about 275 Ma. The older event is late Proterozoic and the younger is mid Carboniferous.

More than 50 satellitic damtjernite intrusions occur within a 1500 km² large region surrounding the Fen Central Complex. Phlogopite macrocrysts from 10 of these satellites yield a Rb---Sr isochron age of 578±24 Ma (2σ expanded errors). This demonstrates that the late Proterozoic carbonatitic magmatism centered at the Fen Central Complex occurred on a regional scale. This region is termed “the Fen Province”. The emplacement of the magmas in the Fen Province most likely occurred in connection with minor extensional tectonic activity on the Baltic platform during the drift-phase after the Proto-Atlantic opening.

Sr-isotopic data also show that a dike mineralogically and chemically similar to the Fen damtjernites was emplaced at 324±4 Ma (mid Carboniferous). This dike very likely dates the initiation of magmatism in the Oslo rift. Consequently very similar carbonate-bearing ultramafic magmas were generated within the south Norwegian mantle during the relatively minor Fen event and in the initial extensional period when the magma production in the Oslo rift was still low.     

贵州陡山沱组和牛蹄塘组中黑层的地质特征与找矿前景

贵州陡山沱组顶部和牛蹄塘组底部的黑层，是贵州最主要的沉积型黑色岩系，赋存有钒、银、钼、镍、钴、铂、铀和稀土元素等矿产资源。本文分别从岩相古地理环境、岩性组合特征和黑层发育程度等方面概述了省内陡山沱组和牛蹄塘组中黑层的地质特征，通过与代表性黑色页岩中的矿床对比，分析了两套地层中黑层的找矿前景。     

松辽盆地北部中二叠统碳酸盐岩元素和稳定同位素地球化学特征与古环境

松辽盆地中二叠统哲斯组发育一套暗色泥岩、灰色砂砾岩与灰岩沉积组合,灰岩中产海相腕足类和双壳类化石。由于受钻井进尺和取心资料限制,前人对盆地覆盖区晚古生代地层及其沉积环境研究较少。对采自松辽盆地杜101井、杜103井剖面哲斯组的白云质灰岩进行了系统的稳定同位素和微量元素、稀土元素分析,首次获取了盆地覆盖区中二叠统灰岩元素地球化学资料。测试结果显示碳同位素δ¹³C_PDB值一般>0(均值为1.68‰),氧同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB值全部<-15‰(均值为-19.98‰),碳、氧稳定同位素关系图解显示二者呈正相关关系,表明白云岩化作用对灰岩同位素改造作用明显。稀土元素(REE+Y)总量为56.88×10^-6~143.72×10^-6,均值为108.92×10^-6,PAAS标准化后显示具有轻稀土相对于中稀土和重稀土亏损、δEu(均值0.94,最大值1.57)负异常、δCe(均值0.87,最大值1.06)普遍负异常和相对高的Y/Ho均值(均值34.59)等特点,与正常海相具有大体相同的稀土元素配分模式;而微量元素Ba(均值281.55×10^-6)、Zn(均值71.91×10^-6)、Y(均值17.44×10^-6)、Zr(均值117.75×10^-6)和Rb(均值66.84×10^-6)等元素含量整体较高,Sr/Ba(均值2.91)、Th/U(均值2.75)、V/Cr(均值1.45)和V/(V+Ni)(均值0.66)等比值适中,指示研究区哲斯组沉积时期主体为一种频繁受陆源碎屑混染作用影响的碳酸盐台地或滨海岸环境。     

ESR/OSL ages of long-debated subtill fossil-bearing marine deposits from the southern Kola Peninsula: stratigraphic implications

The occurrence of sandy clay deposited in a warm marine environment just below the till of the last glaciation has created controversy about its age and stratigraphic position in the sedimentary basin of the Kola Peninsula. Data on marine microfauna, diatoms, malacofauna and pollen composition indicate that during the period when the sandy clay was deposited the climate was similar or even warmer than at present. According to ¹⁴ C dates, sedimentation of the sandy clay occurred around 40 ka BP. Based on these data, some researchers have attributed these marine deposits to the third Late Pleistocene Belomorian (sensu Lavrova 1960) interglacial transgression. At the same time there are geological indications suggesting re-deposition of these subtill sediments. To solve this problem we have reinvestigated the subtill interglacial marine deposits from the Varzuga section (∼66.4° N and 36.6° E). Four different marine shell species and enclosing sandy clay sediments taken from the subtill marine unit of the section were dated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) and optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods at about 103 and 104 ka, respectively. The results indicate that the subtill marine deposits belong to the first Late Pleistocene Boreal transgression that, according to our previous studies of the marginal areas of the Eurasian North, has occurred in the time interval from approximately 145 to 70 ka BP.     

Out of Africa: detrital zircon provenance of central Madagascar and Neoproterozoic terrane transfer across the Mozambique Ocean

The Neoproterozoic East African Orogen reflects closure of the Mozambique Ocean and collision of the Congo and Dharwar cratons. This palaeogeographical change and its environmental consequences are poorly understood, but new detrital zircon ages from Madagascar and published data from elsewhere provide evidence for multiple ocean basins and two-stage collision. We propose that central Madagascar rifted from the Congo Craton and crossed a Palaeomozambique Ocean to collide with the Dharwar Craton at c. 700 Ma, opening a Neomozambique Ocean in its wake. Closure of the Neomozambique Ocean at c. 600 Ma juxtaposed the Congo and Dharwar cratons and resulted in prolonged collisional orogenesis concluding at c. 500 Ma.     

Structures in the Canyon Mountain Ophiolite indicate an island-arc intrusion

Lithosphere created in an interarc basin is expected to be characterized by features distinguishing it from “normal” oceanic lithosphere. Apart from island-arc geochemical affinities and from the occurrence of hydrous high-T parageneses in the mantle and deep crustal sequences, it is expected that due to a low rate of spreading, vertical transport prevails over lateral drifting.

The Canyon Mountain complex located in an island-arc environment of Permo-Triassic age offers a remarkable illustration of these expected geological characteristics. In particular, mantle diapirism is deduced from the structural study. Smaller diapirs are formed in crustal formations. The intrusions took place at variable temperatures (1300°–800°C) and were accompanied by multistage melting in hydrous conditions.     

鄂西—渝东晚二叠世长兴期古地理格局及生物礁展布的再认识*

通过地层、古生物、地震相、地震属性分析,笔者发现了利川和石柱地区存在晚二叠世长兴期台内盆地的证据,并分别命名为利川台内盆地和石柱台内盆地。基于上述证据和前人研究成果,对鄂西—渝东地区的古地理格局及生物礁展布提出了新的认识:利川台内盆地、石柱台内盆地及鄂西盆地共同控制了鄂西—渝东地区晚二叠世长兴期台盆相间的古地理格局,生物礁主要沿这3个盆地边缘呈带状展布;鄂西盆地在长兴组一段沉积时期形成,该台地边缘坡度较陡,发育陡坡型生物礁;利川台内盆地和石柱台内盆地分别形成于长兴组一段和组二段沉积时期,其台地边缘坡度较缓,分别发育长一期和长二期缓坡型生物礁。与缓坡型生物礁相比,陡坡型生物礁横向及纵向发育规模更大。     

Plio-Pleistocene geological record and small mammal faunas, eastern shore of the Azov Sea, Southern European Russia

The shoreline of the Taganrog Gulf of the Azov Sea at the mouth of Don River provides a series of extended Upper Pliocene and Quaternary sections that have been actively studied in the last century. This extraglacial region had a complex sedimentary history combining subaerial aggradation with marine, fluvial, and deltaic sedimentation. The well-exposed stratigraphical sequence and abundant palaeontological record continuously attract geologists and highlight the region as one of international importance for the addressing of numerous problems of Late Pliocene and Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography. Fossil mammalian faunas of the region include important Eurasian biostratigraphical markers such as Stenocranius ex gr. hintoni-gregaloides, Lagurini spp., and Mimomys savini. For many years, fossil remains of mammals provide decisive clues to the geological history of the region. Recent geological studies of reference sections have provided data on small mammals, palaeomagnetism and palaeogeographical reconstructions in the northeastern part of the Azovian Region. Mammalian assemblages indicate the presence of the Late Pliocene, late Early Pleistocene, Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene levels and, in addition, provide a clear biostratigraphical context for the Early Middle Pleistocene transition.     

库车坳陷索罕露头区与大北气田井下白垩系储层差异性分析

利用露头来进行地下地层和储层研究,是目前国内外较流行的一种研究思路。本文通过对塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北气田井下巴什基奇克组第三段与其典型露头索罕露头区巴三段砂岩储层差异性分析认为,二者沉积相带一致,岩石学特征略有差异,但是在储集空间类型和储层物性上差异较大。差异原因在于索罕露头区巴三段较大北气田井下经历了浅埋藏、弱压实、弱挤压和现代风化淋滤。露头与井下储层的对比研究对于深入了解库车坳陷深层裂缝性致密砂岩储层性质,进而进行储层评价具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

中国西北盆山地区中-新生代古地理及地壳构造演化

中国西北地区的盆山地形和该地区地壳结构具有明显的一致性,反映了现代盆山构造的一个重要特征。文中讨论了中国西北盆山区在中-新生代不同时期的古地理面貌和它们的发展演化过程。本区在中-新生代不同时期具有不同的古地理面貌,而且随着地壳上地幔的构造演化而不断发展,盆山构造的形成受到了地壳活动和演化的控制。一般来说,中国西北的主要山系是古生代或早中生代的造山带,但它们形成现在这样巨大的山系主要发生在晚新生代。如天山山脉的构造演化,三叠纪天山曾经一度隆起成山,两侧的准噶尔和塔里木盆地中堆积了巨厚的磨拉石;侏罗纪时由于剥蚀夷平成为一个准平原,形成了广泛分布且可以对比的含煤岩系;从白垩纪到早新生代,它再度隆升,直至第四纪时形成雄伟的高大山系,两侧形成相应的大型沉积盆地。其他一些山脉,如祁连山和昆仑山,也具有类似的发展演化过程。最后,控制这一过程的根本原因则是地壳、甚至整个岩石圈的构造发展演化。     

A brief review of Agenian rhinocerotids in Western Europe

The Agenian is the earliest Neogene European Land Mammal Age. It encompasses the mammalian zones MN1 (23.03–22.7 Ma) and MN2 (22.7–20.0 Ma) and roughly coincides with the Aquitanian standard age. Agenian mammalian assemblages from Western Europe encompass a mixture of rhinocerotid taxa of Oligocene affinities and of Miocene newcomers, mostly recorded in France, Germany, Switzerland, and to a lesser extent, Spain. Rhinocerotidae are documented by seven species referred to five genera (Pleuroceros pleuroceros, Protaceratherium minutum, Plesiaceratherium aquitanicum, Mesaceratherium paulhiacense, Diaceratherium lemanense, D. asphaltense, and D. aginense), further attesting to a low suprageneric diversity. Their systematics, morphology, ecology, stratigraphical and geographical ranges are detailed in the present article. Occurrences and geographical ranges of all seven rhinocerotid species are illustrated on palaeogeographical maps of the circum-Mediterranean region at 23 Ma (MN1) and 21 Ma (MN2). The richest Agenian localities (Paulhiac, MN1; Laugnac, MN2) record a specific diversity similar to that of Orleanian rhinocerotid assemblages, with up to five/six associated species. All Agenian rhinocerotid species from Western Europe are endemic to the concerned region, which is consistent with the complete geographic isolation of Western Europe by earliest Miocene times. However, all five genera are documented by twin species in coeval localities of South and Central Asia, which implies (1) vicariant speciation events by latest Oligocene times and (2) the existence of intermittent pathways for terrestrial megamammals such as rhinocerotids during the concerned interval.