北秦岭西段胡店片麻状二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

北秦岭西段陕西胡店片麻状细粒二长花岗岩中获得(1770±13)Ma的LA-ICP-MS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄;岩石地球化学资料研究证明,该片麻状细粒二长花岗岩形成于板块边缘的俯冲-碰撞构造环境,岩浆源于部分熔融的中上地壳物质。该变形侵入体形成的地质构造背景及时代与太白岩基巩坚沟变形侵入体基本一致,代表了北秦岭造山带西段古元古代末、中元古代初期的一次强烈的构造岩浆事件。该事件与中国的吕梁运动时代大体相当,可能与Columbia超大陆的形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

太白岩基巩坚沟变形侵入体LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年及大地构造意义——吕梁运动在北秦岭造山带的表现初探

太白岩基北部的巩坚沟变形侵入体—片麻状中细粒二长花岗岩中获得1741±12Ma的LA-ICPMS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄;岩石地球化学资料研究证明,巩坚沟片麻状中细粒二长花岗岩形成于板块边缘的俯冲-碰撞构造环境,岩浆源于部分熔融的中上地壳物质。该变形侵入体所代表的热-构造事件与我国的吕梁运动时代大体相当,可能与Columbia超大陆的形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

北秦岭西段红花铺俯冲型侵入体LA-ICPMS定年及其地质意义

北秦岭造山带西段红花铺侵入体的岩石类型为中细粒英云闪长岩,具俯冲型花岗岩类的地球化学特征。通过对其中所获锆石的形态及CL图像特征的研究,分辨出3种不同成因的锆石,通过高精度的LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄测定,获得(1 765.1±8.4）Ma、(450.5±1.8）Ma、(413.5±1.3）Ma的3组年龄值,分别为继承锆石年龄、成岩锆石年龄和变质锆石年龄,代表了3期构造 热事件的时限,可能是吕梁运动和加里东运动在北秦岭西段的地质记录。红花铺侵入体英云闪长岩(450.5±1.8）Ma的成岩年龄可能代表了北秦岭西段早古生代俯冲带岛弧的形成时代。红花铺俯冲型侵入体的形成时代及构造环境的确定,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙-早古生代大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学机制具有重要意义。     

秦岭造山带中-新元古代(早期)地质演化

秦岭造山带是位于中国大陆中部并夹持于华北与扬子陆块之间的大陆造山带,是加里东期至印支期的碰撞造山带。对前加里东期演化虽然亦积累了不少资料,但认识上存在较大分歧。本文着重介绍秦岭造山带自中元古代晚期武关裂谷的打开(1243Ma±46Ma),中元古代末期松树沟洋盆的形成(1084Ma±73Ma～1030Ma±46Ma)以及新元古代早期同造山期花岗岩的侵入(960～840Ma)等自1.25Ga至0.84Ga期间的一系列热-构造事件,反映扬子大陆边缘前加里东期曾经历过一次“威尔逊构造旋回”,表明该区存在中—新元古代造山带的地质记录。但这次造山作用不是华北与扬子大陆的汇聚,而是曾属于扬子大陆边缘的“北秦岭变质地体”与其南的扬子大陆的一次汇聚过程。     

祁连造山带东段早古生代葫芦河群变质碎屑岩中碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄:源区特征和沉积时代的限定

祁连造山带东段葫芦河群的形成时代长期存在争议。选择葫芦河群变质碎屑岩为研究对象,运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学方法,探讨葫芦河群的形成时代和物源特征。结果表明,葫芦河群的2个样品碎屑锆石同位素年龄数据以及侵入其中的花岗岩同位素年龄表明,葫芦河群沉积时代限定为447～434Ma,其主体形成时代为早志留世。葫芦河群变质碎屑锆石年龄谱明显分为4组:(1)震旦纪—早古生代年龄组,426～595Ma,峰值为479Ma;(2)新元古代年龄组,738～981 Ma,峰值为887 Ma;(3)中元古代年龄组,1000～1 913Ma,峰值为1499Ma;(4)古元古代—新太古代年龄组,2053～2 872Ma,峰值为2448Ma。其中,早古生代年龄组可进一步细分为426～493 Ma和527～595 Ma两个年龄段,峰值分别为445 Ma和559Ma,前者年龄段指示其物源可能以邻近地区的北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带为主,是加里东期中南祁连和西秦岭微地块分别向北俯冲、碰撞产生的一系列火成岩在造山剥蚀后的沉积响应;后者年龄段则与北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带中泛非造山事件中的岩浆活动有关。新元古代年龄组可细分为738～799Ma、839～862Ma和902～981Ma 3个年龄段,峰值分别为768Ma、848Ma和948Ma,以902～981Ma年龄组为主;第一年龄段(738～799Ma)与北祁连造山带新元古代晚期岩浆事件的年龄大致相对应,与Rodi-nia超大陆的裂解事件相关;第二年龄段和第三年龄段(839～862 Ma、902～981 Ma)与中祁连地区和西秦岭北缘的新元古代早期构造岩浆事件年龄大致相对应,与Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件及岛弧型岩浆作用相关。中元古代年龄组可细分为1 000～1 197Ma和1 243～1 913Ma 2个年龄段,峰值分别为1 036Ma和1 593Ma,其物源可能来自祁连造山带和华北板块基底岩系。古元古代—新太古代年龄组反映了物源来自北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带的结晶基底,部分物源也有可能来自于华北板块基底岩系。综合分析显示,葫芦河群碎屑沉积物质来源较为复杂,具有明显的多元性,存在祁连造山带、西秦岭北缘构造带和华北板块基底3个物源区,其中祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带提供了大部分物源,而祁连造山带应为葫芦河群贡献最大的物源区。     

甘肃马衔山花岗岩杂岩体LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年及其构造意义

甘肃马衔山侵入杂岩体位于祁连造山带的东部,侵入于新太古代—古元古代变质基底岩系(马衔山岩群)中,主体岩石类型为片麻状二长花岗岩,其次为侵入于片麻状二长花岗岩中的钾长花岗岩。利用LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)测年设备,对片麻状二长花岗岩进行单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素测定,获得1192±38Ma的年龄,为中元古代晚期;岩石地球化学特征显示二长花岗岩侵入体具有火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩特征。马衔山变形侵入体所代表的热—构造事件与格林威尔造山运动时代(1190～980Ma)相当,可能与Rodinia超大陆形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究祁连造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

西秦岭天水地区新阳新元古代花岗质片麻岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年及其地质意义

西秦岭造山带北缘古元古界秦岭岩群中,新识别出新阳新元古代花岗质片麻岩,位于天水市西北部新阳镇东侧.花岗质片麻岩中锆石Th/U比值较高,阴极发光图像显示锆石内部振荡环带清晰,具岩浆成因特征.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素加权平均年龄为(938±4)Ma～(981±5)Ma,表明花岗质片麻岩形成于新元古代,反映了晋宁期西秦岭北缘存在一次构造热(俯冲碰撞)事件,可能是Rodinia超大陆的汇聚事件在西秦岭的响应.     

北秦岭西段唐藏石英闪长岩岩体的形成时代及其地质意义

在对陕西宝鸡一带进行地质大调查时,发现北秦岭造山带西段的唐藏石英闪长岩体具有埃达克岩的特征。利用阴极发光、LA-ICPMS方法对唐藏石英闪长岩的单颗粒锆石进行了U-Pb测年,所选锆石晶体均呈长柱状,振荡环带发育,Th/U=0.33～1.10,为典型的岩浆成因锆石。测试的29个样品的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(454.0±1.7)Ma,各测点206Pb/238U表面年龄与加权平均年龄在误差范围内近于一致,因此,这一数值代表岩浆生成年龄。结合北秦岭造山带西段代表洋壳残片的关子镇、岩湾蛇绿(混杂)岩形成时代,说明早古生代古秦岭丹凤洋沿商丹带一线向北发生俯冲消减作用,(454.0±1.7)Ma可能代表俯冲消减的初始时期。研究结果为北秦岭早古生代造山作用过程、壳幔相互作用及大陆动力学的研究提供了重要的依据。     

秦岭—祁连结合部陇山构造带 地质演化探讨——早古生代晚期花岗岩和中基性包裹体地球化学 和独居石、锆石U- Pb年龄证据

本文对秦岭—祁连结合部陇山构造带内部侵入于陇山岩群中的片麻状二长花岗岩和其中的黑云斜长片麻岩包裹体进行了地球化学和独居石、锆石U-Pb年代学研究。片麻状二长花岗岩具有I型花岗岩的地球化学特征,对其进行的LA-ICP-MS独居石U-Pb测年获得年龄433.5?1.8 Ma,锆石U-Pb测年获得了三个主峰年龄（439.5 Ma、634.5 Ma和2265 Ma）和五个次级峰值年龄（568.7 Ma、1875 Ma、2112 Ma、2604 Ma和2738 Ma）。黑云斜长片麻岩的地球化学特征反映其原岩是经历过显著的结晶分异作用的中基性岩,在其中分选出了两类锆石：（1）环带清晰且经受了热液蚀变的岩浆锆石,对其U-Pb测年获得了一条很好的不一致线,不一致线的上、下交点年龄分别是2194?42 Ma和431.2?58.1 Ma;（2）CL图像整体很暗的变质锆石或热液蚀变锆石,在这类锆石中获得了峰值年龄513.1 Ma。结合区域地质资料,本文把片麻状二长花岗岩的形成时间限定为431.2-439.5 Ma,把黑云斜长片麻岩原岩的形成时间限定为2194?42 Ma。片麻状二长花岗岩与文献揭示的围岩（斜长角闪片岩）的形成时间基本一致,暗示431.2-439.5 Ma期间陇山地区大量发育中基性和酸性岩浆活动,岩浆作用具有显著的地区差异特点。北祁连洋盆和北秦岭西段洋盆向北的俯冲活动在513.1 Ma时可能影响到了本文研究区。2738 Ma、2604 Ma、2112 Ma-2265 Ma和1875 Ma等峰值年龄分别应该是华北克拉通在新太古代晚期的陆壳生长事件和古元古代早期克拉通裂解事件在研究区的反映。634.5 Ma期间研究区可能处于一种未知的特别的构造环境。总体来看,陇山构造带在前寒武纪时作为华北地块的一部分而演化,显生宙以来其构造演化过程受到秦岭造山带和北祁连造山带的显著影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上古生界碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部晚古生代山西组1段和下石盒子组8段碎屑锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析,结合周缘地层年龄结构和地质历史事件,进而追寻盆地沉积物物源,推断盆地与造山带的盆山耦合过程。研究表明105个岩浆成因的碎屑锆石可分为4个年龄组段:(1)260~340 Ma,占总数的21.9%,推断物源主要来自北秦岭和西秦岭构造带;(2)370~470 Ma,占总数的24.8%,反映物源主要来自北秦岭、西秦岭构造带和北祁连造山带;(3)1600~2000 Ma,占总数的32.4%,指示物源来自北秦岭造山带、北祁造山带和华北板块;(4)2300~2600 Ma,占总数的15.2%,物源分别来自华北板块基底结晶岩系、北祁连构造带、北秦岭构造带和西秦岭构造带。研究区总体上具有来自北秦岭造山带、西秦岭造山带、北祁连造山带、兴蒙造山带及华北板块基底五个物源区,其中兴蒙造山带、北秦岭造山带和北祁连造山带为主要物源区。古生代碎屑锆石年龄证实了鄂尔多斯盆地西南部奥陶纪被动大陆边缘形成,志留纪—泥盆纪转化为陆-陆碰撞造山带,石炭纪—二叠纪逐渐由造山带转化为沉积盆地。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.