广东省不同地区稻田甲烷排放的差异性及其模型估计

减少温室气体排放以减缓全球变暖是当前全球变化研究的主要关注点。制定区域适应性的减排措施,有赖于对不同环境条件下温室气体排放空间差异性的进一步研究。广东是我国主要的双季稻种植区,其气候条件及稻田耕作方式都有别于我国其他稻区的。为估算广东省区域稻甲烷(CH_4)排放情况,利用IPCC2006清单指南中的稻田甲烷模型——CH_4MOD,模拟计算了2010年广东省21个地市双季早(晚)稻CH_4排放量及其排放因子。结果显示:1) 2010年稻田CH_4排放量为60. 74万t,其中双季晚稻CH_4排放量35. 01万t,双季早稻CH_4排放量25. 73万t。2)稻田CH_4排放量空间分布不均,区域稻田甲烷排放量为粤西的粤北的珠江三角洲的粤东的,排放量分别为21. 22万t、17. 02万t、15. 14万t、7. 36万t。3)双季早稻CH_4排放因子明显小于晚稻的,双季早稻CH_4排放因子为261. 18 kg CH_4/hm~2,双季晚稻为358. 53 kg CH_4/hm~2。4)空间上,粤西地区稻田CH_4排放因子水平较高,粤北、粤东的处于中等水平,珠江三角洲稻田CH_4排放水平最低。     

我国杭州地区秋和稻田的甲烷排放

1987年秋季在杭州郊区采用一套全自动的观测系统,对稻田的甲烷排放进行了观测。在整个晚稻灌溉期内,稻田是大气甲烷的一个源地,其甲烷释放率最高可达240mg/m~2·h。甲烷释放率具有很强的季节性变化,在水稻成熟期之前,甲烷释放率一般在40-60mg·CH_4/m~2·h的水平上波动,在成熟期间则降为10mg·CH_4/m~2·h的水平。除移栽期外的整个水稻生长期间的甲烷平均释放率为39mg/m~2·h。甲烷释放率具有明显的日变化,一般在午夜至凌晨3—4点达最大值,白天较低,变化也较小。这可能与水稻植物体由于其生理上的日变化引起的甲烷气体传输能力的日变化有关。实验没有观测到不同施肥(K_2SO_4和菜饼)对甲烷释放率的明显影响。阴雨天的降温一般在2—3天后引起甲烷释放率的迅速下降,这可能是因土壤中发酵细菌如产甲烷菌数量的减少造成的。尽管甲烷释放率和土壤温度在整个生长期间基本上是逐步下降的,但两者之间并没有简单的正相关性。土壤中产生的甲烷气体只有一小部分释放到大气中,从土壤中冒出来的气泡往往可引起释放率的急剧上升。1985年全球稻田的甲烷释放量估计为134±3lTg(1Tg=10~(12)g),其中12±26Tg和30±6Tg分别来自亚太地区和中国稻田。     

季节性冻结高寒泥炭湿地非生长季甲烷排放特征初探

高寒泥炭湿地是重要的大气甲烷(CH_4)排放源。由于高寒湿地非生长季的气候条件极其恶劣,过去的原位观测研究大多集中在生长季,致使迄今仍对季节性冻土区高寒泥炭湿地的非生长季CH_4排放缺乏充分认识。以地处青藏高原东北部的若尔盖地区典型湿地为例,采用静态暗箱—气相色谱人工观测方法,开展了跨越冬、春季和初夏季连续9个月的原位观测研究,试图了解该湿地的非生长季CH_4排放特征及其相对重要性。结果与初步结论如下:(1)整个观测期间上午09:00(北京时间,下同)至11:00时段在6个空间重复位置的CH_4通量平均值介于0.1~1.0 mg C m~(-2) h~(-1);(2)非生长季也发生着较强CH_4排放,且温度响应系数Q_(10)(18.1~29.8)远远大于生长季(1.4~2.2),这意味着非生长季的CH_4排放对气候变暖更加敏感;(3)结合其他生长季的观测结果,对观测数据的外推估计,该湿地的CH_4年排放量约为29.4 kg C ha~(-1) a~(-1),其中非生长季的贡献率高达50%以上;(4)观测期的CH_4通量具有明显季节变化,可解释为温度季节变化、土壤冻结与消融过程、水位(或土壤湿度)季节动态和植物生长节律等共同作用的结果;(5)CH_4排放年通量在湿地三种微地形之间呈现出显著差异,即凸起处相对最弱,凹陷处相对最强(p0.05),这主要是水位(或土壤湿度)、植物分布等因素的空间差异所致;(6)考虑到三种微地形在整个湿地的面积占比时,凸起处、凹陷处和过渡带对整个湿地CH_4排放年通量的贡献率依次大约为16%、11%和73%。不过,本研究中原位观测的持续时间相对较短,上述结果或结论能否在年度或更长时间尺度上重现,还需要长期连续观测研究加以检验。     

清远地区晚稻田甲烷排放的实验

根据2003年清远地区晚稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的实验观测资料,分析了该地区晚稻田生长期间CH4排放的变化规律,对影响排放的相关因子进行了分析。结果表明:晚稻田CH4排放的变化规律基本为3峰型,整个生长期间平均排放通量为6.09 mg.m-2.h-1。不同稻种之间的CH4排放通量差别不是很大,种植的2个水稻品种"金优99"和"七丝尖"相差1.08 mg.m-2.h-1。水位和土壤氧化还原电位对CH4排放通量有明显的影响。     

中国甲烷排放现状

介绍了１９９０年和１９９４年我国甲烷排放源估算工作。首先,对１９９０年的甲烷排放源进行了收集和完善,尤其是对１９９０年城市垃圾甲烷排放源重新做了计算;其次,根据最新研究资料,对１９９４年的甲烷排放源重新作了计算;最后把１９９４年甲烷排放与１９９０年进行了对比。研究表明,中国１９９０年和１９９４年甲烷排放分别为３０９２×１０６ｔ和３２９１×１０６ｔ,分别约占当年全球总排放的５９％和６１％,其中,采煤、油气领域泄漏、反刍动物与动物粪便、垃圾填埋等甲烷排放有所增大,而生物质燃烧、稻田甲烷的排放有所减少,农村堆肥中的甲烷排放变化不大。     

太湖流域单季稻的甲烷排放研究

根据1994～1996年太湖流域单季稻的CH4排放的观测资料,分析了该地区稻田CH4排放的日变化的一些统计特征,对排放的季节变化和年际变化及相关因子对排放的影响进行了分析和研究。结果表明:太湖地区单季稻的CH4排放的特征值为0.07～0.11 g/(m2·d),而且存在巨大的年际变化,其中1995年的排放是1994年和1996年的5～7倍。与NH4HCO3相比,施用尿素使甲烷的排放增加10%～70%。晒田使CH4的排放减少,土壤的扰动则使CH4的排放增加。文中对CH4的排放与水稻的生长的关系及温度的变化对排放的影响也进行了讨论。     

稻田土壤中甲烷产生率的实验研究

本实验旨在研究稻田土壤中甲烷产生率对稻田CH_4排放的影响.观测结果表明:土壤各深度的甲烷产生率有很大的变化范围(1—4639ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.).主要的甲烷产生区域是7—17cm深的土壤层,其中以13cm深的土壤层上的生成速率最大.土壤中甲烷产生率与稻田CH_4排放率在水稻生长的某些阶段有较好的相关性,但它的季节变化却不能与排放的季节变化完全耦合.在水稻生长期,土壤中甲烷产生率随时间而增大,并在8月份水稻收割前达到最大,其日平均值在38—767 ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.间变动.稻田土壤中甲烷产生率也存在日变化,一般在下午达到最大值,但却没有发现它与土壤温度有明显的相关关系.在不同施肥及水稻品种的稻田土壤中也观测到不同的甲烷产生率.在土壤中产生的甲烷最多只有28.8％被排放到大气中,而其余多于71.2％的则被氧化在土壤中.     

成都平原稻田甲烷排放的实验研究

根据1996～1999年四个稻季的观测资料,分析了成都平原单季稻甲烷排放的季节变化和年际变化特征.结果表明:在水稻生长季节甲烷排放通量变化很大,在分蘖期和成熟期一般会出现峰值.年际间的通量变化也很大,其年均排放通量的变化范围在2.35～33.95mg m-2 h-1之间.4年的平均排放通量为12 mg m-2 h-1,与四川乐山的7年平均值30mg m-2 h-1相比,存在着明显的地区差异.同时分析讨论了温度、施肥、水稻品种、土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)以及稻田水位等诸多因素对稻田甲烷排放的影响.结果表明:在成都平原水稻生长季节的平均气温对CH4的平均排放通量影响不大;而气温对CH4排放的日变化有相对重要的影响,但气温对甲烷排放日变化的影响与水稻植物体的生长阶段有关;发现了水稻植物体(根、茎、叶)重量对CH4排放的重要作用.讨论了合理使用肥料和施肥量,控制水位和Eh值对稻田CH4的减排作用,提出优化组合诸影响因子,以充分发挥其减排潜力.     

农田生态系统温室气体排放研究进展

自1985年起,中国科学院大气物理研究所利用自行设计制造的自动观测仪器系统,历时十六年先后对我国四大类主要水稻产区的甲烷排放规律及其与土壤、气象条件和农业管理措施的关系进行了系统野外观测实验,并对稻田甲烷产生、转化和输送机理进行了理论研究,探讨了控制稻田甲烷排放的实用措施,建立了估算和预测稻田甲烷排放的数值模型.在甲烷排放的时空变化规律和转化率研究方面有一系列新的发现,在稻田甲烷产生率、排放率及其与环境条件的关系方面取得一系列新的成果,以充分证据改变了国际上关于全球和中国稻田甲烷排放总量的估算.在对稻田甲     

基于GOSAT卫星遥感的我国中部地区大气CH4时空分布

利用2013—2016年GOSAT上被动红外探测器(TANSO)官方反演的大气CH_4柱浓度,采用普通克里金插值(Ordinary Kriging)方法对GOSAT卫星数据产品进行插值预处理,并利用ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析软件提取各省份CH_4平均浓度,分析中部地区CH_4浓度的时空分布。结果表明,由GOSAT反演的中部地区大气CH_4年均浓度由2013年的1 827.0×10~(-9)增长到2016年的1 857.9×10~(-9),其平均绝对增长率为10.3×10~(-9)/a。中部地区大气CH_4年均浓度略低于长三角地区,高于京津冀和东三省地区。中部地区大气CH_4呈现较强的季节变化特征,江西、湖南、湖北峰值出现在9月,安徽、河南、山西峰值则出现在8月,中部六省去长期趋势后的月均值均略低于长三角地区,高于京津冀和东三省地区。我国中部地区CH_4浓度高值区主要分布在江西、湖南及周边区域,低值区则集中在河南以北及山西地区。     

Methane Production, Emission and Possible Control Measures in the Rice Agriculture

In the rice field methane is produced in the soil layer with depths of 2-25 cm. The vertical profile of methane production rate in the paddy soil during the water covering period differs from that in the paddy soil in dry phase. Only a small part, about 30%. of the produced methane is emitted to the atmosphere through rice plant, air bubbles, and molecular diffusion. Therefore, the methane emission rate from the rice field depends not only on the methane production rate in the soil, but also on the transport efficiency of the rice plant, air bubble formation that in turn depends on the production rate, and molecular diffusion.Field measurements show that methane emission rates from a particular rice field have very large diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations, which are related to soil characteristics, water regime, farming procedure, local climate, and rice growing activities. The relationship between the methane emission rate and the above mentioned factors is very complicated. The emission rate     

A determination of the CH4, NO x and CO2 emissions from the Prudhoe Bay,Alaska oil development

In this paper we quantify the CH₄, CO₂ and NO _x emissions during routine operations at a major oil and gas production facility, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, using the concentrations of combustion by products measured at the NOAA-CMDL observatory at Barrow, Alaska and fuel consumption data from Prudhoe Bay. During the 1989 and 1990 measurement campaigns, 10 periods (called events) were unambiguously identified where surface winds carry the Prudhoe Bay emissions to Barrow (approximately 300 km). The events ranged in duration from 8–48 h and bring ambient air masses containing substantially elevated concentrations of CH₄, CO₂ and NO _y to Barrow. Using the slope of the observed CH₄ vs CO₂ concentrations during the events and the CO₂ emissions based on reported fuel consumption data, we calculate annual CH₄ emissions of (24+/–8)×10³ metric tons from the facility. In a similar manner, the annual NO _x emissions are calculated to be (12+/–4)×10³ metric tons, which is in agreement with an independently determined value. The calculated CH₄ emissions represent the amount released during routine operations including leakage. However this quantity would not include CH₄ released during non-routine operations, such as from venting or gas flaring.     

World-wide increase in tropospheric methane, 1978–1983

Tropospheric concentrations of methane in remote locations have averaged a yearly world-wide increase of 0.018±0.002 parts per million by volume (ppmv) during the period from January 1978 to December 1983. The concentrations in the north temperate zone are always greater than those in the south temperate zone by 7±1% because the major methane sources are all predominantly located in the northern hemisphere. The average world-wide tropospheric concentration of methane in dry air was 1.625 ppmv at the end of 1983, measured against an NBS standard certified as 0.97 ppmv (but with an accuracy of only ±1%). The world-wide concentration increases are described by a linear equation with a standard deviation of 0.003 ppmv for ten different collection periods during 1978–1983. The precision of measurement of the methane concentration in the atmospheric samples and in the standard was measured to be ±0.4% for each. Repetitive measurements of an air sample collected in November 1977 have shown the same concentration for six years with a standard deviation for these data of ±0.003 ppmv.The causes for the steady increase in methane concentration in the troposphere cannot be fixed with certainty from present data. Contributing causes can include increases in the source strengths from cattle and rice fields. The atmospheric concentrations of CO, CH₄ and HO are all closely coupled with one another, and increased concentrations of CO and/or CH₄ should cause reduced concentrations of HO, which in turn should lengthen the atmospheric lifetimes of CO and CH₄.Among other physical and chemical effects, a increase of 0.18 ppmv per decade should contribute a greenhouse warming of about 0.04°C per decade. Other secondary contributions to the greenhouse effect from increases in CH₄ may arise from methane-induced increases in stratospheric H₂O, in tropospheric O₃, and in numerous other trace species whose concentration is controlled by reaction with HO radicals.An increased CH₄ source strength may result from the effect of increasing atmospheric temperatures on the known aqueous biological CH₄ sources, such as swamps, and may be an added consequence of the greenhouse effect.     

Mitigating Agricultural Emissions of Methane

Agricultural crop and animal production systems are important sources and sinks for atmospheric methane (CH4). The major CH4 sources from this sector are ruminant animals, flooded rice fields, animal waste and biomass burning which total about one third of all global emissions. This paper discusses the factors that influence CH4 production and emission from these sources and the aerobic soil sink for atmospheric CH4 and assesses the magnitude of each source. Potential methods of mitigating CH4 emissions from the major sources could lead to improved crop and animal productivity. The global impact of using the mitigation options suggested could potentially decrease agricultural CH4 emissions by about 30%.     

Termites and global methane—another assessment

New CH₄ emission data from a number of Northern and Southern Hemispheric, tropical and temperate termites, are reported, which indicate that the annual global CH₄ source due to termites is probably less than 15 Tg. The major uncertainties in this estimate are identified and found to be substantial. Nevertheless, our results suggest that termites probably account for less than 5% of global CH₄ emissions.     

浙江临安水稻田甲烷排放通量的观测研究

1990年7—9月，在浙江临安（30°14＇N，119°42＇E），利用微气象学（梯度廓线）法及箱式技术对水稻田CH4排放通量进行了同步观测，取得了中稻整个生长期内的CH4排放资料。文章仅对箱式技术的观测结果作了介绍与分析。观测发现在整个灌溉期内，稻田CH4释放率为3.67—16.14 mg/m2·h，均值为10.58 mg/m2·h。CH4排放的季节变化明显，日变化也同样很明显。另外还发现，CH4排放通量与水（地）温及其他气象因素，如强风、阴雨等有关。与梯度廓线法的观测结果不同，箱式观测到的CH4排放通     

大气甲烷浓度的差分吸收测量

该文讨论了用双He-Ne激光监测环境大气中甲烷的差分吸收方法，在实验室测量了甲烷对He-Ne激光波长的吸收系数，并且用3.3922 μm和3.3912 μm线在室外进行了甲烷浓度的测量。测量获得当地近地面自然大气中的甲烷平均浓度值为1.78 ppm，标准偏差σx=0.238 ppm。     

瓦斯抽放站防雷设计方案

瓦斯抽放站是易燃易爆场所,属于第二类防雷建筑物,瓦斯放空管是存在连续级释放源的区域,属于爆炸危险区域的0区,为一类防雷。因此我们要做好瓦斯抽放站的防雷防静电措施,确保瓦斯抽放站及煤矿生产的安全运行。本文从雷电危害人手,针对瓦斯抽放站的不同区域及雷击的几种类型,依据相关规范技术标准,对瓦斯抽放站的防雷方案进行了设计。     

The effect of water vapour broadening on methane eddy correlation flux measurements

A high resolution tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) was used to measure the broadening effect of water vapor and other gases (dry air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and helium) on three methane lines in the v₄ fundamental. The effects on methane eddy correlation flux measurements amount to a few percent for the least broadened line for expected H₂O fluxes, to 10% for the most broadened line for higher H₂O and lower CH₄ fluxes likely to be encountered. The broadening coefficients of methane measured for air, N₂, O₂, and He are in good agreement with recently published values.