华南沿海暖海雾过程中的湍流热量交换特征

湍流交换是海雾中的关键物理过程, 在海雾的热量和水汽平衡过程中起重要作用。本文根据2007年3月24～25日一次海雾的外场观测数据, 分析了海雾过程中近海面湍流热量交换特征; 并在区分风切变机械湍流与雾顶长波辐射冷却热力湍流的基础上, 着重分析了两种不同性质的湍流对海雾发展和维持的作用。结果表明: (1) 本次海雾是在西南低压和变性冷高压的控制下, 来自南海东部暖水区的空气平流在近岸冷海面上形成的暖海雾; 暖海雾中的湍流热量交换过程比冷海雾更为复杂; (2) 在暖海雾的形成和消散阶段, 风切变机械湍流的热量输送起主要作用; 而在发展和维持阶段, 既有风切变机械湍流的热量输送作用, 也有雾顶长波辐射冷却热力湍流的热量输送作用; (3) 风切变机械湍流向冷海面输送热量, 对近海面空气起到降温和增湿作用; 热力湍流同样向冷海面输送热量, 但对雾层起到增温和降湿作用; (4) 暖海雾中的湍流热量交换机制与雾层的非充分混合结构有密切关系。     

亲潮延伸体海区一次海雾过程的观测研究

西北太平洋是全球海雾最多的海域,但由于观测资料匮乏,对开阔大洋上海雾形成机理的个例研究很少。2019年9月12—14日,中国北极科考船“向阳红01号”在亲潮延伸体水域捕捉到一次海雾事件。主要利用船载观测数据,分析了海雾形成的物理过程。结果表明,这是一次温带气旋的暖锋和局地海洋锋(海面温度锋)共同影响下的海雾过程。伴随暖锋的偏南气流将暖湿空气向北输送,在亲潮延伸体区,海面空气增湿效应大于增温效应,导致相对湿度不断增加接近饱和。北上暖空气遇到较冷水域上空的冷空气团,向上爬升形成大范围锋面逆温;局地海洋锋强迫出大气边界层内的次级环流,其下沉支使该锋面逆温层底的高度进一步降低,有利于雾滴局限在近海面成雾,雾区出现于暖锋锋面过后局地海洋锋的冷水侧。这项研究明确了海雾形成过程中作为背景环流的大气暖锋与作为局地强迫项的海洋锋的贡献,可为海雾预报提供新的理论支撑。     

2018年2月琼州海峡持续性海雾过程的数值模拟分析

2018年2月春节期间琼州海峡发生持续性大雾天气,造成大量船舶停航。本文结合葵花8号卫星反演海雾产品、琼州海峡沿岸站点能见度观测数据及美国国家环境预报中心NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction） 提供的FNL（Final Analysis）客观分析资料,对2018年2月18～20日的大雾过程进行了天气学成因分析,并进一步利用CMA-MESO（Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System）高分辨率数值模式从边界层方案、模式垂直分层以及海雾能见度算法三个方面进行敏感性试验,以找出模拟效果更好的模式设置方案。研究结果表明:大雾期间华南近海海温较常年平均偏低,受地面冷高压南下补充的弱冷空气影响,偏东暖湿气流流经冷海面并快速凝结。而数值模拟对比试验显示,采用YSU（Yonsei University）边界层方案、边界层垂直层次加密及美国国家海洋大气局预报系统实验室（FSL/NOAA）的海雾诊断方案（简称FSL）对改进能见度预报效果显著:YSU边界层方案比MRF（Medium Range Forecast Model）边界层方案对该次大雾过程的分布范围和最低能见度出现的时间模拟效果更优;模式低层分层加密可更好体现出低能见度的演变过程;通过能见度算法与实况对比,基于模式预报性能较好的湿度和温度预报而来的FSL算法,其能见度预报与站点实况最为接近。     

尺度自适应大气边界层参数化改进及其对一次海雾的数值模拟研究

大气边界层湍流运动是地球大气运动最重要的能量输送过程之一。当数值模式分辨率接近活跃含能湍涡长度尺度时，湍流运动被部分解析，被称为“灰色区域”，传统的边界层方案不适合此时模式湍流问题的描述。为了提高模式边界层方案在包括“灰色区域”的不同网格尺度上的描述能力，适应不同分辨率模式的需要，在雷诺平均湍流理论基础上，修正Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN)方案湍流长度尺度参数和非局地湍流的参数表达，改进湿度和温度在“灰色区域”的湍流输送参数化及对网格尺度的自适应能力。利用改进的MYNN尺度自适应方案，分别采用3 km和1 km、1.5 km和0.5 km分辨率单向嵌套网格WRF中尺度模式，对2014年2月26日的一次黄海海雾过程进行模拟试验，检验不同分辨率下改进后的MYNN大气边界层参数化方案的合理性和对海雾的模拟效果。尺度自适应MYNN大气边界层参数化方案在千米级网格尺度上获得稳定、合理的湍流垂直输送计算结果。参照雾区卫星云图，不同分辨率模式低层云水混合比模拟结果具有稳定表现，模拟的雾区分布和温度、湿度等物理量结构都较好地再现了再分析“观测事实”，初步表明该参数化方案有较高的网格尺度自适应能力。      

一次高压型海雾中的液态含水量演变特征

2008年3月16—17日在粤西电白出现了一次在高压天气系统控制下的海雾过程。利用这次海雾的综合观测数据,分析了这一高压型海雾的液态含水量演变特征,讨论了液态含水量与雾滴平均直径和数密度以及气温、风速、湍流交换等的关系。结果显示:(1)海雾有发展-消散-再发展的准周期性变化特征;(2)海雾过程中的雾滴数有显著的变化,而雾滴平均直径的变化较小;雾滴数变化对海雾的发展、消散起主要作用;(3)在海雾生成和发展阶段,空气的冷却机制起主要作用;而在海雾的维持阶段冷却机制的作用并不明显;(4)在雾的生成阶段,弱湍流交换有利于雾的生成;而在雾的发展和维持阶段,湍流交换减弱,液态水增长,反之液态水减少。湍流交换的强、弱与海雾发展-消散-再发展的周期性变化有密切关系。     

On the Evolution and Structure of a Radiation Fog Event in Nanjing

An extremely dense radiation fog event during 10-11 December 2007 was studied to understand its macro-micro-physics in relation to dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the boundary layer, as well as its structural evolution in conjunction with the air-surface exchange of heat and water vapor. The findings are as follows. The extreme radiation fog process was divisible into formation, development, mature, and dissipation phases, depending on microstructure and visibility. This fog event was marked by rapid evolution that occurred after sunrise, when enhanced surface evaporation and cold air intrusion led to a three order of magnitude increase in liquid water content (LWC) in just 20 minutes. The maximum droplet diameter (MDD) increased four-fold during the same period. The fog structure was two-layered, with the top of both the surface-layer and upper-layer components characterized by strong temperature and humidity inversions, and low-level jets existed in the boundary layer above each fog layer. Turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and friction velocity differed remarkably from phase to phase: these features increased gradually before the fog formation and decreased during the development phase; during the mature and dissipation phases these characteristics increased and then decreased again. In the development and mature stages, the mean kinetic energy of the lower-level winds decreased pronouncedly, both in the horizontal and vertical directions.     

Surface-layer fog considered using a modified Monin-Obukhov theory

The Prandtl-layer concept, assuming constant turbulent fluxes in the lowest meters or decameters of the atmosphere under horizontal homogeneous and steady-state conditions, is widely used; and it is also one of the fundamentals of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Thus, surface-layer condensation processes-essentially formation of shallow fog layers-implying convergence and divergence of turbulent fluxes of water vapour, liquid water content and sensible heat, cannot be treated within this concept. This paper tries to overcome this restriction by a modified Monin-Obukhov theory, which deals with constant fluxes of total water content and moist static energy (instead of water vapour and sensible heat). It shows that surface-layer fog situations (under steady-state and horizontally homogeneous conditions and neglecting radiational effects) can be treated by this modified theory, which yields turbulent vertical fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.The paper also derives a simple formula for the divergence of the turbulent flux of water vapour (E/z) under saturation conditions, which elucidates convergence ofE very close to the ground and divergence ofE higher up independent of whether the stratification is stable or unstable, i.e., whether there is fog over cold or warm ground. Model computations with the modified Monin-Obukhov theory are in full accordance with this formula. Thus a steam-fog case can be given as a demonstration of vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.     

黄渤海一次持续性大雾过程特征和成因分析

利用日本MTSAT1R卫星数据、常规地面和高空观测数据、NCEP FNL客观再分析资料和NEARGOOS（NorthEast Asian Regional Global Ocean Observing System）的海表温度（SST）数据,分析了2010年5月31日至6月5日发生在黄渤海及周边地区的一次持续性海雾天气的形成、维持、消散特征及其物理机制。结果表明：大雾形成前低层水汽非常充沛,入海变性冷高压的稳定维持为这次持续性海雾过程提供了有利的背景条件,海雾在夜间辐射冷却作用下形成;大雾期间黄渤海     

A maritime boundary-layer model for the prediction of fog

A two-dimensional boundary-layer model is described. The model is designed to predict and study the effects of meteorological changes on the formation and dissipation of fog and stratus. Radiational heat loss along with the transport of static energy, moisture and momentum are treated. Cloud droplet distributions are parameterized using a gamma distribution from which radiative properties and droplet fall velocities are computed. Turbulent exchange coefficients are calculated using the Monin-Obukhov theory of similitude which accounts for variations in atmospheric stability. Although the boundary-layer depth depends only on turbulent intensity during stable atmospheric conditions, its growth during unstable conditions is determined from the capping inversion's intensity and the amount of turbulence generated at the surface.Several experiments are presented which demonstrate the effects of various meteorological parameters on the formation and duration of stratus and fog. Energy-budget analyses show the importance of each of the physical processes being modeled.Although not new, radiative transfer processes are shown to be extremely important in the transfer of heat from the boundary layer and in the process of fog formation. Fog formation location is highly sensitive to the moisture content upstream, whereas changes in wind speed had much less effect in the variance of fog location.Numerical experiments with other processes such as back radiation from the atmosphere, haze and cloud droplet population, are described and shown to have smaller effects.     

利用TWP-ICE试验资料对比两种边界层参数化方案

利用高分辨率WRF单气柱模式,选取了两种边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟,比较了两种方案对边界层结构、云和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:季风活跃期,YSU方案模拟的湍流交换系数较小,湍流混合偏弱,边界层内热通量偏小,使地表热量和水汽不易向上输送,水汽含量在近地表明显偏多,而在边界层及其以上大气层具有显著的干偏差,因此该方案模拟的云中液态水和固态水含量偏低,云量偏少,降水率偏小;MYJ方案对于季风活跃期的边界层结构具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的云和降水更为准确。季风抑制期,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层结构存在较大误差,这是因为该方案模拟的夜间湍流交换系数较大,湍流混合偏强,边界层内热通量偏大,模拟的位温和水汽混合比在边界层内随高度变化较小,而观测廓线在边界层内存在较大梯度。季风抑制期两种方案模拟的云和降水均比观测值偏多,方案之间的差异较小。     

黄渤海海雾数值预报系统及检验方法研究

基于PSU／NcAR的WRF模式2．2版本,优选模式微物理过程和边界层方案,开发了海雾诊断程序,并将该诊断程序耦合到WRF模式中,建立了黄渤海海雾数值预报系统,对2007年6月30至8月1日多个海雾过程进行了连续业务预报试验。结合常规沿海站点和卫星监测资料的特点研究设计了能见度数值预报多种检验方法。结果表明：海雾数值预报系统可较准确地诊断（预报）海上能见度,特别是对大雾预报有较好的指导作用,具有一定的应用价值。检验方法的设计是目前海洋气象观测资料匮乏的有益尝试,能有效地控制数值预报产品的质量。     

2015-04-28渤海海雾形成过程中的海气相互作用分析

利用FY和MTSAT卫星资料、ERA Interim再分析资料、黄渤海浮标站资料、黄渤海自动站逐小时观测资料,对发生在2015年4月28—29日的渤海海雾成因进行分析,着重探讨了海雾形成过程中的海气相互作用。结果发现,近海面处大气低层逆温层抬升,大于90%的大湿度区向上、向西扩展,对海雾形成非常有利;海雾生成前、生成发展过程中存在明显的东到东南风,有利于黄海水汽向渤海输送,海面上空有水汽通量大值区由渤海海峡向渤海中部移动,使得渤海上空水汽输送加强,提供了海雾形成所需的水汽;在海雾形成过程中渤海上空气温高于海温,风切变造成的海气界面湍流热交换为大气输送向海洋,使得冷海面上空暖湿空气降温冷却达到饱和形成海雾,是平流冷却雾。      

Modelling the height,temperature and relative humidity of a well-mixed planetary boundary layer over a water surface

A vertically integrated model of a developing boundary layer over a wet surface is presented, and the expected change in the relative humidity is discussed. For the case of cold air moving over a water surface of constant temperature, analytical solutions of the model equations are obtained, giving the height, temperature and relative humidity of the boundary layer as functions of the distance travelled by the air column. The relation to the problem of sea smoke is discussed.     

南京冬季平流雾的生消机制及边界层结构观测分析

利用系留飞艇边界层要素探测系统等设备,对2006年12月24q7日发生在南京地区的雾日边界层结构进行了综合探测,深入研究了这次平流雾的生消机制及边界层结构。结果表明：此次雾属于比较典型的平流雾,生成和维持主要决定于暖湿气流和系统性下沉运动,消散主要是干冷空气南下造成的;雾项下降阶段出现了双层结构,中层逆温是逆温主层,属于下沉逆温及平流逆温,主逆温层强中心始终位于雾顶附近或处于雾顶之下;风速随高度呈现多峰分布,中层急流与强度较弱的中上层和上层急流合并后,又与下层急流出现了一强一弱的波动;在风速较小时,风场趋于均匀化;雾消散时,低层风场趋于线性化;雾主要的水汽来源是暖湿气流;比湿场与风场有较好的时空分布对应性,主逆温层强中心也是逆湿强中心,风场与温度场共同主导了比湿场的时空分布。     

A study on the transition mechanism of a stratus cloud into a warm sea fog using a single column model PAFOG coupled with WRF

The transition mechanism of stratus cloud into warm sea fog over the Yellow Sea near the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula is investigated using numerical simulation with a 1D turbulence model, PAFOG, coupled with a 3D regional model, WRF. The coupled model system was run in the two approaches, Eulerian and Lagrangian. For the selected warm sea fog case, the model results in the Eulerian approach showed that the bottom of the stratus cloud was lowered by cooling of the air just below the cloud base by turbulent heat loss. The Lagrangian approach showed the lowering of the stratus cloud top, owing to the evaporation of cloud droplets in this region by the entrainment of warm and dry air above the cloud top. The sensitivity test to SST indicated that the timing of water vapor saturation just below the cloud base depended on the magnitude of the turbulent heat flux from the sea surface. The subsidence rate was found to be important: when the subsidence rate was set to be half of the prescribed value, neither the lowering of the stratus cloud top nor the bottom occurred and the model could not produce a fog.     

Estimation Of Atmospheric Water Vapour Flux Profiles In The Nocturnal Unstable Urban Boundary Layer With Doppler Sodar And Raman Lidar

The vertical wind profiles determined by Doppler sodar and the water vapourmixing ratio profiles obtained by Raman lidar are used to estimate the atmosphericwater vapour flux profiles in the nocturnal urban boundary layer under unstableconditions. The experiment was conducted for several nights in the central areaof Rome under a variety of moisture conditions and different urban boundary-layerflow regimes. Despite some scatter in the profiles, the latent heat flux is found tobe positive throughout the depth of the nocturnal urban boundary-layer. Thelayer-averaged flux shows a variation between -4 to +40 W m^-2, whileindividual values of flux in excess of +150 W m^-2 pertain to a case offree convection during cold air advection caused by the sea breeze. The qualityof flux estimates is found to be highly limited by the low sampling rates employedin the experiment resulting in errors to the order of 60%. Therefore, the results mustbe viewed as estimates rather than precise measurements. The skewness profiles ofthe turbulent fluctuations of vertical velocity and water vapour mixing ratio are alsopositive.     

Analysis of Coastal Fog from a Ship During the C-FOG Campaign

This work presents ship-based measurements of fog off St John’s, Newfoundland, on 13 September 2018 during the Coastal Fog field campaign. The measurements included cloud-particle spectra, cloud-base height and aerosol backscatter, radiation, turbulence, visibility, and sea-surface temperature. Radiosonde soundings were made at intervals of less than 2 h. Fog occurred in two episodes during the passage of an eastward-moving synoptic low-pressure system. The boundary-layer structure during the first fog episode consisted of three layers, separated by two saturated temperature inversions, and capped by a subsidence inversion. The lowest layer was fog, and the upper layers were cloud. The second fog episode consisted of one well-mixed fog layer capped by a subsidence inversion. Low wind speeds and stable stratification maintained low surface-layer turbulence during fog. Droplet size distributions had typical bimodal distributions. The visibility correlated with the droplet number concentration and liquid water content. The air temperature was higher than the sea-surface temperature for the first 30 min of the first fog episode but was lower than the sea for the remainder of all fog. The sensible heat flux was upward, from sea to air, for the first 62% of the first fog episode and then reversed to downward, from air to sea, for the remainder of the first fog episode and the second fog episode. The counter-gradient heat fluxes observed (i.e., opposite to what is expected from the instantaneous air–sea temperature difference) appear to be related to turbulence, entrainment, and stratification in the fog layer that overwhelmed the influence of the air–sea temperature difference. While the synoptic-scale dynamics preconditioned the area for fog formation, the final step of fog appearance in this case was nuanced by stratification–turbulence interactions, local advective processes, and microphysical environment.

     

边界层湍流参数化改进对雾的模拟影响

为了提高边界层参数化在我国复杂下垫面上的描述能力,改善边界层能量和物质输送计算和检验其数值模拟效果,本文选取WRF三维模式,采用基于我国不同下垫面上的边界层观测资料改进的新MYNN（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino）参数化方案对2009年3月17日黄海海雾以及2011年12月4日华北地区两次大雾过程进行模拟检验,探讨边界层参数化方案对雾和边界层结构模拟的影响。参照卫星云图和探空资料,边界层内云水混合比垂直积分的水平分布的模拟能力明显提高,反映了改进的MYNN方案能够更好地模拟出两次雾过程的发生、移动和雾区空间分布,更精确的云水混合比和温度的垂直分布能更好地给出雾区的垂直结构和稳定层结,同时可改善雾区低层位温以及比湿垂直分布的模拟。     

北京一次浓雾过程的边界层结构及成因探讨

利用逐小时地面加密观测资料、系留气球探空资料、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等对2004年11月30日至12月1日发生在北京的一次浓雾过程进行了分析。结果表明:浓雾过程发生在边界层有浅槽东移,地面为均压场、微风、入夜后迅速辐射降温的条件下;浓雾生成前、后近地层维持辐合区,有利于水汽的聚集;在浓雾发生发展的不同阶段,边界层中逆温层、湿度和风的分布是有差别的;从动力学的角度对温、湿场结构的形成原因进行了初步探讨,指出了与其它辐射雾的不同点。     

一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层特征的观测分析

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