中国不同气候区土壤湿度特征及其气候响应

为获得中国不同气候区各层深度土壤湿度变化特征及其对气候变化的响应,利用中国区域台站观测土壤湿度资料、降水及气温资料,采用趋势、相关性分析及突变检验等方法,讨论了东北、河套、江淮区域1981~1999年不同深度土壤湿度变化特征及其对气温、降水的响应。结果表明:东北、江淮地区为土壤湿度高值区,河套地区为土壤湿度低值区,土壤湿度由浅层至深层呈上升趋势;东北、河套地区降水和土壤湿度变化呈正相关,江淮地区降水和土壤湿度呈负相关;东北、河套地区气温和土壤湿度变化呈负相关,江淮地区气温与土壤湿度呈正相关关系。土壤湿度对降水的响应比对气温变化的响应更加显著。      

利用GLDAS资料分析黄土高原半干旱区土壤湿度对气候变化的响应

利用GLDAS资料分析了1948~2010年黄土高原半干旱区气温、降水和土壤湿度的变化趋势,并重点讨论了气温和降水对土壤湿度的影响和相对贡献。结果表明:近60 a来黄土高原半干旱区整体呈现暖干化趋势,增温速率明显高于全球平均增温速率;不同深度的土壤湿度的长期变化均呈减小趋势,且年际间变化明显。不同深度的土壤湿度和气温呈负相关关系,并随着土壤加深,两者的相关性加强;土壤湿度和降水则呈正相关关系,相关关系最大出现在表层土壤。通过分析气温和降水在不同季节对土壤湿度的相对贡献发现,春季和冬季气温对土壤湿度的相对贡献较降水显著,秋季恰好相反,夏季气温和降水对土壤湿度的相对贡献大小相当。对比不同深度层降水、气温对土壤湿度的相对贡献得出,降水对浅层土壤湿度有显著作用,而气温对深层土壤湿度的作用更明显。     

冬季中国东部海区热通量变化与中国气温降水的关系

利用OAFlux月平均热通量、NCEP/NCAR（1958—2006年）再分析和全国160个站的月降水、气温等资料,采用相关分析、合成分析等方法,分析了中国东部海区海气界面热通量变化特征及其与中国冬、春季降水、气温的关系。研究表明,中国东部海区为潜热通量和感热通量年际变化的关键区,冬季变化最为显著,具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,热通量的增强趋势明显。热通量的年代际变化与同期冬季中国华南降水存在明显正相关,与华北降水存在负相关、与气温存在显著正相关。1983年气候突变前热通量年际变化与同期中国长江下游地区降水有很好的负相关。突变后热通量年际变化与同期淮河流域降水存在显著负相关;与后期春季中国两河流域降水存在显著负相关,与两河流域气温存在显著正相关。     

乾安县40年气候变化的分析

利用东北地区月平均气温、降水量、蒸发量等资料,计算了宁夏季气温和降水的相关系数,表明东北地区西部复季气温与降水量呈显著负相关.从年代际变化的分析中得知,20世纪90 年代暖干趋势明显,其中以乾安最为突出.分析乾安及其邻近测站蒸发量的年代际变化,表明乾安的夏季蒸发量上升趋势明显,并远大于其他测站,对环境的不良影响加重,而存下垫面条件较好一些的区域,夏季蒸发量呈下降趋势.乾安县未来复季气温仍为上升趋势,降水量存总体平均值之下呈旱.涝交替变化.     

中国气温和降水序列年代际分量的显著性检验

对1951—2008年中国160站年和四季的气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布进行显著性检验,以此为基础进一步对气温和降水序列中的年代际异常分量显著性作了严格的统计学分析,结果表明：1）大多数测站气温序列服从正态分布,大多数测站降水序列不服从正态分布;气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布与地域有一定联系。2）气温、降水序列中年代际变化分量的显著性存在明显差异,多数测站气温序列年代际分量显著,只有少数测站降水序列的年代际分量显著。3）因为1951—2008年中国160站年、季气温和降水序列不全服从正态分布,特别是降水序列的非正态性严重,建议对它们的统计显著性检验采用Monte Carlo方法。     

四川省多种土壤水分资料对比分析

从降水响应、指标评估两个方面对比分析了四川省西昌、宜宾和乐至3站2017~2018年CLDAS土壤湿度产品、人工观测和自动土壤水分站3种土壤水分资料。结果表明,3种资料的土壤相对湿度对降水都有较好的响应,其中自动站对土壤水分变化的响应最为明显,而CLDAS的响应则较为平缓,CLDAS体积含水量对降水的响应不如CLDAS相对湿度好,特别是在深层,基本没有响应降水影响。对比评估指标显示,各站土壤相对湿度人工观测与自动站的相关性最好,西昌站3种资料两两间相关性最好,乐至站各资料间的相关性较差,偏差和均方根误差也较大,体积含水量各站各资料间相关性没有相对湿度高。总体看,CLDAS土壤湿度产品,特别是相对湿度在浅层对降水的响应要好于深层,与人工观测和自动站的相关性也好于深层,CLDAS土壤湿度产品在浅层可以弥补四川部分地区自动站稀疏的缺陷。      

全球变暖背景下青藏高原夏季气温在对流层上下反相变化及其与降水和环流的关系

本文利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及中国596个测站月降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、经验正交函数分解(EOF)、相关分析、合成分析等方法,对青藏高原夏季对流层气温垂直变化及其与降水和环流的关系进行了分析。气温垂直变化特征分析表明:自1971年以来,青藏高原夏季对流层低层至对流层中上部气温呈现显著增暖趋势,对流层上部气温呈现显著变冷趋势,高原对流层低层至中上部气温及对流层上部气温在年际、年代际尺度上均呈较显著负相关,且均存在2~4 a及8~13 a的周期;夏季青藏高原地区沿27.5°N~40°N平均的气温距平垂直分布的EOF分解第一模态特征向量在对流层表现为"下降温上增温"的反相变化,其时间系数呈显著负趋势,且存在1978年及1994年的突变点。高原夏季气温在对流层的上下反相变化与我国夏季降水的关系在年际、年代际尺度上均显示:当高原对流层低层至对流层中上部升温而对流层上部降温时,我国夏季降水表现为南方型,其中以江南至华南地区降水显著偏多而我国东北地区降水显著偏少为主要分布特征;另外,长江流域的局部地区及我国西北的部分地区降水也明显偏少,而华北东部的局部地区、青藏高原中部及东部地区以及新疆西北部地区降水明显偏多;降水异常分布在年代际尺度上比年际尺度更显著。环流分析显示:当高原对流层低层至对流层中上部升温而对流层上部降温时东亚中高纬度地区为异常高压控制,中低纬度地区受异常低压影响。环流场与降水分布有较好的配置关系。     

中国东部前冬、春土壤湿度与夏季气候的关系

利用中国东部(100°E以东)139个站的1951~1999年逐月反演的土壤湿度资料以及160个气象台站的气温、降水资料,分析了我国东部不同区域前冬、春土壤湿度异常与夏季气候的关系。研究结果表明,黄河以南地区上年冬季土壤湿度与夏季降水存在正的相关关系,但这种滞后相关存在明显的地域差异。其中云贵高原和华中地区夏季气候对上年冬季土壤湿度响应最显著。黄河以北的华北和内蒙地区上年冬季土壤湿度与夏季降水有弱的负相关关系。除了云贵高原地区外,多数地区上年冬季土壤湿度与夏季温度存在负相关关系,其中负相关最显著的是华北地区。春季土壤湿度除与云贵高原的夏季气候关系密切外,与其他地区夏季气候的关系不显著。土壤湿度与气候的滞后相关表明土壤湿度在年际尺度上对后期气候有一定的影响。     

土壤湿度年际变化对中国区域极端气候事件模拟的影响研究Ⅱ.敏感性试验分析

利用NCARCAM3.1大气环流模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常的两组数值试验,探讨了土壤湿度年际异常对极端气候事件模拟的可能影响。结果表明,模式模拟的极端气候事件对土壤湿度异常十分敏感,土壤湿度异常对极端气候指标的多年平均空间分布、年际变率以及年际变化均具有重要影响。当不考虑土壤湿度的年际异常时:(1)模拟的暖夜日数、暖昼日数和热浪持续指数的发生频次在全国范围内均明显减少,而霜冻日数则明显增加。极端降水指标的响应表现出明显的空间差异,极端降水频次在江淮流域明显减小,而极端降水强度则表现为东北减弱、长江流域增强;中雨日数和持续湿期在我国大部分地区减少。(2)极端气温指标的年际变率在我国大部分地区呈减小趋势;而极端降水事件的变化则较为复杂,极端降水频次和极端降水强度的年际变率在长江以南有所增强,而北方地区则有所减弱。中雨日数和持续湿期的年际变率在我国呈现出较为一致的减少趋势。(3)模式对暖夜日数、霜冻日数的年际变化的模拟能力明显下降,并对4个极端降水指标的年际变化的模拟能力在全国多数区域均有不同程度的下降。     

东北夏季(6-8月)气温异常的时空特征分析

利用夏季（6—8月）中国东北地区91站44a气温资料，采用谐波分析方法将该区夏季气温异常变化的年代际、年际尺度分量分离，研究时空特征，然后应用REOF进行气温异常的区划，研究局域异常变化的年代际、年际分量的变化特征。结果发现：1）东北各站夏季异常方差中，东北大部分地区的气温异常的年代际变化分量均明显大于年际变化分量。2）区域气温异常的年代际变化主要特征为线性上升趋势。大范围夏季异常高温（低温）常出现在年代际、年际异常同时为正（负）的年份。3）气温异常可划分为南部型、北部型、东部型、西部型4个型，其中南部型和西部型的年代际变化相对重要，而东部型和北部型的年际变化相对重要。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.