疏松砂岩油藏大孔道流体-砂粒两相运移的机理分析

油藏中大孔道的存在不仅导致套损和井壁失稳等,而且大大降低了油田注水和注化学剂的驱油效率。因此,研究大孔道形成及大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移机理十分重要。根据多相流体力学的理论,考虑流体-砂粒之间的相互作用关系以及砂粒的沉降等,建立了大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移的数学模型,并根据有限元方法探讨了数值求解的方法。从而为疏松砂岩油藏大孔道形成预测提供理论参考。     

多孔介质中水气交替注入微观渗流模拟

针对水气交替注入(water-alternating-gas,WAG)过程中,油气水三相渗流的微观机理认识不足和油气水三相流体在多孔介质中分布规律认识不准确等问题,基于三维孔隙网络模型,应用孔隙级模拟方法,从微观角度模拟了不同润湿性多孔介质中的WAG驱替过程.结果表明:连通性较好的多孔介质中,原油主要在前两轮的WAG循环中被驱替出来;在前两轮WAG驱替之后,流体饱和度和分布规律达到比较稳定的状态,但在完全水湿模型中油相仍然在多孔介质中流动.得出的WAG驱替过程中各相流体饱和度的变化规律、各相流体分布规律和驱替类型,较好地阐述和解释了多孔介质中的微观驱替机理.     

超低渗透储层孔隙结构对渗流特征的影响

为认识特低渗透储层成岩相分布以及微观渗流特性,尤其是孔隙结构对岩石渗流能力的控制作用,以合水地区长6层为研究对象,利用油水相渗、真实砂岩微观水驱油、核磁共振等实验,分析了不同成岩相储层的渗流特征,并结合恒速压汞、高压压汞实验测试结果及产油能力,探讨了不同成岩相孔隙结构与渗流规律的内在联系。结果表明,储层岩石孔隙中的油能否被驱出主要取决于连通孔隙的喉道参数,优势成岩相储层孔喉半径及有效喉道体积大,流体易于流动,驱油效率高;孔喉半径比大、孔喉分布范围窄、孔隙结构非均质性强是不利成岩相储层渗流能力差和驱油效率低的主要原因。     

特低-超低渗透砂岩储层微观水驱油特征及影响因素:以鄂尔多斯盆地马岭油田长8_1储层为例

为了更加深入地探究特低-超低渗透储层油水的微观流动特征及其表现出差异性的因素,以马岭油田长8_1储层为代表,对典型样品进行了微观渗流实验,并结合物性、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、恒速压汞及核磁共振等多种实验测试结果对储层流体的微观驱替机理及导致驱油效率高低不同的因素进行了研究。结果表明:研究区块长8_1油藏按微观渗流通道类型可分为溶孔-粒间孔型、溶孔型、微孔型3类,其驱油效率逐类降低,不同微观渗流通道类型样品的渗流特征表现出较大的差异性,其中溶孔-粒间孔型样品平均驱油体积为0.010 cm~3,最终平均驱油效率高达45.60%,驱替效果最为理想。储层微观条件中,喉道半径大小及分布状况对驱油效率的大小起决定性的作用,物性和可动流体饱和度两者对驱油效率的大小均具有较低程度的控制作用;外部实验条件中,对驱油效率产生较大控制作用的为注入水体积倍数和驱替压力。因此,在油藏实际水驱采油过程中应当采用较为合理的注水压力和注入水体积倍数。     

X-CT扫描成像技术在特低渗透储层微观孔隙结构及渗流机理研究中的应用--以西峰油田庄19井区长82储层为例

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组河流-湖泊三角洲相砂岩储层物性受沉积--埋藏--成岩等因素控制.特低渗透储层具有其独特的微观孔隙结构和渗流机理.应用X-CT扫描成像实验技术进行砂岩岩心微观孔隙结构水驱油驱替实验,通过CT扫描切片图像观察分析了注入水微观驱替渗流机理及不同注入压力下的水驱油效率变化分布规律(实验岩心的水驱油效率最高为62%,最低为42%,平均为51. 6%),定量评价了储层微观孔隙结构特征.实验表明低孔、低渗和储层微观双重孔隙结构是造成注入水启动压力、水驱油效率差异大的根本原因;而较强的微观孔隙结构非均质性,是造成注入水波及效率不高、水驱油效率较低的主要原因.     

高温高盐高黏油藏缔合聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术

针对大港油田孔南地区高温、高盐、中低渗、稠油等制约化学驱提高采收率的瓶颈技术问题,以官109 1断块枣Ⅴ油组为目标油藏,在优选适合缔合聚合物和表面活性剂基础上,进行聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术室内实验和现场应用研究。通过室内实验优选,缔合聚合物AP P7和表面活性剂BHS 01二元体系溶液与常规体系相比,具有较好的耐温抗盐性,拓展了常规二元驱适用油藏的温度和矿化度范围;缔合聚合物经过岩心剪切后仍能够有效建立阻力系数和残余阻力系数;通过岩心驱替实验,体系能有效提高稠油油藏的采收率,拓宽了聚合物驱适用的原油黏度范围;矿场单井试注后,注入井注入压力和启动压力升高,纵向吸水剖面得到改善,说明该体系在高温高盐条件下仍能保持较高黏度,能够有效改善水油流度比,效果明显。     

合水地区长6油层微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6油层组超低渗透储层的微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素进行深入研究,为提高采收率提供了科学依据。研究以真实砂岩微观模型渗流实验为主要手段,结合铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等方法对孔隙结构、岩石类型等进行测试。研究表明,研究区长6油层的渗流特征以网状驱替和均匀驱替为主,指状驱替甚少;不同的驱替类型对应不同的最终驱油效率,均匀驱替模型最终驱油效率最高,指状驱替模型最低。储层物性中渗透率是影响驱油效率的主要因素,孔隙度次之;适当地提高驱替压力能够有效地提高驱油效率;提高注水体积倍数也能适当地提高驱油效率;非均质性对驱油效率也有一定的影响。     

塔河油田西南地区古生界低渗砂岩油层流体分布及对渗流特征的影响

塔河油田西南地区古生界低渗砂岩油气层业已证明具工业油气潜力,但实际测试表明,砂岩油层产能低、变化大、含水高,这种特点与油气显示相矛盾。综合实际流体分析化验、岩心含油性描述、含油饱和度测试以及荧光薄片观察分析资料,开展了流体宏观和微观分布研究,建立了流体微观分布模式,探讨了流体分布与低渗砂岩油层润湿性、相渗性的关系,进而阐明了低渗砂岩油层复杂产出特征的内在主控因素。研究表明,工区古生界低渗砂岩油气层利用薄片荧光颜色划分出4类含油沥青类型,建立了两类流体分布模式,并分别对应两类润湿性特征。相渗性实验表明,流体分布模式I(亲水模式)相对模式Ⅱ(混合润湿模式)的相渗曲线具有相对较高束缚水饱和度、较高最大含水饱和度、较低残余油饱和度、较大两相渗流饱和度范围、较高等渗点含水饱和度以及较高最终驱油效率的特点。因而,在相同含水饱和度的情况下,亲水模式(模式Ⅰ)相对混合润湿模式(模式Ⅱ)油层的油相相对渗透率较高,具有较高的产能、较低的含水率和较高的采收率。实际测试资料证实上述分析是可信的。     

微凝胶颗粒水分散液体系在多孔介质中的驱替机理

储层孔隙结构的非均质性导致水驱不均,不同大小孔隙（喉）之间形成优势渗流流动.在水驱开发中后期,剩余油高度分散在储层孔渗系统中难以启动,如何对孔隙尺度的水驱优势流动进行抑制的同时又确保不堵塞油流通道,使剩余油被高效采出,是当前提高石油采收率技术基础研究的主要方向.制作微观仿真储层孔隙结构与尺度的非均质性物理模型,开展了连续相驱替流体（聚合物溶液、交联聚合物凝胶）和微纳米柔性微凝胶颗粒水分散体系驱油机理的对比实验.实验表明,作为连续相的传统聚合物溶液依靠粘度无区分地增加大小孔隙中的流动阻力,从而赋予低渗层区小孔隙中的剩余油以驱动力,将这些剩余油携带采出,当粘度过大时,甚至难以启动剩余油;微凝胶颗粒分散液作为低粘水分散流体,其中的凝胶颗粒优先进入大孔隙,暂堵在喉道处并抑制相对大孔隙中的流动,同时注入水转向进入相对小的孔隙,将其中的剩余油活塞式推出,该过程在空间和时间上是不断重复的.本文从流度调整的角度对实验结果进行了分析,结果表明传统的连续相驱替流体是依靠提升注入水的粘度实现流度的调整,而微凝胶颗粒水分散体系是通过降低注入水的相对渗透率,并相对提高油相渗透率,从而实现对流度的高效调整.      

非饱和花岗岩残积土水-气两相驱替过程数值模拟

水流在非饱和土体中的入渗过程实质上是水在下渗的过程中驱替空气的两相流问题。为揭示非饱和花岗岩残积土水-气两相驱替动态渗流机理,选取福州某地原状花岗岩残积土作为研究对象,基于工业CT扫描图像与Level Set方法,研究了原状土样两相驱替的动态特征。结果表明:对于细观尺度水-气两相驱替模拟,Level Set法能很好地捕捉两种不混溶流体间的界面位置;水-气两相驱替过程存在大孔隙优先流特征,且“绕流”现象一般易于出现在孔隙成圆度较高处;两相渗流速度主要受孔道迂回度控制,笔直、较宽孔道,渗流速度相对较高,同时存在明显的“优势通道”,且随渗流时间增大以先急后缓的特征呈正相关变化,最大增速率为 10.77%,最小仅 1.90%;孔道横截面速度大小分布与孔隙结构有关,“回流”和“绕流”现象会使驱替速度骤降,降低幅度可达21.62%;驱替阻力最大出现在孔壁处,孔道越窄,阻力越大;驱替效率与驱替压差成正比关系,且初期加压增速效果显著,可达25.49%,后期仅为1.47%。该研究成果可丰富降雨型滑坡理论基础并预防灾害产生,具有重要的理论价值及工程意义。     

Analytical solution of polymer slug injection with viscous fingering

We present an analytical solution to estimate the minimum polymer slug size needed to ensure that viscous fingering of chase water does not cause its breakdown during secondary oil recovery. Polymer flooding is typically used to improve oil recovery from more viscous oil reservoirs. The polymer is injected as a slug followed by chase water to reduce costs; however, the water is less viscous than the oil. This can result in miscible viscous fingering of the water into the polymer, breaking down the slug and reducing recovery. The solution assumes that the average effect of fingering can be represented by the empirical Todd and Longstaff model. The analytical calculation of minimum slug size is compared against numerical solutions using the Todd and Longstaff model as well as high resolution first contact miscible simulation of the fingering. The ability to rapidly determine the minimum polymer slug size is potentially very useful during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) screening studies.     

Study on the optimal development method for offshore buried hill fractured reservoirs

In order to understand the percolation mechanism and development regulation in offshore buried hill fractured reservoir, similarity criteria of physical simulation on water flooding in the fractured reservoirs were established by using similarity and flow theory. Based on the similarity theory and Warren–Root model, a large-scale (1 m?×?1 m?×?0.5 m) physical similarity model was built. By conducting the similar physical experiments, the behavior and mechanism of fluid flow in the reservoir in different development modes were studied, together with the optimal development program selected. The physical simulation results show that the stereoscopic staggered horizontal well pattern can give full play to the function of oil–water gravitational differentiation and reduce the rising rate of water cut. Flooding mechanisms vary from mode to mode: The sweep efficiency of cold water flooding is higher, whereas the oil displacement efficiency in the fracture and oil recovery in the matrix are lower in the affected area. The hot water flooding can improve the oil–water flow ratio of the mainstream line, reduce the seepage resistance, and improve the oil displacement efficiency in the fracture and the oil recovery of the matrix in the area. However, due to poor heat transfer efficiency, the difference of seepage resistance between the mainstream line and other regional increases results in decreased sweep efficiency. Surfactant flooding reduces oil–water interfacial tension and improves flooding efficiency in the area, yet degenerates oil recovery for the matrix.     

Simulation of triggering and geodeformation processes induced by fluid injection into the geomedium

A module for simulation of seismic and geodeformation processes when fluid is injected into and extracted from the geomedium is developed. Calculation of the stress–strain state of the geomedium involves a modified Biot model that takes the rate of bulk strain in the Darcy equation into account. For software implementation of the module simulating the processes during fluid motion in terms of the Biot model, we applied the OpenFOAM 2.4.0 free package of C++ libraries. This package is a set of compiled modules and their source codes; the latter encapsulate all of the most commonly used objects and operations from computational continuum mechanics in accordance with the principles of object-oriented programming. Development of the stress calculation module is based on the standard solver for elastic deformation of an isotropic body from the OpenFOAM package. Its code was supplemented with the procedure of discretization and solution of the Darcy equation for pore pressure. Geodeformation effects are estimated by direct calculation of free surface displacements near the sources of fluid injection and extraction; these displacements can lead, in particular, to dangerous subsidence and induced seismicity. Triggering seismic effects are estimated by calculation of the accumulation rate for excessive tangential stresses in a fault zone at the depth of the seismogenic layer (5–15 km), with the ratios linking the historical seismicity and the tectonic stress accumulation rate in terms of the modified Dietrich’s model being taken into account. Seismological validation of the possible maximum magnitudes of technogenic earthquakes and their recurrence periods in the NE Sakhalin region of intensive oil and gas development is performed. The models of seismic process activation during technogenic impacts on the geomedium are specified.     

聚驱后油藏剩余油分布数值模拟

通常聚合物驱的最终采收率在50%左右,聚合物驱后剩余油具有相当的开采潜力。以大庆长垣北部多段多韵律聚驱主力油藏为例,采用化学驱油藏数值模拟技术,系统研究并总结了典型油藏聚驱后平面及纵向剩余油的分布特征。结果表明,聚驱后油藏剩余油的分布系统可划分为2大成因、3大区域和7个部位。其中:存在受地质因素制约的剩余油,如废弃河道中部、砂体尖灭区、相对孤立的薄差砂体;也有开发因素控制的剩余油,如厚油层顶部剩余油、注采不完善部位、注入井间与生产井附近以及聚驱后高渗层内的残余油。聚合物驱后油藏剩余油主要富集于3大区域内,究其原因则主要源于水驱和后续聚驱波及程度的不同。     

水驱原油稠化对剩余油富集的有利影响

胜利油田虽已进入含水率约99%的特高含水期,但从取心情况来看,岩心含油饱和度主体在60%~80%之间,即岩心 含水饱和度低、水驱采出液高含水、电加热采出液几乎为纯油不含水。为解释这三点看似矛盾的现象,提出了地下原油水 驱后逐渐生物降解稠化的新型解释,认为油田长期开采后,会因为水驱而发生快速的生物降解。实验状态下,生物降解至 6 级以上大约需要8 周时间。由于原油的逐渐稠化,使胜利油田早期出现地表采出液特高含水的情况。地下含油饱和度仍较 高,且主体为难于采出的稠油和沥青,使剩余油富集。水驱的增稠作用虽然对过去的采收率有一定影响,然而就目前而 言,稠化后形成的周边沥青,对剩余油的富集反而起到了有利的保存作用。     

CO_2-原油体系混相状态的渗流特性

为认识混相状态的CO2在油藏中的渗流特征,利用高温高压三维模拟装置对CO2-地层原油体系在油藏环境条件下的混相驱替过程进行研究.实验发现:模型产出液量与注入量存在较大差异;采收率、含水和气油比曲线亦表现出CO2在孔隙介质中渗流的复杂特征.由实时监测的含水饱和度分布场图分析认为:CO2与原油混相后,流体粘度降低、渗流阻力减小,这是提高采收率的重要原因之一;同时,CO2/原油相与部分接触水能形成近似于三相混相的状态.实验研究还表明CO2以高密度气体形式进入饱和水、饱和油无法进入的微孔隙,这是注入量和产出量不一致的主要原因.     

Coupled discrete element and finite volume solution of two classical soil mechanics problems

One dimensional solutions for the classic critical upward seepage gradient/quick condition and the time rate of consolidation problems are obtained using coupled routines for the finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM), and the results compared with the analytical solutions. The two phase flow in a system composed of fluid and solid is simulated with the fluid phase modeled by solving the averaged Navier–Stokes equation using the FVM and the solid phase is modeled using the DEM. A framework is described for the coupling of two open source computer codes: YADE-OpenDEM for the discrete element method and OpenFOAM for the computational fluid dynamics. The particle–fluid interaction is quantified using a semi-empirical relationship proposed by Ergun [12]. The two classical verification problems are used to explore issues encountered when using coupled flow DEM codes, namely, the appropriate time step size for both the fluid and mechanical solution processes, the choice of the viscous damping coefficient, and the number of solid particles per finite fluid volume.     

Finite element modelling of three-phase flow in deforming saturated oil reservoirs

A numerical simulation is presented for three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir. The mathematical formulation describes a fully coupled governing equation systen which consists of the equilibrium and continuity equations for three immiscible fluids flowing in a porous medium. An elastoplastic soil model, based on a Mohr–Coulomb yield surface, is used. The finite element method is applied to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where displacement and fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved by a direct solver using fully implicit procedures. The developed model is used to investigate the problems of three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir.     

聚合物驱油效果储层影响因素分析

在聚合物驱油室内试验的基础上，结合矿场试验效果，分析了蒙古林砂岩油藏注聚合物见效井的地质特征和影响聚合物驱油效果的储层因素，对油田今后编制聚合物驱油方案和开发调整方案、提高聚合物的驱油效率有着重要指导意义。