三峡水库蓄水后荆江洲滩变化特征

目前对三峡水库蓄水后荆江河段的洲滩演变还缺乏完整认识。基于三峡水库蓄水前后枯水期遥感影像,分析了荆江洲滩的冲淤变化与分布及形态演变。结果表明,蓄水后荆江洲滩总面积持续冲刷减小,累计冲刷4.56 km²,大部分发生在蓄水后前6年（冲刷速率0.55 km²/a）。上、下荆江洲滩的冲淤演变存在差异性。上荆江洲滩总面积一直处于冲刷萎缩中,且其强度明显大于下荆江,累计冲刷6.46 km²;下荆江前期（2002-2009年）冲刷、后期（2009-2015年）淤增,累计淤1.90 km²。在冲淤分布上,上荆江凸岸滩持续冲刷萎缩,凹岸滩前期冲刷、后期略有淤增,心滩（洲）前期淤积增长而后期冲刷萎缩;下荆江主要是凸岸滩冲刷,凹岸滩和心滩（洲）有所发展。根据滩体位置活动和冲淤动态性,荆江心滩（洲）演变被划分为8种典型类型。在形态演变上,上荆江以凸岸突出滩体和边滩发育的凹岸滩冲刷显著,形态变化不大。下荆江凸岸滩上游弯侧冲蚀后退、湾顶退缩、下游弯侧淤积伸长,形态趋向低弯扁平化,在高弯曲特定河湾平面形态格局下凸岸冲刷—淤积过程延伸到相邻河湾凹岸,成为下荆江凹岸滩和心滩淤积发展的重要因素,但淤积一般不越过凹岸湾顶。     

长江荆南三口河系水位演变规律及对江湖水量交换关系的响应

为分析荆南三口河系水位演变规律与江湖水量交换关系。依据1956—2017年荆南三口、湖南四水、洞庭湖城陵矶站以及长江干流枝城站月平均水位及流量和该流域8个雨量站的降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、回归分析、流量年特征值等方法研究了三口水位的时序演变特征及其与流量、降水、江湖水量交换、人类活动的关系。结果表明：① 与阶段一（1956—1966年）相比,阶段二（1967—1980年）、三（1981—2002年）、四（2003—2017年）河系年平均水位、年最高水位分别下降0.74 m、0.37 m,年最低水位上升0.07 m;② 在涨（4—5月）、丰（6—9月）、退（10—11月）、枯（12月—次年3月）四个水文节点上,最低水位降幅最大（-0.98 m）,平均水位次之（-0.78 m）,最高水位最小（0.55 m）,并将其降幅按水文节点排序依次为退水期（-0.95 m）>丰水期（-0.61 m）>涨水期（-0.21 m）>枯水期（0.15 m）;③ 河系水位变化与其流量变化有着较好的一致性（二者的相关系数r =0.65）,与降水量相关性较弱（r =-0.16）,但2002—2017年相对干旱的气候加剧了河系水位的下降。从总体上看,长江枝城来水量减少和以水利工程为代表的人类活动方式是导致荆南三口河系特征水位下降的主要驱动因素。     

长江中游荆江河段同流量-水位演化特征及驱动成因

水库运行改变了坝下游水沙输移条件,在河道冲刷的同时,引起水位过程出现适应性调整.本文以长江中游荆江河段为对象,采用多项式拟合法,对比分析1991-2016年间分级流量一水位变化特征,采用基于河流动力学原理的分离变量法,识别河道冲淤、下游控制水位及河床综合糙率等变化对分级流量-水位变化的影响程度.研究表明:1991-20...     

The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam

In this study, data measured from 1955-2016 were analysed to study the relationship between the water level and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) after the impoundment of the dam. The results highlight the following facts: (1) for the same flow, the low water level decreased, flood water level changed little, lowest water level increased, and highest water level decreased at the hydrological stations in the downstream of the dam; (2) the distribution of erosion and deposition along the river channel changed from “erosion at channels and deposition at bankfulls” to “erosion at both channels and bankfulls;” the ratio of low-water channel erosion to bankfull channel erosion was 95.5% from October 2002 to October 2015, with variations between different impoundment stages; (3) the low water level decrease slowed down during the channel erosion in the Upper Jingjiang reach and reaches upstream but sped up in the Lower Jingjiang reach and reaches downstream; measures should be taken to prevent the decrease in the channel water level; (4) erosion was the basis for channel dimension upscaling in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; the low water level decrease was smaller than the thalweg decline; both channel water depth and width increased under the combined effects of channel and waterway regulations; and (5) the geometry of the channels above bankfulls did not significantly change; however, the comprehensive channel resistance increased under the combined effects of riverbed coarsening, beach vegetation, and human activities; as a result, the flood water level increased markedly and moderate flood to high water level phenomena occurred, which should be considered. The Three Gorges Reservoir effectively enhances the flood defense capacity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the superposition effect of tributary floods cannot be ruled out.     

三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

三峡水库蓄水利用已有13年,对坝下游洪、枯水位和河道形态调整的影响已初步显现,通过对1955-2016年长江中游水位、河道地形等资料的分析,结果表明：① 坝下游各水文站同流量枯水位下降、洪水位变化不大,最低水位上升,最高水位下降趋势;② 2002年10月-2015年10月枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽冲刷量的95.5%,冲淤分布由蓄水前“冲槽淤滩”转为“滩槽均冲”,不同蓄水阶段存在差异;③ 河槽冲刷过程中,上荆江及以上河段枯水位下降趋势趋缓,下荆江及以下河段下降速率增加,应采取防控措施遏制河道水位下降趋势;④ 枯水河槽冲刷是长江中下游航道水深提升的基础,枯水位降幅小于深槽下切深度,在河道和航道整治工程综合作用下航道尺度提升,提前5年实现了2020年航道尺度规划目标;⑤ 平滩水位以上河槽形态调整不大,在河床粗化、岸滩植被、人类活动等综合作用下河道综合阻力增加,出现了中洪水流量—高水位现象,应引起足够重视。三峡水库汛期调蓄作用可有效提升中下游洪水防御能力,但不排除遭遇支流洪水叠加效应,中下游洪水压力仍然较大。     

长江上游降水对三峡水库蓄水关键月入库流量的影响

论文基于长江上游271个气象站点1961—2017年逐日降水量数据及三峡水库日入库流量资料,辅以差异t检验、合成分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,就长江上游降水对三峡水库入库流量的影响进行了分析,结果表明：① 三峡水库蓄水期关键月的入库流量受同年8月及9月的降水影响最为明显;② 依据降水特征将长江上游进行分区的结果是在沿江及以南遵循自然流域划分,长江以北则不同,6个区分别为：I区(嘉陵江流域南部)、II区(金沙江上游、岷沱江北部、嘉陵江北部)、III区(重庆—宜昌)、IV区(乌江)、V区(宜宾—重庆)、VI区(金沙江流域中下游);③ 6个区对三峡水库蓄水关键月的入库流量贡献：I区和III区的降水量最大,汇流距离短,相较其他4个区,贡献最大;II区站点稀疏,降水量最少,汇流距离长,贡献最小;其他3个区(IV、V、VI区)贡献相近;④ 分析2003年以来蓄水期遭遇的3次流量峰值超50000 m³/s的洪水过程,其中2014年9月11—18日I区出现连续强降水,同时叠加III区过程性强降水,导致了19—20日三峡水库入库出现超过50000 m³/s的超大洪峰,证实了I区和III区降水对三峡入库流量的高贡献影响分析结论可靠,该结论也对三峡水库合理蓄水调度具有一定的参考价值。     

洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应

运用洞庭湖区与长江干流相关控制站1951-2010 年实测水文数据, 在分析江湖水力关系的基础上, 从不同时间尺度分析江湖水体交换能力的演变特征及其对三峡水库运行的响应。结果表明:① 7-9 月长江荆南三口对洞庭湖的补给能力较强, 1-3 月洞庭湖对长江的补给能力较强;② 江湖水体交换系数具有明显的年代际波动, 其中1951-1958 年、1959-1968 年荆南三口对湖泊的补给能力较强, 而2003-2010 年湖泊对长江的补给能力增强;③ 三峡水库运行后无论是典型年还是在水库不同调度方式运行期, 三口分泄能力减弱, 入湖水量减少, 而因四水入湖水量占绝对优势, 湖泊对长江的补给能力明显增强;④ 尽管影响江湖水体交换能力的因素极为复杂, 但从总体上讲, 除受流域降水波动影响外, 江湖水体交换能力在不同时间尺度上的演变特征及其过程均随着江湖水体交换量的变化而变化, 说明江湖水体交换能力强度与江湖水体交换量之间存在着彼此消长的关系。     

Mechanisms of suspended sediment restoration and bed level compensation in downstream reaches of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP)

River basin reservoir construction affects water and sediment transport processes in downstream reaches. The downstream impact of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP) has started to become apparent: (1) reduction in flood duration and discharge, and significant reduction in sediment load. Although there was some restoration in downstream sediment load, the total amount did not exceed the pre-impoundment annual average; (2) in 2003–2014, the d > 0.125 mm (coarse sand) load was restored to some degree, and to a maximum at Jianli Station, which was mainly at the pre-impoundment average. After restoration, erosion and deposition characteristics of the sediment was identical to that before impoundment. The degree of restoration during 2008–2014 was less than during 2003–2007; (3) after TGP impoundment, there was some restoration in d < 0.125 mm (fine sand) sediment load, however, it was lower than the pre-impoundment average; (4) due to riverbed compensation, the d > 0.125 mm sediment load recovered to a certain degree after impoundment, however, the total did not exceed 4400×10⁴ t/y. This was mainly limited by flood duration and the average flow rate, and was less affected by upstream main stream, tributaries, or lakes. Restoration of d < 0.125 mm suspended sediment was largely controlled by upstream main stream, tributaries, and lakes, as well as by riverbed compensation. Due to bed armoring, riverbed fine suspended sediment compensation capability was weakened; (5) during 2003–2007 and 2008–2014, Yichang to Zhicheng and upper Jingjiang experienced coarse and fine erosion, lower Jingjiang experienced coarse deposition and fine erosion, Hankou to Datong had coarse deposition and fine erosion, and Chenglingji and Hankou was characterized by coarse deposition and fine sand erosion in 2003–2007, and coarse and fine erosion in 2008–2014. This difference was controlled by flood duration and number at Luoshan Station.     

长江三峡水库消落区保护利用研究

阐述了长江三峡水库消落区概况及其保护利用的意义和目的,分析了消落区存在的主要问题,提出了三峡水库消落区保护利用的相应对策：尽快编制消落区保护利用规划,有序开展保护利用工作;尽快建立完善消落区保护利用法规,依法开展其工作;及时研究消落区保护利用作中出现的新情况及重大问题,进行理论突破、政策创新和管理创新;尽快开展消落区保护利用的科研工作,寻求科技支撑,提高其保护利用效益。     

Evolution characteristics and drivers of the water level at an identical discharge in the Jingjiang reaches of the Yangtze River

The operation of large-scale reservoirs have modified water and sediment transport processes, resulting in adjustments to the river topography and water levels. The polynomial fitting method was applied to analyze the variation characteristics of water levels under different water discharge values in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River from 1991–2016. The segregation variable method was used to estimate the contributions of the varied riverbed evaluation, the downstream-controlled water level, and the comprehensive roughness on the altered water level at an identical flow. We find that low water levels in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River from 1991–2016 are characterized by a significant downward trend, which has intensified since 2009. Riverbed scouring has been the dominate factor causing the reduced low water level while increased roughness alleviated this reduction. From 1991–2016, there was first a decrease followed by an increase in the high water level. The variation characteristic in terms of the "high flood discharge at a high water level" before 2003 transformed into a "middle flood discharge at a high water level" since 2009. The increased comprehensive roughness was the main reason for the increased high water level, where river scouring alleviated this rise. For navigation conditions and flood control, intensified riverbed scouring of the sandy reaches downstream from dams enhanced the effects that the downstream water level has on the upstream water level. This has led to an insufficient water depth in the reaches below the dams, which should receive immediate attention. The alteredvariation characteristics of the high water level have also increased the flood pressure in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.