临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma湖相沉积物颜色记录的气候变化探讨

利用高分辨率的代用资料来恢复古气候环境变化是当前过去全球变化研究的重要内容.通过对临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma时段稳定湖泊沉积物以10 cm间隔连续采得的2 060块样品进行颜色测定与分析,获得该时段湖相沉积物高分辨率颜色指标变化序列.通过沉积物颜色与成分分析,并与氯离子、CaCO3、风成石英砂含量和孢粉组合以及北太平洋ODP885/886孔的风成粉沙通量变化曲线对比,认为稳定湖相沉积物颜色指标是研究古气候变化的辅助性代用指标,并揭示了该地区在8 Ma和6.2 Ma左右存在两次重大的气候变干转型事件.     

冀中坳陷HS1钻孔沉积物粒度及其沉积环境

对冀中坳陷HS1钻孔沉积物进行粒度分析,综合岩性、年代、生物标志等,探讨了3.5 Ma BP以来以冀中坳陷为代表的华北平原坳陷区的岩相古地理演化过程。结果表明,在新构造运动长期震荡式下降和气候不断变化的条件下,经流水作用改造依次经历了河流相与不稳定浅湖洼地相交替(上新世晚期)、河流相(早更新世)、河流相-片流相-短时洪泛相(中更新世)、河流相和泛滥平原相交替(晚更新世)、泛滥平原相(全新世)5个沉积演化阶段,且沉积物所处环境的水动力条件不断减弱,细颗粒组分不断增加。沉积物粒度颗粒组分含量与碳、氧同位素和孢粉所记录的气候变化具有同趋性,在寒冷干旱气候条件下细颗粒组分含量增加,而在温暖湿润的气候条件下粗颗粒组分含量增加;介于二者之间的气候条件下,沉积物的粒径变化较平缓,粒径区间范围较宽。粒度曲线反映的沉积环境的旋回性变化与孢粉、碳、氧同位素记录所划分的气候冷暖演化阶段耦合性较好,也与华北地区其他钻孔同时期相关记录较一致,这对重建区域古地理环境具有重要意义。     

西藏那曲孔玛盆地孢粉记录及其环境意义

对西藏那曲孔玛盆地第四系湖相沉积地层中的孢粉进行了分析,该套湖相沉积物记录了早更新世晚期((108.7±11.0)×103 a)-中更新世((13.8±1.4)×103 a)时期该地区的植被与环境演化过程.1.087~0.778Ma时期,气候温凉而干旱,呈现出暗针叶林植被景观;0.778~0.531Ma时期,气候总体偏暖,属山地暖温带暗针叶林气候环境,气候存在2次由温暖湿润-寒冷干旱的变化过程;0.531~0.262Ma时期,气候稳定,呈针阔叶混交林植被景观,气候以温暖湿润为主;0.198Ma~更晚(小于0.13Ma)时期,云杉属逐渐取代单/双束松属,成为最主要成分,铁杉含量明显增加,气候总体向寒冷方向发展,气候存在寒冷干旱-寒冷湿润-干旱偏暖的变化过程,属山地寒温带暗针叶林特征,气候总体持续变冷.     

长江三角洲平原BZK03孔更新世以来古环境演变及多重地层划分对比

对长江三角洲平原BZK03钻孔进行沉积物同位素测年、孢粉组合、微体古生物、粒度和磁学的测试分析,讨论了更新世以来钻孔揭示的沉积环境演化、沉积相和古气候特征,建立了钻孔的第四纪多重地层划分对比框架。研究结果表明,钻孔自下而上依次为白垩纪衢县组的风化粉砂岩及第四纪沉积的嘉兴组、前港组、东浦组、宁波组、镇海组。孢粉组合可划分出18个孢粉带,按暖期温暖潮湿冷期寒冷干燥古气候旋回变化的周期律,BZK03钻孔反映该区域共存在6个古气候旋回。根据岩性分层、沉积环境、古气候建立的钻孔多重地层划分对比揭示:144.6～198.5m为早更新世时期河流相和河湖相交替沉积环境的嘉兴组,存在2个气候旋回过程;88.3～144.6m为中更新世河湖相河流相河湖相河流相沉积环境的前港组,包含2个气候旋回过程;16.6～88.3m为晚更新世沉积,沉积环境为河湖相滨海相河湖相潮坪相河湖相的宁波组和河口相浅海相的东浦组,包括2个气候旋回;0～16.6m为河湖相浅湖相河湖相潮坪相沉积环境的镇海组,古气候时期对应北方期和大西洋期。     

端元分析在长江武汉段古洪水识别中的应用

端元建模分析能够从具有复杂粒度分布特征的沉积物中提取出代表不同沉积动力过程的端元,进而对区域古洪水期进行揭示。以具有代表性的长江堤后湖泊ZK145钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例,采用特征向量旋转算法对该钻孔粒度资料进行了端元建模分析。结果显示,可分离出4个具有明确地质意义的端元:EM1代表河流冲积砂;EM2代表经流水作用的细砂;EM3、EM4代表静水湖泊沉积。利用钻孔中粗粒端元组分(EM1、EM2)的含量结合磁化率指标,在湖相沉积阶段(22.9~3 m)识别出了9期特大古洪水。端元分析为长江堤后湖泊的古洪水研究提供了一种新的思路和方法,同时为古洪水的反演创造了条件。     

太湖平原西北部全新世古河道沉积特征及环境演变

粒度、磁化率定量数据分析在判明第四系沉积物的来源、识别沉积分异作用、解译古沉积相和环境方面有着重要作用。对太湖平原西北部卜弋桥ZK01钻孔上部全新统如东组进行了粒度和磁化率测试分析,结合该孔孢粉成果,揭示研究区全新世古河道沉积环境和气候明显经历了3个阶段:1)11000—9500cal.aBP,沉积物主要由粉砂组成,粒度证据表明水动力条件较强,孢粉证据显示该阶段气候较温暖湿润;2)9500—3900cal.aBP,沉积物砂组分含量大幅增加,粒度资料显示古河道水动力明显增强,孢粉植被表明该时期处于全新世大暖期,气候暖湿稳定;3)3900cal.aBP以来,粉砂组分在沉积物中占优势,粒度结果表明该阶段水动力显著减弱,孢粉资料和磁化率证据表明研究区自该阶段特别是后期以来逐步出现了明显的人类活动迹象。     

广西百色盆地更新世沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

为研究百色盆地红土剖面中粘土矿物的特征并恢复盆地中更新世以来的古气候演化序列,利用X射线衍射分析对百色盆地大旺红土剖面中粘土矿物进行了深入、系统的研究。结果表明,沉积物的粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石及蛭石(或羟基铝蛭石),但在约0.26Ma处其相对含量出现明显变化,表明百色盆地中更新世中期至晚更新世早期表生风化作用逐渐加强,其气候条件经历了从"相对干凉→暖湿"的演化。这一结果与河湖相沉积物磁化率所记录的MIS 7.5(0.26Ma)"冰期→间冰期"转折时期相一致。沉积物中伊利石结晶度结果显示,其(001)衍射峰半高宽值从早期的相对平稳转变为晚期的波动性变化,说明百色地区气候经历了相对冷干到相对暖湿的转型,与粘土矿物相对含量变化、河湖相沉积物磁化率变化、邻区钙华沉积及南海各古气候指标所揭示的记录相一致。     

杭州湾北岸更新世以来沉积环境记录及古气候变迁

文章通过对杭州湾北岸孔深为237.80 m的BZK04钻孔进行沉积物岩性、微体古生物、孢粉组合、粒度含量、古地磁和OSL测年的综合分析,讨论研究区更新世以来沉积环境演变及古气候变迁特征,建立第四纪多重地层划分对比框架。结果显示, BZK04孔岩心自下而上可分为基岩长河组碳质泥岩（Ech）和早更新世以来的嘉兴组（N-Qp1 j）、前港组（Qp2q）、东浦组（Qp3d）、宁波组（Qp3n）、镇海组（Qhzh）地层;有孔虫鉴定为11属17种,其中包括16种底栖有孔虫,1种浮游有孔虫;介形类鉴定为8属8种;孢粉分析显示含37种类型,其中木本植物花粉18种,草本植物花粉11种,蕨类孢子8种,孢粉组合中木本植物含量最高,约为85.1%,蕨类孢子次之,约为8.7%,草本植物花粉含量仅为6.3%。根据岩性分层特征、沉积相、孢粉、有孔虫及介形虫以及粒度分布频率曲线对钻孔的沉积环境进行综合分析,可将沉积环境记录划分18个孢粉组合带和七个古气候旋回变迁,其中早更新世为河流相和河湖相沉积,揭示第三暖期—第4冷期的两个古气候旋回;中更新世以河流相、湖泊相和河湖相为主,揭示第五暖期—第6冷期的两个古气候旋回;晚更新世以潮坪相、河口湾相、浅海相沉积为主,对应第七暖期—第8冷期的两个古气候旋回;全新世时期为潮坪相和河湖相沉积,对应大西洋期和亚北方期。研究结果为进一步掌握长江三角洲南翼更新世以来的第四纪沉积环境变化、地层划分和古气候演变等提供基础资料。     

罗布泊AK1孔沉积物地球化学组成与古气候

通过对罗布泊东部阿奇克谷地中部AK1孔沉积物中易溶盐组分及氧化物特征的研究,综合沉积序列及岩性变化特征,初步分析了罗布泊阿奇克谷地晚第三纪以来的沉积环境及古气候演化。结果表明,阿奇克谷地第三纪晚期即开始出现成化湖泊沉积,易溶盐以SO2-^4、Cl^-、Na^ 为主,各离子含量最高;第四纪以来沉积环境与古气候均有明显变化,早更新世气候以干冷为主,中更新世易溶盐组分中各离子浓度明显降低,以Cl^-降低最显著,气候转为温湿;中更新世晚期气候湿润,湖相沉积范围扩大,为罗布泊湖的一次大发展期;晚更新世以来湖泊环境波     

3.45 Ma以来滦河冲积扇中部唐山TD1孔记录的区域构造和气候演化

对位于渤海湾西北岸晚更新世早期滦河冲积扇中部的TD1孔进行了磁性地层学、¹⁴C测年、沉积旋回、测井沉积学、孢粉地层学和介形类研究,结果表明:(1)220m 深的钻孔地层记录了古地磁学布容(Brunhes)、松山(Matuyama)和高斯(Gauss)极性时,钻孔底部层位年龄接近3.45 Ma。(2)钻孔揭示了滦河冲积扇中部地层结构,最厚的湖相沉积地层出现在上新世,第四纪以来主要由辫状河流体系分支河道相与相关沉积构成。(3)测井相与岩心沉积相分析结合显示,约3.45Ma以来出现6个大沉积旋回,与冲积扇顶端钻孔所见沉积旋回在深度上基本可以对比,其中3.2、3.0、2.0和0.78Ma的沉积旋回分别覆于全孔4期浅水湖泊—湖沼沉积物之上;末次盛冰期与渤海湾西岸钻孔一样出现浊黄橙色沉积,显示低水位域的沉积特征。(4)尽管古季风可以导致降水增多并出现湖沼沉积,但是该钻孔有机质含量最高的是在6 ka BP层位,中全新世大暖期气候对该地水热状况影响最大。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997